QoS service in fixed and mobile telecommunication networks Master IRS Samir Tohmé [email protected]

Functional Organisation of a telecommunication network

Service Terminal Interface

Terminal Interface

Core Net

UE

UE

NNI UNI

UNI

Access Network

Service

CS PS

T UNI

NNI

T

Sig UNI Man

Three planes Architecture Management Plane

Control Plane Higher Layers

Lower Layers

User Plane

Layers Management

3 Planes Architecture • User Plane : it contains the protocol stack in charge of the information exchange between users/applications – ATM – TCP/IP … • Control Plane : in charge of the signalling transfer within the Access and the Core Network • Management Plane : It contains the protocols stack of the management distributed system (infrastructure elements and services). The standard is based on TMN. • Standard reference interface : UNI and NNI

The Control Plane •

Access Network – A protocol stack is used between the terminal and the access network BTS-BSC / Node B-RNC in charge of the access network resources management – The layers MAC / RLC ensure a reliable transfer of the signalling over the radio link – The layer 3 ensures the call control management, the mobility management and the radio channels allocation – The signalling traffic is transported over the common/dedicated control channels of the UNI

•

The Core Network – The signalling protocols are based on the SS7 and transported over the NNI – The higher layers are : ISUP on the top of SCCP and MAP/INAP on the top TCAP over SCCP – SCCP is based on the lower layers MTP3/MTP2/MTP1

Frequencies Bands • The main frequencies used on the uplink/downlink are: • The L Band (1.6/1.4 GHz) : LMSS (Land Mobile Satellite Service), MMS(Maritime Mobile Satellite), mobile services for satellites constellations. • The C Band C (6/4 GHz): FSS (fixed satellite service), BSS (Broadcast Satellite Service) • The X Band (8/7 GHz): reserved for military usage • The Ku Band (14/11 GHz): FSS, BSS • The Ka Band (30/20 GHz): Constellations • The Q and V Bands (beyond 40 GHz): for inter-satellites links • Existing 2nd generation terrestrial networks GSM 900 / DCS 1800 MHz

(Global System for Mobile communication, Digital Cellular System)

Services available over a satellite network • FSS : fixed satellite service – Direct-To-Home (DTH) – VSAT

• BSS : Broadcast Satellite Service – Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) – Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB) – Digital Data Broadcast (DirecPC)

• LMSS: Land Mobile Satellite Service • MMSS : Maritime Mobile Satellite Service

Services and Teleservices Services in telecommunication network – bearer services : describe the technical characteristics provided by the network (rate, error probability, transmission mode ...) to a communication required by a network user – Teleservices : describe the higher and the lower layers (bearer services) provided by the network to the user applications (telephony, message transmission, fax, WEB services, …) – Supplementary services : may be bearer services or teleservices (call identification, call transfer, free phone, CCC, ...

Quality Of Service QOS • •

•

The QOS is associated with transfer classes (ATM ATCs, MAC MTCs, DiffServ « service classes » The QOS may be found within several layers of the protocols stack (between the MAC and the application layers) up to the user level (subjective QOS) The QOS is defined by – a set of performance parameters, the most important parameters are the user call blocking probability, the packet delay (distribution, mean, variance, jitter), the PDU error probability, the PDU rate (peak, sustainable, minimum). These QOS parameters should be measurables and enforceable. – A contract between the user and the network (Service Level Agreement SLA)

The radio interface (mobile network case) • The radio channel is a rare resource. • Given the available bandwidth, a large number of user may want to access concurrently the radio channel. • The MAC layer handles the access to the radio channel by the users. • The radio resource allocation is handled by the layer 3 of the control plane. This allocation is not specified by the standards. • In order to ensure an efficient access scheme, (proprietary) scheduling mechanisms are required within a multi-service network (2.5G, 3G)

nd 2

Generation Mobile Network

• Circuit switching technique used for real time (telephony, data over circuit) services • Packet switching technique used for data services (IP, frame relay, X25) • Some data services use the signalling network (user to user signalling, SMS)

SGSN

BTS

MS

Abis

Gb BSC

Um

MSC A Abis A

Gb Radio Interface Access Network

SGSN Core Network

MSC

E

MSC

E E

HLR B

A

ISUP

D

VLR

E

MSC MSC

GMSC

Gn

Gb

Gi SGSN

BSC BSC

SGSN

GGSN

Network Elements •

Access Network – BTS : Base Transceiver Station – BSC : Base Station Controller

•

Core Network – – – – – – –

MSC : Mobile Switching Centre GMSC : Gateway MSC VLR : Visitor Location Register HLR : Home Location Register SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN : Gateway GPRS Support Node Other elements : • EIR : Equipment Identity Register • AUC : AUthentication Centre

