PROJECT PROPOSAL / PROPOSITION DE PROJET PART 1 – 1ère PARTIE Section 1 Identification / Identification
Project title / Titre du projet
Scalable absolutely secure optical fibre networks using quantum cryptography Name of project leader / Nom du chef de projet Nicolas Godbout List of investigators / Liste des chercheurs Name
Position
University
Signatures of Investigators
Nom
Poste
Université
Signature des chercheurs
Gilles Brassard
Professor
Nicolas Godbout
Associate Professor École Polytechnique
Brian King
Assistant Professor McMaster University
Raymond Laflamme
Professor
Hoi-Kwong Lo
Associate Professor University of Toronto
Aephraim M. Steinberg
Associate Professor University of Toronto
Robin L. Williams
Adjunct Professor
Université de Montréal
University of Waterloo
University of Toronto
Keywords / Mots clés Secure telecommunication network, quantum cryptography, key distribution, multi-user, quantum repeater, quantum entanglement Budget requested PER YEAR for 2005-06 to 2008-09 Budget ANNUEL demandé de 2005-06 à 2008-09
Budget requested for 2004-05 from Transition Fund / Budget transitoire demandé pour 2004-05
660 200 - 52 200 = 608 000 $
42 500 $
Names of organizations (other than universities) supporting the project / Nom des organisations (non universitaires) qui appuient le projet Communications Security Establishment (CSE) Canadian Photonics Fabrication Centre (CPFC) National Research Council Institute for Microstructural Sciences (NRC-IMS) Mike Lazaridis MetroPhotonics ITF Optical Technology Inc. Department of National Defense (letter of support) CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
1
Section 2 Project summary / Résumé du projet Please use lay language as this summary may be made available to the public. Le résumé pouvant faire l’objet d’une diffusion publique, SVP utiliser des termes non scientifiques
For ages, mathematicians have dreamt of a system that would allow people to exchange messages in absolute secrecy. Around the middle of last century, Shannon proved that this is possible if and only if the legitimate participants share a random secret key which is as long as the message they wish to transmit. But Shannon’s theorem did not take account of the quantum world in which we live. When information is appropriately encoded as quantum states, such as single polarized photons, any eavesdropping attempt yields partial knowledge at best and entails a probability of spoiling the information irreversibly. This unavoidable disturbance can be exploited to design a quantum cryptographic system that is unconditionally secure even against an eavesdropper whose computing power and technology are restricted only by the laws of nature. Our project aims at leveraging the Canadian expertise in theoretical and experimental quantum information processing to make significant advances in the research and development of practical and scalable quantum key distribution systems over optical fibre. In particular, we shall implement a quantum cryptographic network that uses our novel idea of frequency multiplexing to provide secure communication between several users, with no need for a dedicated fibre link between each pair of users. The next step will be to use quantum entanglement to make the quantum cryptographic network secure even against insider threats. A longer-term goal is the development of quantum repeaters that will allow for virtually unlimited distance in quantum cryptographic links. This is challenging because a quantum repeater cannot be a simple amplifier, as in classical networks. In order to preserve secrecy, a quantum repeater must use quantum error correction techniques to regenerate quantum information without actually measuring it. This requires the ability to implement quantum logic gates between two different qubits – a non-trivial task, since photons do not per se interact with one another. The advances made through this collaborative work will accelerate the development of a Canadian “quantum optical toolbox”: a set of concepts, proofs, techniques, devices, simulation tools and highly qualified personnel, which can be put to use in the long term for the development of other applications of quantum optics. Such applications include interaction-free measurements, sub-diffraction limit imaging, control and measurement of chemical reactions, etc. Of particular interest in this toolbox will be the development of a highly efficient single-photon source at standard telecom wavelengths that is guaranteed to emit one and only one photon on demand.
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
2
Section 3 Milestones / Jalons Quantum Key Distribution (QKD): Physical implementation of control layer: (year 1) Security proof of B92 protocol with a realistic lossy channel (year 2) Application of quantum process tomography to QI testbeds (year 2-4) Security of QKD with imperfect devices (year 3) Study of eavesdropping attacks in realistic implementations (year 3-4) Non-standard protocols for QKD: Theoretical study (year 4) Experimental implementation (year 4) Protocols for multi-user QKD: Single-photon sources (year 1+) Entangled sources (year 2+) Protocols for quantum cryptography beyond key distribution: Theoretical study (year 2-3) Experimental implementation (year 4) Single-photon detectors: Develop standard APD packaging + plus control/timing electronics (year 0) MOCVD growth and fabrication of InGaAs/InP Geiger mode APDs (year 1) Novel InGaAs on Si detectors (year 2) Characterisation of new single-photon detectors (year 2+) Single-photon sources: Commission Nano-template CBE/SEM system (year 0) Semi-conductor micro-cavities (year 1) Spectroscopy of single, accurately positioned InAs/InP dots (year 1+) Extend planarisation, dielectric microcavity technology; characterise (year 1+) Characterisation of new single-photon sources (1+) Cavity-enclosed ion traps (year 2) Compact arrays of single photon sources at λ=1.55µm (year 4) Entangled-photon sources: Generation & characterisation of novel three-photon entangled states (year 1) Optimisation of photon-pair coupling into optical fibre (year 2) Parametric amplification in optical fibre systems (year 2) Bi-exciton emission in semiconductor microcavities (year 2+) Optically coupled, cavity-enclosed ion traps (year 4) Characterisation of new photon-pair sources (year 4) Quantum repeaters: Determination of error model through quantum process tomography (year 1) Construction of error-correcting codes, determination of error threshold (year 1) Identification of quantum information challenges in error correction (year 2) Evaluation of linear-optics implementation (year 3) Demonstration of quantum information techniques using photons (year 2) Development of practical devices: ions/quantum dots (year 4)
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
3
Section 4 Budget per year (2005-06 to 2008-09)/ Budget annuel (2005-06 à 2008-09) Table 1: Detailed budget request for CIPI funds Tableau 1 : Budget détaillé des fonds demandés à l’ICIP
Total Project Total du projet
Proposed expenditures Dépenses proposées 1)
1
4
5
Name/Nom Name/Nom Name/Nom Name/Nom Name/Nom Brassard
Godbout
King
Laflamme
Lo
Salaries (including benefits) Salaires (y compris les avantages sociaux)
