Each iteration will so enhance the result by minimizing the global energy. Y. Boykov, O. Veksler and R. Zabih. Fast Approximate Energy Minimization via Graph ...
Outline 1)Theory: positions and patches 2)Finding positions with good similarities 3)Determining the patch sizes 4)Results and discussions
Image Renaissance
- 1 Theory: positions and patches
Image Renaissance
1 - Theory: positions and patches
Main idea: inpainting as a jigsaw Inpainting: Reconstructing a destroyed part of an image (specified by a mask) The process should be undetectable Our method: Considering the reconstruction as a jigsaw which pieces are patches taken from the “good” part of the image
Image Renaissance
1 - Theory: positions and patches
Two steps 1) Finding positions/offsets in the “good” image having strong similarities with the content of the image at the boundary of the area to rebuild
2) For each offset found, finding which pixels should be copied to reconstruct the destroyed area
Image Renaissance
- 2 Finding positions with good similarities
2 – Finding positions with good similarities
Image Renaissance
Positions and offsets Such
a problem consists in finding, given an origin point at the boundary of the region to inpaint, a number of candidate positions in the image domain that have similar content with the one at the boundary of the area to rebuild
A
few remarks: i
i
Missing content is not necessarily in the neighborhood of the destroyed region… Testing each offset in the image for each position at the boundary of the destroyed area would be too expensive in computation time…
Our
solution: using a probabilistic method, the particle filters
2 – Finding positions with good similarities
Image Renaissance
Particle filters theory Considering i i
a fixed number of samples, we have to repeat this steps:
Weight the samples with a Probability Density Function (pdf)
Generate a new set of samples (of equal number) from the existing ones with the biggest weights applying small perturbations (importance of perturbation decreases with the iterations to obtain a convergence)
2 – Finding positions with good similarities
Image Renaissance
Particle filters in positions research
A particle has an origin point (at the boundary of the area to inpaint, which is invariant), an offset and a size (width and height) The perturbation is a displacement of the offset and a modification of the size The weight is evaluated by a Sum of Square Differences (SSD) between the sized neighborhood around the origin point and the offset point balanced with the size
Image Renaissance
- 3 Determining the patch sizes
Image Renaissance
3 – Determining the patch sizes
How to find the optimal partition For
each pixel in the area to inpaint we have multiple offsets (and, as a consequence, multiple pixel values possible), so we have to find the best label partition to rebuild the image:
In
that aim we use a combinatorial optimization: the α-expansion algorithm (using graph cuts)
Image Renaissance
3 – Determining the patch sizes
Term 1 to minimize: constraints to data
: region of the image to be reconstructed : region of the image to be reconstructed and its close neighborhood (which contains data) : distance (similarity) between the label and the data of the image at position
Image Renaissance
3 – Determining the patch sizes
Term 2 to minimize: constraints between patches
: region of the image to be reconstructed
: 4-neighborhood of
L
and the label
: distance (similarity) between the label at position
: Euclidian distance from to the boundary of the area to rebuild (to reconstruct firstly the borders of the region)
Image Renaissance
3 – Determining the patch sizes
Term 3 to minimize: smoothing term
: region of the image to be reconstructed : 4-neighborhood of
: Potts model: penalty for neighbors with different
Image Renaissance
3 – Determining the patch sizes
Global energy function on partition to minimize
ω
Minimized
through successive α-expansion (using graph cuts)
Image Renaissance
3 – Determining the patch sizes
Alpha-expansion principle With
a given partition, the algorithm expands the label α over all the other labels minimizing the energy function
"green"-expansion
Image Renaissance
3 – Determining the patch sizes
Alpha-expansion algorithm For
each offset selected (explaining the interest to reduce their number), we: i
Construct a graph representing the energy on the area to inpaint
i
Execute the graph-cut algorithm on the graph
i
Modify the partition
This
is repeated until stability (but in practice, one iteration on each offset gives a result near of the final result)
Each
iteration will so enhance the result by minimizing the global energy Y. Boykov, O. Veksler and R. Zabih. Fast Approximate Energy Minimization via Graph Cuts.
PAMI 2001.
Image Renaissance
- 4 Results and discussions
4 – Results and discussion
Image Renaissance
Results
4 – Results and discussion
Image Renaissance
Results
4 – Results and discussion
Image Renaissance
Results
4 – Results and discussion
Image Renaissance
Results
Image Renaissance
4 – Results and discussion
Conclusion Graph-based
combinatorial approach for inpainting
Advantages: i i
Efficient for textured images Quite fast: in general a couple of minutes (but the final result is nearly reached after the first series of α-expansion)
Drawbacks: i
Polynomial cost depending on the number of offsets selected (so particular attention must be paid on this step)
M ulti-view blending. 2D blending: Merging in a ânaturalâ way the pictures following their respective masks. First step: Build the laplacian pyramid for each image, ...
the PDF file to download. ff you find this .... The Auto Meter lV F's film speed range is ISO 3. 1/3-stop ... After you insert a battery, the film speed will be reset to ISO. 1 0 0 . ...... 20000. 430000. 860000. 230000. 460000. 930000. 250000. 50000
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology ... novation's existence and gains understanding of its function. 2. Persuasion. ... Associate Professor of Marketing at Texas A & M University, College. Station, TX 77843. 353 ?
local competitors, they will not use the oligopolistic market structure to benefit from ... of foreign actors allows improvements in supply chains by introducing more .... employment in the modern retailing sector does not imply a destruction of ...
purchase authorized bound manuals, or to view electronic .... Unit Repair and Excluded Liability . ... It is used for continuous in-line weighing of powdered or.
This device/system may only be set up and operated in conjunction with this manual. Qualified ... with established safety practices and standards. Warning: This ..... Contact the carrier immediately if damage is noted. Notes: ... 1. Align the in-feed
20 Memorial University of Newfoundland*. $107,078. $70,181. 52.6. 1,013. $105.7 Newfoundland. 19. 18 University of Victoria. $103,007. $103,249. -0.2. 694.
Institution. (Research $ as a % of. Total. Activity). 1. 1. University Health Network. $303,100 $298,200. 1.6. $550.1. 15.5. ON Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, ...
31 La Cité collégiale. $2,948. $1,139. 158.8. 24. $122.8. ON. Centre de recherche appliquée en biovalorisation. 15. 46 Grande Prairie Regional College. $2,556.
a low polluting gasoline except on the basis of attitudes toward air pollution. .... Although these findings have not shown great strength ... results of Anderson and Cunningham. Following ... be correlated with one another, as shown in Table 1.
Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute,. Providence Health Care Research Institute. 8. 8. London Health Sciences. Centre/St. Joseph's Health Care.
Infrared: detectors and emitters for many different applications. Areas of use include: ⢠infrared remote control. ⢠photometry. ⢠distance measurement. ⢠wireless ...
Feb 1, 2003 - major urban area which has become a focus for major earthquake hazard at this subduction zone. Try the Yahoo! .... new period is available as an Acrobat pdf file. The principal .... College. Alan Kafka .... Mark Watts. Network ...
Jean Sibelius - Andante Festivo. Alessandro Marcello - Oboe Concerto in D Minor. Max Bruch - Romance for Viola and Orchestra. Sergei Rachmaninoff - Piano ...
Note: For units with mA/HART output, electrical data has changed. See page 12 for the Supplement to EC-Type-Examination Certificate. PTB 00 ATEX 1024 X.
Contact SMPI Technical Publications at the following address: Technical Publications. Siemens ... Email: [email protected]. For the library of SMPI ..... Consult supplier for an up to date list of compatible PBXs. You may not connect this ...