Access Network Control Plane • Physical layer uses TDMA technique and structured using Common Control Channels (CCH) and Dedicated Channels (DCH) • Link Layer : LAP-Dm is a LAPD-D version adapted to the mobile and wireless environment • Layer 3 : three sublayers – Radio Resource management RR – Mobility Management MM – Connection Management CM

Radio Interface Logical Channels (GSM case) • Defined between the link layer and the physical layer – Broadcast Channels BCH (on the DL) – Common Control Channels CCCH (on the UL and DL) – Dedicated Control Channels DCCH (on the UL and DL) – Traffic Channels TCH (on the UL and DL)

Logical Channels (Cont) • Broadcast Channels BCH (DL) : (beacon channel) – Frequency Correction Channel FCCH (DL) – Synchronisation Channel SCH (DL) – Broadcast Control Channel BCCH (DL)

• Common Control Channels (UL and DL) – – – –

Paging Channel PCH (DL) Random Access Channel RACH (UL) Access Grant Channel AGCH (DL) Cell Broadcast Channel CBCH (DL)

Logical Channels (end) • Dedicated Control Channels DCCH (on the UL and DL) – Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel SDCCH (signalling channel associated with the TCH) – Slow Associated Control Channel SACCH (link monitoring channel) – Fast Associated Control Channel FACCH (for handover execution)

• Traffic Channels TCH (on the UL and DL) – Speech : AMR coding scheme (12.2 kbit/s) – Data : 9.6, 4.8 and < 2.4 kbit/s

LAP-Dm • •

• • •

Used over all logical channels except FCCH, SCH and RACH, a simplified version is used on BCCH, PCH and AGCH Frame length : fixed length – 23 octets on TCH channels – 21 octets on SACCH – A specific field gives the payload length Stuffing octets : 00101011 No TEI field used SAPI field : 3 bits, only 0 (for signalling) and 3 for short messages) values are used

Access Network layer 3 Control Plane (cont) – Radio Resource management RR • Paging, handover, measurement report, channel assignment

– Mobility Management MM • Authentication, location updating, IMSI attach/detach

– Connection Management CM include the Call Control CC, the Supplementary Services SS and the Short Message Service SMS

GSM addresses •

•

• • •

International Mobile Subscriber Identity IMSI : contains the Mobile Country Code MCC (3 digits), the Mobile Network Code MNC (2 digits), the Mobile Subscriber Identification MSIN ( CAC design • Traffic control at the burst level : send a packet with a probability p. where p. is a tool allowing to establish a priority and a dynamic control between services. p. is sent to users at the end of each frame to be used within the next frame. • p. depends of – the activity during the previous frame – the service (real time, non real time)

Services model within the MAC layer • Three services model : 3 MTC – Real time RTC (transport of ATM CBR/RTVBR ATC, DiffServ EF) – Interactive non real time ITC (ATM NRTVBR, DiffServ AF) – Elastic STC (ATM ABR, DiffServ BE)

Permission function fonctions de permission

probabilité de permission

a1

α1

. a2

α2

a3

α3

STC

ITC

sf Sd nombre de codes actifs

RTC

Sv

Permission function used for the WEB and FTP with sf = 16 and voice sources 0.3 − 0.01x x < sf f ( x) =  max(0,1.26 − 0.07 x)

x ≥ sf

x < sf 0.2 − 0.01x f ( x) =  max(0,0.36 − 0.02 x)

x ≥ sf

1 f ( x) =  0

x < Kv x ≥ Kv

A cell global model Voice Generation

Voice Generation

…

Voice Generation

HTTP Generation

RLC MAC

RLC MAC

HTTP Generation

…

HTTP Generation

RRC RLC MAC

RLC MAC

RLC MAC

TTI 20ms

RLC MAC

TTI 40ms

-The cell throughput is 900 Kbps. -RLC is transparent to the real time (voice) traffic. -RLC segments the web traffic into TB of 80 bytes and adds 2bytes for the header.