a1) Undergraduate students – Canadians and permanent residents er Étudiants de 1 cycle – Canadiens et résidents permanents a2) Undergraduate students – Foreign Étudiants de 1er cycle – Étrangers b1) Postgraduate students – Canadians and permanent residents e e Étudiants de 2 et 3 cycles – Canadiens et résidents permanents b2) Postgraduate students – Foreign e e Étudiants de 2 et 3 cycles – Étrangers c1) Postdoctoral fellows – Canadians and permanent residents Stagiaires postdoctoraux – Canadiens et résidents permanents c2) Postdoctoral fellows – Foreign Stagiaires postdoctoraux – Étrangers 2)
Salaries to others (including benefits) Autres salaires (y compris les avantages sociaux)
3)
Professional and technical services – contracts Services professionnels et techniques – contrats
4)
11000.00
0.00
0.00
8000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
165000.00
20000.00
40000.00
14000.00
34000.00
0.00
44000.00
20000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
24000.00
106000.00
23000.00
0.00
0.00
58000.00
0.00
85000.00
0.00
0.00
36000.00
0.00
24000.00
20000.00
0.00
10000.00
0.00
0.00
10000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
68000.00
0.00
10000.00
11000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6000.00
0.00
55000.00
0.00
3000.00
2000.00
2000.00
3000.00
Equipment (I. Powered vehicles) Appareillage (y compris véhicules motorisés) a)
Purchase or rental Achat ou location
b)
Maintenance or operation Entretien ou frais d’utilisation
c)
5)
Researchers Chercheurs 2 3
Other (specify) Autre (précisez)
Computing time
Materials, supplies and other expenditures Équipements, fournitures et autres dépenses
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
4
Budget per year (cont’d) / Budget annuel (suite) Total 1 2 project Total du projet
Table 1 (cont’d) Tableau 1 (suite) i)
4
5
Brassard
Godbout
King
Laflamme
Lo
Travel Frais de déplacement a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Field trips Visites sur le terrain
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2000.00
0.00
0.00
2000.00
0.00
0.00
International conferences or seminars Conférences ou ateliers – International
14000.00
3000.00
0.00
2000.00
2000.00
5000.00
Network meetings Réunions du réseau
32200.00
5000.00
5000.00
4000.00
5000.00
4000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5000.00
0.00
5000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
15000.00
0.00
5000.00
0.00
10000.00
0.00
3000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3000.00
0.00
1000.00 11000.00
0.00
1000.00 2000.00
0.00
0.00
3000.00
Canadian conferences or seminars Conférences ou ateliers – Canada
Other (specify) Autre (précisez)
i) Research stipend Allocations de dégagement pour la recherche i)
3
Name/Nom Name/Nom Name/Nom Name/Nom Name/Nom
Neworking activities Activités de réseautage
i)
Workshops Ateliers
i)
Seminars (specify) Colloques (précisez)
c)
Other (specify) Autre (précisez)
Teleconferencing Student exchanges
i)
Communication activities (e.g. annual report, website etc.) Activités de communication (ex. rapport annuel, site web, etc.)
12000.00
2000.00
9000.00
1000.00
0.00
0.00
i)
Technology transfer (e.g. prototype development, etc.) Transfert de technologie (ex. développement de prototype, etc.)
5000.00
0.00
5000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
i)
Other (explain – e.g. liability insurance etc.) Autre (précisez ex. assurance responsabilité, etc.)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
660 200
73000
95000
80000 120000
73000
TOTAL EXPENDITURES PER YEAR TOTAL DES DÉPENSES ANNUELLES
On additional pages, please justify the various expenditures that are listed in the table above. Use as many pages as required. Indicate if any other funding source will be used to provide partial support to the project. Sur une page séparée, veuillez justifier les diverses dépenses qui sont énumérées ci-dessus. Utilisez autant de pages qu’il est nécessaire. Indiquez si vous aurez recours à d’autres sources de financement pour soutenir le projet.
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
5
Budget per year (cont’d) / Budget annuel (suite)
Total Project Total du projet
Proposed expenditures Dépenses proposées 1)
a2) Undergraduate students – Foreign Étudiants de 1er cycle – Étrangers b1) Postgraduate students – Canadians and permanent residents e e Étudiants de 2 et 3 cycles – Canadiens et résidents permanents b2) Postgraduate students – Foreign e e Étudiants de 2 et 3 cycles – Étrangers c1) Postdoctoral fellows – Canadians and permanent residents Stagiaires postdoctoraux – Canadiens et résidents permanents c2) Postdoctoral fellows – Foreign Stagiaires postdoctoraux – Étrangers
3)
4)
Salaries to others (including benefits) Autres salaires (y compris les avantages sociaux) Professional and technical services – contracts Services professionnels et techniques – contrats
Steinberg
Williams
3000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
7000.00
50000.00
0.00
0.00
25000.00
0.00
25000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10000.00
37000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
45000.00
Equipment (I. Powered vehicles) Appareillage (y compris véhicules motorisés) a)
b)
c)
5)
1
Purchase or rental Achat ou location Maintenance or operation Entretien ou frais d’utilisation Other (specify) Autre (précisez)
Materials, supplies and other expenditures Équipements, fournitures et autres dépenses
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
6
4
5
Name/Nom Name/Nom Name/Nom Name/Nom Name/Nom
Salaries (including benefits) Salaires (y compris les avantages sociaux)
a1) Undergraduate students – Canadians and permanent residents er Étudiants de 1 cycle – Canadiens et résidents permanents
2)
Researchers Chercheurs 2 3
Budget per year (cont’d) / Budget annuel (suite) Total 1 2 project Total du projet
Table 1 (cont’d) Tableau 1 (suite) i)
3
4
5
Name/Nom Name/Nom Name/Nom Name/Nom Name/Nom Steinberg
Williams
Travel Frais de déplacement a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Field trips Visites sur le terrain
0.00
0.00
Canadian conferences or seminars Conférences ou ateliers – Canada
0.00
0.00
International conferences or seminars Conférences ou ateliers – International
2000.00
0.00
Network meetings Réunions du réseau
4000.00
5200.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Other (specify) Autre (précisez)
i)
Research stipend Allocations de dégagement pour la recherche
i)
Neworking activities Activités de réseautage
i)
Workshops Ateliers
0.00
0.00
i)
Seminars (specify) Colloques (précisez)
0.00
0.00
i)
Other (specify) Autre (précisez) Student exchanges
3000.00
3000.00
i)
Communication activities (e.g. annual report, website etc.) Activités de communication (ex. rapport annuel, site web, etc.)
0.00
0.00
i)
Technology transfer (e.g. prototype development, etc.) Transfert de technologie (ex. développement de prototype, etc.)
0.00
0.00
i)
Other (explain – e.g. liability insurance etc.) Autre (précisez ex. assurance responsabilité, etc.)
0.00
0.00
TOTAL EXPENDITURES PER YEAR TOTAL DES DÉPENSES ANNUELLES
79000 140200
On additional pages, please justify the various expenditures that are listed in the table above. Use as many pages as required. Indicate if any other funding source will be used to provide partial support to the project. Sur une page séparée, veuillez justifier les diverses dépenses qui sont énumérées ci-dessus. Utilisez autant de pages qu’il est nécessaire. Indiquez si vous aurez recours à d’autres sources de financement pour soutenir le projet.
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
7
Budget details for 2005-06 to 2008-09 / Détails du budget 2005-06 à 2008-09
All team members have a travel allocation for meetings and workshops. The allocation applies to the investigators as well as to their students, for the exchanges activities and student workshops. Some budget items, especially networking-related costs, are assigned to the team leader. These budgeted funds may be transferred to another team member taking charge of the organization of a particular activity. Gilles Brassard 1b) 40 k$ 2 postgraduate students 1c) 23 k$ Postdoctoral fellow; 50% support from Discovery Grant or Canada Research Chair 6c) 3 k$ International conference 6d) 5 k$ Network meetings, student travel 9) 1 k$ Communication activities: publication costs Total 72 k$ Nicolas Godbout 1c) 40 k$ 2 graduate students 2) 10 k$ Part of one technician for custom device fabrication for other team members and technical support for graduate students. Shared with Prof. Suzanne Lacroix. Other expected support coming from FQRNT and future NSERC Strategic Project grants. 4a) 10 k$ Equipment: general electronics, active optical devices for a QC test-bed 5) 3 k$ Supplies for active and passive fibre device fabrication: fibre, substrates, glue, gas (N2, O2, propane), cleaning supplies 6d) 5 k$ Travel 7) 5 k$ Research stipend: hiring of teaching assistants for increased organization/research time 8a) 5 k$ Network meetings organization 8c) 1 k$ Teleconferencing costs (assumed 20$/hr at each site). 8c) 2 k$ Student exchanges 9) 9 k$ Web site development/maintenance (contracted to student); communications to general public 10) 5 k$ Prototype development: high-quality packaging, IP protection costs, evaluation by other members, other CIPI teams or supporting collaborators. Total 95 k$ Cash contribution from ITF : 5 k$ Total requested to CIPI : 90 k$ Brian E. King 1a1) 8 k$ 2 undergraduate students each summer 1b1) 14 k$ 1 graduate student 1c2) 36 k$ 1 post-doctoral fellow, foreign (most ion-trapping expertise is presently outside of Canada) partial funding (20 k$) to come from Ontario Premier’s Research Excellence Award (PREA) 4a) 11 k$ equipment (optical diagnostic tools, spectrum analyzers, RF oscillators, etc.) 5) 2 k$ materials, supplies, etc. (laser dye, cabling, optical cleaning, acousto-optic modulators, etc.) 6b) 2 k$ Canadian conference travel for PI, post-doc and students 6c) 2 k$ international conference travel for PI, post-doc and students 6d) 4 k$ network meetings and collaborative meetings 9) 1 k$ communication activities: publication costs, printing costs, paper costs, etc. Total 80 k$
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
8
Raymond Laflamme 1b1) 34 k$ 1,5 student, $20k +15% benefit; complement through other funding 1c1) 58 k$ 1 pdf, $50k +15% benefit 4c) 6 k$ Computing time 5) 2 k$ Materials and suplies 6c) 2 k$ Travel to international conferences 6d) 5 k$ Travel to network meetings, with students 8a) 10 k$ Workshop organization, lodging for team members. Co-location with CIAR’s QIP meetings. 8b) 3 k$ Seminars by other team members Total 120 k$ Cash contribution from Mike Lazaridis : 40 k$ Total requested to CIPI : 80 k$ Hoi-Kwong Lo 1c2) 24 k$ 1 post-doctoral fellow; partial 1b2) 24 k$ 2 foreign Ph.D. students; partial support by PREA, CRC, or NSERC 2) 10 k$ Partial contribution to administrative support 5) 3 k$ Materials, Supplies and other expenditures 6c) 5 k$ Travel to international conferences, with students 6d) 4 k$ Network meetings, with students 8c) 3 k$ Student exchanges Total 73 k$ Aephraim Steinberg 1a) $3k undergrad student 1b) $7k postgraduate student; supplement 1c) $50k PDF (expect roughly equal numbers of Canadian and foreign pdfs) 4a) $10k purchase of equipment for detector & source calibration et cetera 6c) $2k to support a student’s travel to an international conference 6d) $4k to support travel to network meetings 8c) $3k student exchanges Total 79 k$ Robin L. Williams The research activities funded here leverage the contributions of CPFC and NRC-IMS, granting access to their world-class fabrication facilities. 1b1) 50 k$ 2 Ph.D. students: 1 on single-photon sources, 1 on single-photon detectors 4a) 37 k$ Correlation spectroscopy equipment, gating electronics, cryostat, piezo-manipulators, etc. 5) 45 k$ The fabrication of single-photon sources and detectors in semi-conductors requires many consumables: per year wafers, growth 25 k$ single-photon sources consumables 10 k$ single-photon det. Consumables 10 k$ 6d) 5,2 k$ Network meetings 8c) 3 k$ Student exchanges Total 140,2 k$ Cash contribution from NRC-IMS : 7 200 $ Total requested to CIPI : 133 000 $ Cash contributions • ITF’s cash contribution is earmarked to Nicolas Godbout. • Mike Lazaridis’s contribution is earmarked to Raymond Laflamme’s institution. • NRC-IMS’s contribution is earmarked for supporting Dr. Williams research. • CSE’s contribution is comptabilized neither as expense nor revenue. It will be provided for specific contracts, with expenses to be determined on a case by case basis. CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
9
Section 4 Budget per year (2005-06 to 2008-09) / Budget annuel 2005-06 à 2008-09 TABLE 2: Direct contributions (committed) from supporting organization (Please use one-page per partner)
TABLEAU 2 : Contributions directes (assurées) d’organisations partenaires (Utilisez une page par partenaire)
Name of supporting organization / Nom de l’organisation partenaire
CPFC
A : Cash contributions per year/ Contributions annuelles en espèces
$
None
B: In-kind contributions per year/ Contributions annuelles en nature
$
25 000
a) Equipment, software / Équipement, logiciel
b) Materials / Fournitures c) Logistical support of field work / Soutien logistique au travail sur le terrain d) Provision of services / Prestation de services e) Use of partner’s facilities / Utilisation des installations du partenaire
25 000
f) Salaries of scientific staff / Salaires du personnel scientifique g) Salaries of managerial and administrative staff / Salaires des gestionnaires et du personnel administratif h) Project-related travel Déplacements relatifs au projet i) Other (specify) / Autres (précisez)
C = A+B : Cash and in-kind per year / A + B Contributions en espèces et en nature par année
$
25 000
Authorized signature of supporting organization / Signature d’une personne autorisée de l’entreprise partenaire
Name / Title / Date Nom / Titre / Date Disclosure of Prior Rights to Intellectual Property / Divulgation de droits prioritaires sur la propriété intellectuelle (Please provide details) (Fournir les détails, SVP)
COMMENTS (please give details for any in-kind contributions) / COMMENTAIRES (veuillez décrire toute contribution en nature)
Signed copy sent by fax
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
10
Section 4 Budget per year (2005-06 to 2008-09) / Budget annuel 2005-06 à 2008-09 TABLE 2: Direct contributions (committed) from supporting organization (Please use one-page per partner)
TABLEAU 2 : Contributions directes (assurées) d’organisations partenaires (Utilisez une page par partenaire)