The cell global model scheduler • With a 900 Kb/s bandwidth and for a TTI of 20ms, the total amount of data will not exceed 2250 bytes • Priority of voice traffic over data • Every 20 ms, the scheduler sends all voice packets present in the buffers (1TB voice per user per TTI) • The activation of RRC is assumed to be done each TTI • The remaining bandwidth (NR TBs) are shared between data users on the basis of WRR or EDF scheduling policies

AAL2 structure SAP

Service Specific Transmission Error Detection

SSTED

Primitives

Service Specific Segmentation and Reassembly

SSSAR

Primitives

Common Part Sublayer

CPS

Primitives

SAP ATM Adaptation Layer AAL Service Specific Assured Data Transfer SSADT Common PartSublayer (I.363.2) CPS Service Specific Segmentation and Reassembly SSSAR Service Access Point SAP Service Specific Transmission Error Detection SSTED SEG-SSCS Segmentation and Reassembly Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (I.366.1)

AAL

Service Specific Assured Data Transfer

SEG-SSCS

SAP

SSADT

SAP

AAL2 organisation • Structure of the segmentation SSCS – SS-SAR : simple function of segmentation of messages which may have a length up to 65536 octets into a blocks of 45 octets, the last massage block may have a length less than 45 octets. The reassembly process is the symmetrical one. – SS-TED : errors detection (Transmission Error Detection) : bit errors, lost cells (similar functions with the ones available within the AAL5 CPCS) – SS-ADT : errors correction (Assured Data Transfer)

• Well adapted for transportation of real time low bit rate (short packet) traffic • Differences with AAL5 : no bit stuffing

Minicell

CID

LI

UUI

HEC

CPS-INFO

Minicell header 5 oct.

Payload par1 Pointer on Next minicell

Payload par2... 5 oct.

.…2 Stuffing b

Minicell • The length of a minicell is variable • The header of a minicell has a short length of 3 octets • CID : AAL2 Channel IDentifier (248 max), LI : Length Indicator, UUI : User to User Indication • The minicells are encapsulated within 53 octets ATM cells

Transport channels • Transport channels handle the information flows between remote MAC layer entities • MAC layer is located in the terminal and the RNC • The physical layer is terminated at the level of the Node B (except the macro-diversity processing which is handled by the SRNC) • Channels are transported over the Iub and Iur • Two dispatching classes are considered • One AAL2 connection per transport channel • One AAL2 connection per user and per transport channel

UMTS QoS Classes • 4 classes – Conversational class : Real Time, Low delay and jitter ex : VoIP, Video conferencing…

– Streaming class : One way streams, Real time, tolerant jitter ex : Video-on-demand…

– Interactive class : Request-response pattern, preserve payload content, ex : Web browsing, server access, data base retrieval…

– Background class : Preserve payload content, ex : E-mails, SMS…

Differentiation of Services • RRC/RLC/MAC protocols stack :

the MAC layer scheduler does not alter the statistic of the real time (voice) traffic and smoothes the non real time (data) traffic

• AAL2 Network : There is only one SAP (Service Access Point) at the SSSAR sublayer, so the services differentiation is done at the connection set up time using the AAL2 signalling protocol

QOS within the access network (Release 99 case)

• Main issues is the definition of the QOS at the AAL2 level able to – express the application needs – use the ATM QOS

• Present situation : – ATC CBR of the ATM is assumed to be used – Voice and data are multiplexed within the same VC or on two separate VCs

QOS within UTRAN (R’99) • Multiplexing of AAL2 connections over ATM VC • Needs of scheduling mechanisms able to satisfy real time constrains • CAC for radio and AAL2 network resources at the call set up and the HO levels • Dynamic bandwidth allocation and statistical multiplexing of flows at the ATM level • Needs for tractable traffic models at the call and the activity levels

RLC MAC

Interface Iub

FP Last Mile Link

RNC

NODE B

Réseau de transport Edge Router

UDP IP

UDP IP

L2

L2

phy

phy

IP MPLS /ATM

phy

IP

IP

- Les flux transportés dans

le réseau de transport ne MPLS/ ATM sont pas multiplexes. - Plusieurs Classes de phy service peuvent être supportées QoS1 QoS2

Qualité de service point à point

phy

IP PPP m ux ML-MC

PPP/AAL2 /ATM

HDLC/ phy

Phy

- Le multiplexage est réalisé sur le Last Mile Link - La différenciation des services peut être réalisée sur le Last Mile Link

Mobility modelling • User mobility – Access network (handover, horizontal mobility, micro-mobility) – Core network (roaming, vertical mobility, macro-mobility) – Between two different networks (roaming, vertical mobility, macro-mobility)

• Some networks may have mobile nodes (constellation of satellites, ad hoc network)