Name of supporting organization / Nom de l’organisation partenaire
NRC-IMS
A : Cash contributions per year/ Contributions annuelles en espèces
$ 7 200
B: In-kind contributions per year/ Contributions annuelles en nature
$ 347 000
a) Equipment, software / Équipement, logiciel
b) Materials / Fournitures c) Logistical support of field work / Soutien logistique au travail sur le terrain d) Provision of services / Prestation de services e) Use of partner’s facilities / Utilisation des installations du partenaire
$ 175 000
f) Salaries of scientific staff / Salaires du personnel scientifique $ 172 000 g) Salaries of managerial and administrative staff / Salaires des gestionnaires et du personnel administratif h) Project-related travel Déplacements relatifs au projet i) Other (specify) / Autres (précisez)
C = A+B : Cash and in-kind per year / A + B Contributions en espèces et en nature par année
$ 354 000
Authorized signature of supporting organization / Signature d’une personne autorisée de l’entreprise partenaire
Name / Title / Date Nom / Titre / Date Disclosure of Prior Rights to Intellectual Property / Divulgation de droits prioritaires sur la propriété intellectuelle (Please provide details) (Fournir les détails, SVP)
COMMENTS (please give details for any in-kind contributions) / COMMENTAIRES (veuillez décrire toute contribution en nature)
Signed copy sent by fax
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
11
Section 4 Budget per year (2005-06 to 2008-09) / Budget annuel 2005-06 à 2008-09 TABLE 2: Direct contributions (committed) from supporting organization (Please use one-page per partner)
TABLEAU 2 : Contributions directes (assurées) d’organisations partenaires (Utilisez une page par partenaire)
Name of supporting organization / Nom de l’organisation partenaire
Mike Lazaridis
A : Cash contributions per year/ Contributions annuelles en espèces
$ 40 000
B: In-kind contributions per year/ Contributions annuelles en nature
$
a) Equipment, software / Équipement, logiciel
b) Materials / Fournitures c) Logistical support of field work / Soutien logistique au travail sur le terrain d) Provision of services / Prestation de services e) Use of partner’s facilities / Utilisation des installations du partenaire f) Salaries of scientific staff / Salaires du personnel scientifique g) Salaries of managerial and administrative staff / Salaires des gestionnaires et du personnel administratif h) Project-related travel Déplacements relatifs au projet i) Other (specify) / Autres (précisez)
C = A+B : Cash and in-kind per year / A + B Contributions en espèces et en nature par année
$ 40 000
Authorized signature of supporting organization / Signature d’une personne autorisée de l’entreprise partenaire
Name / Title / Date Nom / Titre / Date Disclosure of Prior Rights to Intellectual Property / Divulgation de droits prioritaires sur la propriété intellectuelle (Please provide details) (Fournir les détails, SVP)
COMMENTS (please give details for any in-kind contributions) / COMMENTAIRES (veuillez décrire toute contribution en nature)
Signed copy to follow
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
12
Section 4 Budget per year (2005-06 to 2008-09) / Budget annuel 2005-06 à 2008-09 TABLE 2: Direct contributions (committed) from supporting organization (Please use one-page per partner)
TABLEAU 2 : Contributions directes (assurées) d’organisations partenaires (Utilisez une page par partenaire)
Name of supporting organization / Nom de l’organisation partenaire
MetroPhotonics
A : Cash contributions per year/ Contributions annuelles en espèces
$
B: In-kind contributions per year/ Contributions annuelles en nature
$ 10 000
a) Equipment, software / Équipement, logiciel
b) Materials / Fournitures c) Logistical support of field work / Soutien logistique au travail sur le terrain d) Provision of services / Prestation de services e) Use of partner’s facilities / Utilisation des installations du partenaire f) Salaries of scientific staff / Salaires du personnel scientifique $ 10 000 g) Salaries of managerial and administrative staff / Salaires des gestionnaires et du personnel administratif h) Project-related travel Déplacements relatifs au projet i) Other (specify) / Autres (précisez)
C = A+B : Cash and in-kind per year / A + B Contributions en espèces et en nature par année
$ 10 000
Authorized signature of supporting organization / Signature d’une personne autorisée de l’entreprise partenaire
Name / Title / Date Nom / Titre / Date Disclosure of Prior Rights to Intellectual Property / Divulgation de droits prioritaires sur la propriété intellectuelle (Please provide details) (Fournir les détails, SVP)
COMMENTS (please give details for any in-kind contributions) / COMMENTAIRES (veuillez décrire toute contribution en nature)
Signed copy to follow
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
13
Section 4 Budget per year (2005-06 to 2008-09) / Budget annuel 2005-06 à 2008-09 TABLE 2: Direct contributions (committed) from supporting organization (Please use one-page per partner)
TABLEAU 2: Contributions directes (assurées) d’organisations partenaires (Utilisez une page par partenaire)
Name of supporting organization / Nom de l’organisation partenaire A: Cash contributions per year/ Contributions annuelles en espèces B: In-kind contributions per year/ Contributions annuelles en nature a) Equipment, software / Équipement, logiciel b) Materials / Fournitures c) Logistical support of field work / Soutien logistique au travail sur le terrain d) Provision of services / Prestation de services e) Use of partner’s facilities / Utilisation des installations du partenaire f) Salaries of scientific staff / Salaires du personnel scientifique g) Salaries of managerial and administrative staff / Salaires des gestionnaires et du personnel administratif h) Project-related travel Déplacements relatifs au projet i) Other (specify) / Autres (précisez)
C = A+B: Cash and in-kind per year / A + B Contributions en espèces et en nature par année
Communications Security Establishment $25,000 through research contracts $50,000
X X X X
$75,000
Authorized signature of supporting organization / Signature d’une personne autorisée de l’entreprise partenaire Louis Bélanger, Director Research and Development, 4 Nov 03
Name / Title / Date Nom / Titre / Date Disclosure of Prior Rights to Intellectual Property / Divulgation de droits prioritaires sur la propriété intellectuelle (Please provide details) (Fournir les détails, SVP)
COMMENTS (please give details for any in-kind contributions) / COMMENTAIRES (veuillez décrire toute contribution en nature) Although the details of the in-kind contributions will evolve as the project progresses, it is expected that scientific staff at CSE will follow closely this research for practical applications of quantum cryptography and discuss aspects of interests to the Government of Canada with the CIPI researchers. We could also participate in workshops organized by CIPI or other related organizations. CSE has hosted in the past a workshop in quantum computing. Managerial and administrative staff will facilitate interactions with allied organizations, and arrange for the use of classified facilities as required.
Note : signed copy to follow
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
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Section 4 Budget per year (2005-06 to 2008-09) / Budget annuel 2005-06 à 2008-09 TABLE 2: Direct contributions (committed) from supporting organization (Please use one-page per partner)
TABLEAU 2: Contributions directes (assurées) d’organisations partenaires (Utilisez une page par partenaire)
Name of supporting organization / Nom de l’organisation partenaire
ITF Optical Technologies Inc.
A : Cash contributions per year/ Contributions annuelles en espèces
$
5 000
B: In-kind contributions per year/ Contributions annuelles en nature
$
20 500
a) Equipment, software / Équipement, logiciel
b) Materials / Fournitures
10 000
c) Logistical support of field work / Soutien logistique au travail sur le terrain d) Provision of services / Prestation de services e) Use of partner’s facilities / Utilisation des installations du partenaire f) Salaries of scientific staff / Salaires du personnel scientifique 7 500 (3hrs/week of 1 scientist) g) Salaries of managerial and administrative staff / Salaires des gestionnaires et du personnel administratif 1 500 h) Project-related travel Déplacements relatifs au projet i) Other (specify) / Autres (précisez)
C = A+B : Cash and in-kind per year / A + B Contributions en espèces et en nature par année
$
24 000
Authorized signature of supporting organization / Signature d’une personne autorisée de l’entreprise partenaire
Name / Title / Date Nom / Titre / Date Disclosure of Prior Rights to Intellectual Property / Divulgation de droits prioritaires sur la propriété intellectuelle (Please provide details) (Fournir les détails, SVP)
COMMENTS (please give details for any in-kind contributions) / COMMENTAIRES (veuillez décrire toute contribution en nature)
Signed copy to follow
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
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Section 5 Project description / Description du projet (4-page maximum / maximum de 4 pages) 1 of 4 / 1 de 4
Outline of project Quantum cryptography exploits the fact that quantum states cannot be measured reliably and are disturbed by observation in order to provide unprecedented confidentiality in secret communication. This revolutionary approach offers provable unconditional security even against an eavesdropper whose computing power and technology are restricted only by the laws of nature. The networking project aims at leveraging the Canadian expertise in theoretical and experimental quantum information processing to make significant advances in the research and development of practical quantum key distribution systems over optical fibre. These systems have obvious applications in absolutely secure telecommunications. The advances made through this collaborative work will also accelerate the development of a Canadian “quantum optical toolbox”, a set of concepts, devices, simulation tools, highly qualified personnel, which can be put to use in the long term for the development of other applications of quantum optics, such as interaction-free measurements, sub-diffraction limit imaging, control and measurement of chemical reactions, and others. Objectives • Prove the unconditional security of proposed quantum key distribution schemes, taking into account experimental limitations • Build state-of-the-art quantum cryptography test-beds, with custom passive and active optical components and subsystems • Develop required devices: single-photon detectors, single-photon sources and entangled-photon sources • Demonstrate several multi-user quantum key distribution network architectures • Develop the concepts of a “quantum repeater”, a photon state regenerator compatible with quantum cryptography and capable of extending the reach of such systems • Demonstrate experimentally the applicability of techniques for performing quantum information processing tasks with linear optical elements • Develop and optimize tools for the characterization of single- and multi-photon states and their propagation through quantum information links. Apply these tools to the control of coherence and errorcorrection. Each of these objectives will require the participation of several team members if they are to be successfully achieved in a short timeframe. Survey of literature Quantum cryptography was anticipated by Stephen Wiesner circa 1970 [W83] but the first quantum key distribution scheme was developed by Charles H. Bennett and Gilles Brassard in the early 1980’s. Initially published in 1984, this scheme became known as the “BB84” protocol [BB84]. The first experimental implementation of BB84 was also the work of Bennett and Brassard, together with 3 students—including 2 from the Université de Montréal—[BBBSS92]. A survey of the early concepts of quantum cryptography appeared in Scientific American [BBE92]. Since then, several prototypes have been built round the world, both fibre-based and free-space, spanning distances of tens of kilometres. A survey of the experimental state-of-the-art can be found in [GRTZ02]. The first proof of unconditional security for BB84 was obtained in Montréal by Dominic Mayers in 1996; but see [M01]. A simpler proof was found subsequently by Peter Shor and John Preskill [SP00], building on Lo and Chau's proof [LC99] of security of a quantum-computing protocol for QKD. The unconditional security of BB84 at high bit error rates (~18.9%) and other protocols has been proven in [GL03]. The security of quantum key distribution when implemented with imperfect devices is currently a very active research area; see for instance [GLLP02]. Other approaches to quantum cryptography have been proposed. Most notably, Artur Ekert introduced entanglement-based quantum key distribution in 1991 [E91,BBM92], and Charles H. Bennett showed that quantum cryptography can be based on only two nonorthogonal states [B92]. Ekert’s idea proved very fruitful in CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
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Section 5 Project description / Description du projet 2 of 4 / 2 de 4
the light of the concept of entanglement distillation [BBPSSW96]—another invention whose seed was planted in Montréal—according to which entanglement that has been corrupted by noise and/or eavesdropping can be purified before being used as a cryptographic resource. This has the potential to overcome some of the limitations of practical quantum cryptography described in [BLMS00]. The use of quantum error-correction [KLABVZ02] is another approach to overcoming those limitations by making quantum repeaters possible. Robust polarization-based quantum key distribution is discussed in [BGLPS03]. Methodology To reach our objectives, we are putting together the varied expertise of the team members in order to develop all aspects of complete quantum key distribution systems. The expertise and the techniques to be applied in this project are the following: Theoretical work Many key concepts in quantum cryptography and quantum information processing have been developed by Canadian researchers. This well of expertise will effectively be tapped for the other activities below. Experimental quantum cryptography test-beds We will have complete quantum cryptography systems in Montréal, with a focus on multi-user network implementations, and in Toronto, with a focus on unconditional confidentiality issues that take into account all possible attacks by an eavesdropper that are allowed by quantum mechanics. Custom optical fibre devices and systems Most optical fibre devices for the QC test-beds will be fabricated to custom specifications. This includes wavelength-multiplexers, polarization splitters, filters, and stable long-line interferometers. Optical generation of entangled photons Schemes to generate entangled photons through nonlinear optical processes will be realized experimentally for use in other experiments. Nonlinear processes both inside and outside optical fibres will be used. Three-photon state generation will also be investigated. Semi-conductor single-photon detectors We will fabricate (with partner CPFC) high optical quality MOCVD InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes optimized for Geiger-mode (single-photon) operation. An InGaAs on Si wafer-bonding method will also be investigated to combine the InGaAs 1,5 µm absorption properties with the very good properties of Si in avalanche mode. Quantum dots in optical microcavities Single-quantum-dot high-finesse microcavities in InAs/InP systems will be fabricated for the generation of single- and entangled-photon sources. Single- or dual-exciton emission is harnessed in this scheme to control the photon number. Trapped ions quantum information processor Quantum information processing (such as that necessary for error correction) is easier in ion systems than with photons. Experimental demonstrations of error-correcting algorithms and of the quantum repeater will be performed on this system. The generation of single- and entangled-photon states using trapped ions in high-finesse optical cavities will also be investigated. Quantum process tomography will be applied as a characterization method of quantum states in different parts of quantum cryptography systems. This method can, for example, detect subtle quantum state variations induced by the actions of an eavesdropper. Our activities include all the necessary aspects of complete quantum key distribution systems: generation of photons, optical system design, detection of photons, quantum processing, algorithms, and security. See also Milestones. Management plan This project provides a useful opportunity to bring the diverse expertise in quantum information processing together in Canada. We will start the project with a kick-off meeting to exchange ideas and review the current status of individual members' current research and research plan for the future. Each activity within the project will be assigned to usually two or three members in collaboration. (See also agenda of kick-off meeting in Proposal Part II). Training of highly qualified personnel is an important goal of the project. We expect to see significant CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