Mobility (cont.) • Mobility may be introduced within a wired network • Radio access network allows the mobility during the communication • Spatial Mobility : slow (walking user), medium (car), fast (high speed train, aircraft)

Spatial mobility • Need to introduce the mobile speed parameter which has a direct impact on the sejourn time within the cell and consequently on the holding time of a redio channel within the cell • Need to introduce the mobile direction which has a direct impact on the handover operations – Uniformely distributed over the space (slow mobile) – Only over some precise directions following a discrete probability distribution

Sources models • Importance of the time scale : call, transaction request/response, micro-flot, packet • Important for simulation purpose • Some standard models : Poisson, ON/OFF, MMPP • Recent model : Fractal processes (auto-similar) rather suitable for traffic aggregation modeling within large scale networks like the Internet or a wide area packet switching networks (very difficult mathematical tractability)

Sources models (cont.) • Point Processes over the plane : allow to model a non homogeneous traffic distribution over the space (satellites constellation, ad hoc network) • Communication distribution duration (exponential) • Packet length distribution (Pareto) • Packet interarrival time distribution (exponential, lognormal) • Sojourn time distribution within a cell (exponential) • Radio channel holding time (exponential taking into account the above assumptions)

Traffic aggregation • The superposition of Poisson processes is Poisson • The superposition ON/OFF processes is a finite state birth and death process where the number of states is equal to the number of superposed processes • The superposition of MMPP processes is MMPP (numerical difficulties) • Important for simulation purpose

Parameters identification Poisson : intensity parameter ON/OFF : ON and OFF periods parameters MMPP : number of phases, sejourn time within a phase

3GPP Traffic sources models Voice Model ON (expo)

OFF (expo)

………. 20 ms

……….

…

20 ms

Web Model …….. Packet-call

Packet-size ~ Pareto with cut-off

….

…….. Reading-time

Scenario studied within the AAL2 network voice real time VC

voice

common VC

data non real time VC data

scenario (a)

scenario (b)

AF1 AF AF2 Ordonnancement WFQ

EF Ordonnancement Priorité de EF sur AF

3,6 3,2 2,8 2,4 2 1,6 1,2 0,8 0,4 0 10

30

50

70

90

number of voice streams

110

StdDev of delay (ms)

Timer-CU = 0 Timer-CU = 100us Timer-CU = 200us Timer-CU = 1ms Timer-CU = 3ms Timer-CU = inf

filling ratio (%)

95 percentile delay (ms)

Timer – CU Study

130

0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5

Tim er-CU = 0 Tim er-C U = 100us Tim er-C U = 200us Tim er-CU = 1m s Tim er-CU = 3m s Tim er-CU = inf

0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 10

30

50

70

Timer-CU = 0 Timer-CU = 100us Timer-CU = 200us Timer-CU = 1ms Timer-CU = 3ms Timer-CU = inf

30 50 70 90 110 number of voice streams

110

numb er of voice streams

105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 10

90

130

130

Timer – CU Study (cont.) 40 30

PCR = 500Kbps PCR = 1Mbps PCR = 2Mbps PCR = 6Mbps

25 20 15 10

30 20 15 10 5

0

0 5 10 Timer-CU [T]

100

1

100 voice 20% UDD64 80%

90 filling ratio (%)

2

PCR = 500Kbps PCR = 1Mbps PCR = 2Mbps PCR = 6Mbps

25

5 1

voice 20% UDD64 80%

35 95 percentile data delay (ms)

35 95 percentile voice delay (ms)

40

voice 20% UDD64 80%

PCR = 500Kbps PCR = 1Mbps PCR = 2Mbps PCR = 6Mbps

80 70 60 50 1

2

5 10 Timer-CU [T]

100

2

5 10 Timer-CU [T]

100

Timer – CU Study 16

12 PCR PCR PCR PCR

10 8

= 500Kb ps = 1Mb ps = 2Mb ps = 6Mb ps

6 4 2 0 1

2

5 10 Timer-CU [T]

filling ratio (%)

95 percentile voice delay (ms)

95 percentile data delay (ms)

voice 80% UDD64 20%

14

24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

PCR = 500Kbps PCR = 1Mbps PCR = 2Mbps PCR = 6Mbps

1

100

100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50

voice 80% UDD64 20%

2

5 10 Timer-CU [T]

voice 80% UDD64 20% PCR = 500Kbps PCR = 1Mbps PCR = 2Mbps PCR = 6Mbps

1

2

5 10 Timer-CU [T]

100

100

Timer – CU Study (conclusions) •

• •

•

The filling ratio depends on the Timer-CU value which depends on the T period of the PCR. Even under heavy load conditions, the Timer-CU does have a (small) influence on the filling ratio, however, under these conditions the Timer-CU does not have any impact on the delay. Under light load condition, the delay depends on the Timer-CU value but does not depend of the PCR. The value of the Timer-CU chosen within the context of a monoservice VC is still appropriate for the multiservice VC under the same load conditions. A value of the Timer-CU between 1ms and 2ms may be considered as quasi-« optimal ».