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Section 5 Project description / Description du projet 3 of 4 / 3 de 4
exchange of knowledge on each activity through student exchanges. Our experimental quantum cryptography test-beds provide further opportunities to bring our members together to see what each has achieved. We plan to hold regular meetings/workshops once or twice a year. To maximize the benefits of our review meetings, we will try to co-locate them with CIAR meetings. We are pleased to remark that the current Director of the CIAR program on Quantum Information Processing (Raymond Laflamme) is a member of our project and will work on achieving such a co-location arrangement. Contribution of each researcher Gilles Brassard is the inventor of quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation and quantum entanglement distillation. His current research interests include the use of quantum entanglement for information processing operations that are otherwise impossible. Entangled photons will be used for the development of a “quantum key server”, which permits any two users to build a secret key that cannot be known by the server. Entangled photons are also instrumental in building “quantum repeaters” based on entanglement distillation, and in the design and implementation of quantum cryptographic protocols that go beyond quantum key distribution. Nicolas Godbout has industrial experience in optical fibre components and subsystems, and research experience in nonlinear optics and experimental quantum key distribution. He will be responsible for the fabrication of custom fibre devices and components, will work on photon sources based on nonlinear optics, and will assist in the assembly and test of the networks. Brian King will study coupling photonic qubits to atomic ones. This system is the only one in which coherent quantum coupling between photonic and other degrees of freedom has been demonstrated, and is one strong candidate for realizing error correction for photonic qubits. Furthermore, due to the general and configurable interaction between ionic qubits and their controlling laser fields, the trapped-ion quantum information processor may be used as a simulator of other physical systems. The trapped-ion system thus can serve as an important test-bed for real-world “proof-of-principle” tests of new approaches to quantum entanglement and error correction. Raymond Laflamme will work on the quantum error correction algorithms applied to re-generation of qubits in a quantum repeater. His seminal work on the use of linear optical systems to perform quantum information processing operations is also highly relevant. He will also work on the determination of threshold conditions for which error correction becomes effective. Hoi-Kwong Lo will continue to contribute to the analysis of the secrecy of our proposed schemes. His experimental test-bed for quantum cryptography, developed during years 1–2, will be put to use for demonstrations of practical QKD networks. Aephraim Steinberg's experience with the generation and measurement of entangled photon states and with few-photon logic gates will greatly benefit the team for research on the quantum circuits required for some network operations. He will continue work on developing improved sources of 2- and 3-photon entangled states, and initiate an effort on the testing and characterization of novel single- and two-photon sources and detectors. His work on state and process tomography will be extended to allow careful characterization of the quantum state of both single and entangled photons, as well as their evolution in a variety of real-world quantum information systems. Robin Williams will continue to work on the optical properties of long wavelength self-assembled quantum dots. His work on site-selected nano-structures and the optical properties of dots in microcavities will form the basis for a deterministic single photon and entangled-photon-pair source. Anticipated impact Quantum cryptography is a half-Canadian invention, and indeed Canada has been a leading force in theoretical research in the field since its very beginning. However, Canada’s strength has not been reflected adequately in the practical aspects of the discipline—even though Canada played a major role in the conception of the very first prototype built at the IBM Yorktown Research Center in 1989. The main anticipated impact of this Project is to make sure Canada shines as brightly in experimental quantum cryptography as it does on theory. This goal is not merely a matter of national pride because quantum cryptography is an enabling technology whose impact on the national and international scene has great usable and useful potential in the reasonably near future. CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
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Section 5 Project description / Description du projet 4 of 4 / 4 de 4
Two companies already exist that market quantum cryptographic material: MagiQ Tech., Inc. in the USA and idQuantique in Switzerland. Any further delays for Canada to enter the game actively could prove fatal. This Project will further demonstrate the merit of quantum optics, which is essential to photonics. It will be instrumental in the development of a compact, efficient, on-demand source of single photons at telecom wavelengths, which is not only a prerequisite for secure fibre-based quantum cryptography, but could have many other applications. In particular, such a source would be an essential requirement for quantum information processing within the linear optics scheme proposed by Knill, Laflamme and Milburn [KLM01]. Moreover, our study of atom/photon (or dot/photon) coupling could lead to the realization of a “quantum node” quantum computer architecture as proposed by Cirac and Zoller. In this sense, our work will contribute to maintaining Canada’s leading international importance in the broader field of quantum information processing. This Project would also have longer-term impact on the development of quantum memory devices, quantum communication networks, and quantum repeaters, all of which are anticipated to become a useful commodity in general, not just for quantum cryptography. In its last Reallocation Exercise, the NSERC Computing and Information Science Grant Selection Committee wrote these words about quantum computing and quantum cryptography: “Canada has great strength in this emerging field, out of proportion to its size”. We are offering CIPI the opportunity to make a crucial impact on this strength and more particularly on the training of highly qualified personnel in quantum information processing. This Project will produce a network of well-trained and well-connected “quantum information workers” who will be ready to take on the world! References [B92] C.H. Bennett, “Quantum cryptography using any two nonorthogonal states”, Physical Review Letters 68(21), 3121– 3124 (1992). [BBBSS92] C.H. Bennett, F. Bessette, G. Brassard, L. Salvail and J. Smolin, “Experimental quantum cryptography”, Journal of Cryptology 5(1), 3–28 (1992). [BB84] C.H. Bennett and G. Brassard, “Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing”, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Processing, Bangalore, India, pp. 175–179 (1984). [BBE92] C.H. Bennett, G. Brassard and A.K. Ekert, “Quantum cryptography”, Scientific American, 50–57 (October 1992). [BBM92] C.H. Bennett, G. Brassard and N.D. Mermin, “Quantum cryptography without Bell’s theorem”, Physical Review Letters 68(5), 557–559 (1992). [BBPSSW96] C.H. Bennett, G. Brassard, S. Popescu, B. Schumacher, J.A. Smolin and W.K. Wootters, “Purification of noisy entanglement and faithful teleportation via noisy channels”, Physical Review Letters 76(5), 722–725 (1996). [BGLPS03] J-C. Boileau, D. Gottesman, R. Laflamme, D. Poulin and R.W. Spekkens, “Robust polarization-based quantum key distribution over collective-noise channel”, http://arXiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0306199 (2003). [BLMS00] G. Brassard, N. Lütkenhaus, T. Mor and B.C. Sanders, “Limitations of practical quantum cryptography”, Physical Review Letters 85(6), 1330–1333 (2000). [E91] A.K. Ekert, “Quantum cryptography based on Bell’s theorem”, Physical Review Letters 67(5), 661–663 (1991). [GL03] D. Gottesman and H.-K. Lo, “Proof of security of quantum key distribution with two-way classical communications”, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 49(2), 457–475 (2003). [GRTZ02] N. Gisin, G. Ribordy, W. Tittel and H. Zbinden, “Quantum cryptography”, Reviews of Modern Physics 74(1), 145–195 (2002). [GLLP02] D. Gottesman, H.-K. Lo, N. Lütkenhaus and J. Preskill, “Security of quantum key distribution with imperfect devices”, http://arXiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0212066 (2002). [KLABVZ02] E. Knill, R. Laflamme, A. Ashikhmin, H. Barnum, L. Viola and W.H. Zurek, “Introduction to quantum error correction”, Los Alamos Science 27, 188–221 (2002). [KLM01] E. Knill, R. Laflamme and G. Milburn, “Efficient linear optics quantum computation”, Nature 409, 46–52 (2001). [LC99] H.-K. Lo and H.F. Chau, “Unconditional security of quantum key distribution over arbitrarily long distances”, Science 283, 2050–2056 (1999). [M01] D. Mayers, “Unconditional security in quantum cryptography”, Journal of the ACM 48(3), 351–406 (2001). [SP00] P.W. Shor and J. Preskill, “Simple proof of security of the BB84 quantum key distribution protocol”, http://arXiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0003004 (2000). [W83] S. Wiesner, “Conjugate coding”, written c. 1970 but first published in Sigact News 15(1), 78–88 (1983).
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
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Section 6 How the proposal addresses the CIPI challenge areas and benefits to Canada/ Comment la proposition relève les défis énoncés par l’ICIP et procure des avantages pour le Canada Primary Challenge 4 Routing in high capacity and access networks Our project aims at keeping Canada's leadership position in optical networks. In an age with increasing security needs, the development of an infrastructure guaranteeing absolute secrecy becomes more important. The five-year project addresses all major components of a complete quantum key distribution network, including multi-user networks, wavelength-based routing, long-range propagation through “quantum repeaters”, and entangled photons “server” architectures. Secondary Challenges The varied aspects of the projects involve the development of a “quantum optical toolbox”, i.e. a set of techniques, instruments and analysis methods that are taken for granted in current Photonics research, but that must be developed for the quantum world. Some elements of our research programs will generate technology that can be applied to: Challenge 5 Fabrication and measurement at high resolution or high throughput Optical microscopy performed with entangled photon pairs can break the classical diffraction limit. For quantum optical microscopy to be useful, instruments to generate and measure entangled photons are necessary. This goal is shared with the project described here. Challenge 7 Multidimensional imaging Interaction-free measurements make it possible to detect a classical object without making it interact with even a single photon. This could serve to image highly light-sensitive objects, with possible medical applications. Challenge 8 Photonic microsystems A new photonic source capable of delivering single photons on demand, at telecommunication wavelengths, will be developed along with an improved photon counting detector for characterisation and for implementation in a quantum key distribution system. This source is based on optical micro-cavities containing a single quantum dot. Challenge 10 Enabling optical technologies Some components developed through this research project have general applications in other areas of Photonics. The single-photon detectors can be applied to any area of Photonics requiring measurement of very low signals, such as long-distance telecommunications, chemical analysis and distributed remote sensing of civil engineering structures. Single-photon sources and quantum repeaters also constitute significant enabling technologies. Challenge 11 Open challenge The applications of quantum optics constitute a Challenge in their own right. Optical quantum information processing is clearly an emerging area of Photonics, poised to become a major research area within the next decade. Although this project addresses the application of optical quantum information processing that is closest to market, we believe that the importance of quantum optics should be acknowledged by the adoption of a new Challenge by the Canadian Institute for Photonic Innovations. Benefits to Canada Mainstream activities in Photonics will shift within the next decades into new areas. Quantum effects will certainly play a major role. The research community in Canada cannot afford to waste an opportunity to join together and actively lead this emerging field. Quantum cryptography is only the first application, and is realistically coming to the world-wide marketplace within a few years. It needs a lot of research to make it practical and scalable, and to provide the opportunity to spawn new companies. We remark that there are various European networks on quantum cryptography. The US agency DARPA is also funding three multimillion-dollar quantum cryptography projects. Despite Canadian researchers’ pioneering efforts and inventions, we are behind other countries on the experimental side. The research results of our project, as well as the highly trained people involved in it, will form an infrastructure enabling Canada to keep up with, and hopefully to lead, the emerging field of quantum cryptography. The project will also serve as an enabler for other applications of quantum optical effects in the future. The time to get to work is now. CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
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Section 7 Contribution to the training of highly qualified personnel / Contribution à la formation de personnes hautement qualifiées Involvement of students in the project Many students will be directly involved in world-class research in varied aspect of quantum key distribution and quantum information processing. These students will form the core of quantum optics research in Canada within the next decade. The project ensures that students are exposed to both theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum cryptography and more generally of quantum information processing. Anticipated number of students and post-doc. fellows involved Each member anticipates directing the following number of students working on this project. Gilles Brassard currently 2 M.Sc., 6 Ph.D., and 1 PDF in various subfields of quantum information processing Nicolas Godbout expected 2 undergrad., 3 M.Sc.A., 1 Ph.D., 1 post-doc. on this particular project Brian King 2 undergrad., 1,5 M.Sc., 1 PDF on this particular project Raymond Laflamme currently 1 undergrad. 2 M.Sc., 1 Ph.D., 1PDF on this particular project Hoi-Kwong Lo currently 2 Masters, 2 postdocs, to be increased Aephraim Steinberg 1 undergrad, 1 M.Sc., 1 Ph.D, 1 postdoc Robin L. Williams 2 Ph.D. working on optical spectroscopy and gaining experience on state-ofthe-art semiconductor fabrication and growth Benefits from the Network Direct communication between students belonging to different members’ laboratories is strongly encouraged. This has important benefits : • Critical information about theory, experimental aspects, tricks of the trade are better communicated from student to student. For example, experience on photon-counting detectors already gained by Brassard and Godbout’s Masters student, Félix Bussières, will be transfered to the other members who need such photon counters. Transfer of this knowledge to Williams’ and Lo’s team is expected to occur within a year. • Students can tackle ambitious projects that are difficult to complete using resources from a single laboratory. Within the Network, they have regular contacts that help them with theory, custom devices and experimental expertise. In some cases, students will be exposed to a supplier/client relationship, where one student works on a device to be tested and used by another student at another site. (See also Networking and Partnership section). • In addition we shall encourage graduate students and postdocs to spend extended periods of time at other institutions of the Network. This will enable high levels of cross-fertilization. • We also seek to encourage students from the participating establishments to visit and take advantage of the photonics fabrication facilties at the newly established CPFC. Past successes A doezn former students of Gilles Brassard have moved on to become university professors. Some of his students have reaped top awards for their theses. For instance, André Berthiaume received an NSERC Doctoral Prize for best 1995 thesis across Canada in Natural Sciences, as well as a Governor General Gold Medal and a Prix d'excellence de l'Académie des Grands Montréalais. Laflamme’s post-doctoral fellows have gone to assistant-professor positions at MIT and Dartmouth, and research positions at the Perimeter Insitute and Bell Labs.