60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Timer-CU = 1ms

number of voice streams

118 122 126 130 134 138 142 146 150 154 158

50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76

PCR=500Kbps PCR=1Mbps PCR=2Mbps

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

99,9 percentile delay (ms)

Study of the statistical multiplexing

100 95 90 VC load (%)

85 80 75 70

Timer-CU = 1ms

65 60

PCR=500Kbps PCR=1Mbps PCR=2Mbps

55 50 number of v oic e s treams

Study of the scheduling mechanisms (1) 1,2

Probability distribution for voice Voice + UDD64Kbps 1 20% voice, 80% data VC load = 65%

EDF(2ms voice,20ms data) EDF(2ms voice,50ms data) EDF(5ms voice,100ms data) FIFO PRIORITY WRR(4/5 voice,1/5 data) WRR(1/2 voice,1/2 data) WRR(1/5 voice,4/5 data)

probability

0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2

1,93

1,81

1,69

1,57

1,45

1,33

1,21

1,09

0,97

0,85

0,73

0,61

0,49

0,37

0,25

0,13

0,01

0

delay(ms) 1,2 Probability distribution for data Voice + UDD64Kbps 20% voice, 80% data VC load = 65%

1

0,6 0,4 0,2

delay(ms)

9,7

9,1

8,5

7,9

7,3

6,7

6,1

5,5

4,9

4,3

3,7

3,1

2,5

1,9

1,3

0,7

0 0,1

probability

0,8

EDF(2ms voice,20ms data) EDF(2ms voice,50ms data) EDF(5ms voice,100ms data) FIFO PRIORITY WRR(4/5 voice,1/5 data) WRR(1/2 voice,1/2 data) WRR(1/5 voice,4/5 data)

Study of the scheduling mechanisms (2) 1,2 1 0,8 probability

EDF(2ms voice,20ms data) EDF(2ms voice,50ms data) EDF(5ms voice,100ms data) FIFO PRIORITY WRR(4/5 voice,1/5 data) WRR(1/2 voice,1/2 data) WRR(1/5 voice,4/5 data)

Probability distribution for voice Voice + UDD64Kbps 50% voice, 50% data VC load = 60%

0,6 0,4 0,2

4,94

4,65

4,36

4,07

3,78

3,49

3,2

2,91

2,62

2,33

2,04

1,75

1,46

1,17

0,88

0,59

0,3

0,01

0

delay(ms)

1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2

delay(ms)

9,7

9,1

8,5

7,9

7,3

6,7

6,1

5,5

4,9

4,3

3,7

3,1

2,5

1,9

1,3

0,7

0 0,1

probability

EDF(2ms voice,20ms data) EDF(2ms voice,50ms data) EDF(5ms voice,100ms data) FIFO PRIORITY WRR(4/5 voice,1/5 data) WRR(1/2 voice,1/2 data) WRR(1/5 voice,4/5 data)

Probability distribution for data Voice + UDD64Kbps 50% voice, 50% data VC load = 60%

Study of the scheduling mechanisms (3) 1,2 EDF(2ms voice,20ms data) EDF(2ms voice,50ms data) EDF(5ms voice,100ms data) FIFO PRIORITY WRR(4/5 voice,1/5 data) WRR(1/2 voice,1/2 data) WRR(1/5 voice,4/5 data)

Probability distribution for data Voice + UDD64Kbps 80% voice, 20% data VC load = 60%

1

probability

0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2

delay(ms)

1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2

delay(ms)

1,93

1,81

1,69

1,57

1,45

1,33

1,21

1,09

0,97

0,85

0,73

0,61

0,49

0,37

0,25

0,13

0 0,01

probability

EDF(2ms voice,20ms data) EDF(2ms voice,50ms data) EDF(5ms voice,100ms data) FIFO PRIORITY WRR(4/5 voice,1/5 data) WRR(1/2 voice,1/2 data) WRR(1/5 voice,4/5 data)

Probability distribution for voice Voice + UDD64Kbps 80% voice, 20% data VC load = 60%

9,7

9,1

8,5

7,9

7,3

6,7

6,1

5,5

4,9

4,3

3,7

3,1

2,5

1,9

1,3

0,7

0,1

0

Study of the scheduling mechanisms • The probability distribution is defined as Prob{delay > t} • Priority scheduling policy is the best one for voice but the worst one for data • FIFO gives the opposite results (the best for data and the worst for voice) • EDF and WRR appear to be a compromise

Iu Interface Protocols • Two layers can be distinguished within the horizontal planes : • Radio Network Layer • Transport Network Layer.

• The specific problems related to UTRAN are encountered only at the level of the Radio Network Layer, • The Transport Network Layer represents a standard transport technology which is used within UTRAN and not related to its the specific problems.

Protocols within the Iu Interface • Four planes are defined : • Control Plane • User Plane • Transport Network Control Plane • Transport Network User Plane

Radio Network Layer

Transport Network Layer

Control Plane

User Plane

RNSAP

Iur Data Stream(s)

Transport Network User Plane

Transport Network Control Plane

Transport Network User Plane

ALCAP(Q.2630.1) [Note 2]

STC (Q.2150.1)

SCCP MTP3-B

ITUN

MTP3-B

ITUN

SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI

SCTP

SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI

SCTP

SSCOP

UDP / IP

AAL5

SSCOP

UDP / IP

AAL5

ATM Physical Layer

Iur Interface Protocols

AAL2

Radio Network Layer

Transport Network Layer

Control Plane

User Plane

RANAP

Iu UP Protocol Layer

Transport Network User Plane

Transport Network Control Plane

Transport Network User Plane

Q.2630.1

SCCP

Q.2150.1

MTP3b

MTP3b

SSCF-NNI

SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

SSCOP

AAL5

AAL5

ATM Physical Layer

Iu Interface Protocols (CS domain)

AAL2

Radio Network Layer

Control Plane

User Plane

RANAP

Iu UP Protocol Layer

Transport Network Layer

Transport Network User Plane

Transport Network Control Plane

Transport Network User Plane

SCCP ITUN MTP3-B

SCTP

GTP-U

SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI

UDP

UDP

SSCOP

IP

IP

AAL5

AAL5

ATM

ATM

Physical Layer

Physical Layer

Iu Interface Protocols (PS domain)

Gi

PSTN

GMSC

GGSN

AuC C PSTN

HLR

PSTN

VLR

B

Gf Gs

B

MSC

Gn Gr

EIR F

G

Gc

H

D

VLR

SGSN

MSC

E

Gp

CN A

Gb

IuPS

IuCS

RNS

BSS BSC Abis

BTS

Iur

RNC Iubis

BTS

Node B cell

Um

Uu ME SIM-ME i/f

SIM

or

Cu

USIM MS

Node B

RNC

Core Network Technology • The choice is still open : IPv6 seems to be the most appropriate for mobile services environment • Proposition 1 : AAL2 for the voice traffic and IP (over ATM) for data traffic • Proposition 2 : IP (plus MPLS ?) with an appropriate QOS framework (DiffServ?) – What type of scheduling mechanisms to be used ? WFQ, EDF, Priority, … ?

• IP over DWDM (long term)

DiffServ classes • Expedited Forwarding (EF) • Assured Forwarding (AF) • Best Effort (BE) • DiffServ does not require extra overhead in the IP header

QOS elements in DiffServ • • • •

Committed Access Rate CAR Generic traffic Shaping GTS Weighted Fair Queuing -WFQ Weighted Random Early detection (WRED)

Terrestrial / Satellite mobile convergence

Convergence de réseaux mobiles terrestre / satellite

C œ u r d e r é se a u IP

GSM G P R S /E D G E

M e d ia A c c e s s S y s t e m

R éseau S a te llite

W LAN B lu e to o th DECT

S e r v ic e s et A p p lic a tio n s

U tilis a te u r

UM TS

Policy Based Network PBN Architecture • PEP : Policy Enforcement Point • PDP : Policy Decision Point • LDAP : Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

Policy Server

Policy Repository LDAP

Node

PDP PEP

SNMP

Management Function

Node A

Node D

Node B PDP

PEP

PEP

LPDP

LPDP

PEP

PEP Node C

AD 2

PDP

PDP

Policy Server

Policy Server

AD 1 AD 3