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Section 8 Networking and partnerships / Réseautage et partenariats Collaborations within the team There are two kinds of interactions between members of the team: co-development and client/supplier. Co-development refers to cases when two or more members of the team develop similar theories or experiments. Some examples of this case are: experimental quantum key distribution networks in Godbout’s and Lo’s laboratories; novel quantum cryptographic protocols and their security threshold by Brassard, Laflamme and Lo; realistic quantum noise effects by Godbout, Laflamme and Williams; etc. Client/supplier interaction occurs when one team member works on a concept or a device that can be used by other members of the group. This type of interaction is crucial as it enables a vertical integration of concepts and technologies, and really makes the team more capable of tackling complicated projects that could not be completed by an individual member. Examples of this type of interaction are listed below: • Theory→Experiment. As an example, Laflamme et al.’s seminal work on the use of linear optical elements to implement quantum information processing tasks has yet to be investigated experimentally. Another example is Brassard’s research on novel tasks using entangled photons that can be applied to experimental quantum cryptography. King will investigate experimentally quantum information processing tasks that are required for a quantum repeater. • Builder→User. Several team members build devices and systems that are crucial to optical quantum processing tasks. Williams will deliver much needed detectors and sources, Godbout custom fibre devices and subsystems, Steinberg nonlinear optical fibre non-classical sources, etc. Both of these interactions are natural among the members of our team. They serve the research interests of each member, and permit the development of a concerted Canadian initiative on quantum cryptography. Collaborations between the team and supporting organizations Our collaborators and supporters have a vested interest in the social, technological and economic aspects of this project. The Communication Security Establishment (CSE) reports directly to the Minister of Defence on matters affecting the security of communication technologies in Canada. We will provide, through meetings and reports, our expertise on the state of quantum cryptography, and its impact on Canada’s security. Defence Research and Development Canada has also expressed interest in these results and has recently commissioned a report on the impact of quantum information processing with input from one of our team. ITF Optical Technologies Inc. designs and manufactures optical fibre components, and is always looking at new applications of optical fibre technology. It will be involved in custom fibre device development and testing. NRC-IMS and CPFC both provide significant in-kind support for the fabrication of advanced semiconductor devices. These novel devices have obvious market potential in the future. MetroPhotonics is a company with direct experience of InP-based photonic devices and has offered its expertise in the fabrication and design of InGaAs/InP APD structures. Such companies may prove a fertile ground for commercialization in the future. Networking and partnerships actions The following networking actions are anticipated or already under way. Regular meetings will be greatly facilitated by CIPI’s funding. At least one annual meeting with the full team is expected. In some cases, workshops will be organized instead. The members of the network will develop a strong collaboration with the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIAR) Quantum Information Processing program and some workshops or conferences will be co-located. Seminars in other members’ universities are a great way to present our work to students of other members. Exchange of students is greatly encouraged to foster direct knowledge transfer from group to group. (See also Section 7.) Exchange of devices is made necessary by the vertical research integration through client/supplier interactions. Collaborations with other projects CIPI’s annual meetings are a logical forum to present the technologies developed through this research program, and to identify devices, techniques or ideas that can be applied to other Challenges by other CIPI teams. (See also Section 6.)
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
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Section 9 Knowledge exchange and technology exploitation / Échange des connaissances et valorisation technologique Knowledge Exchange Technical and scientific knowledge developed by the research team will be communicated through several means appropriate to the intended audience: other team members, other CIPI teams, the scientific community, the supporting organizations and the general public. Other team members Intra-team communications and exchanges are described in Section 8. Knowledge exchange among the students involved in the project is strongly encouraged, through student movement among the investigators’ laboratories and team workshops. Other CIPI teams The most significant contacts with other CIPI teams are expected to occur during the annual meetings. Scientific community In addition to conferences and publications in scientific journals, the quantum information processing community has been using preprint archive Internet sites for rapid communication of important results. Several important papers on the subject are available on arXiv.org. Supporting organizations As stated in Section 8, our supporting organizations can benefit from knowledge developed in the course of our project. We plan to have meetings with the individual organizations, each having different needs and expectations about knowledge acquired through this project. General public Quantum cryptography has had exposure, for example through articles in Scientific American. We plan to contribute to the dissemination of knowledge about quantum cryptography to the Canadian public by the creation of a Web site covering the background on quantum cryptography and the research performed by the CIPI team. This serves two purposes: it gives more information to the public about what research is funded by government institutions, and it attracts young students to quantum information science. The Web site, available in both official languages, will be developed mainly by students. (See also Budget item 9.) Technology Exploitation The technology that will be developed in the course of this project is applicable on a short-term basis. Two companies, MagiQ (USA) and idQuantique (Switzerland), already market quantum cryptography systems. The field of quantum information in optical systems has great potential for generating new ideas and products for decades to come. Patents Investigators already have or are applying for patents related to quantum cryptography. The protection of intellectual property is important at this stage, since QC will likely be deployed commercially within the next decades. Technology transfers Several of the technologies developed during this project have short-term applications: photon-counters, entangled-photon sources, custom fibre systems, etc. These devices have a strong potential of being transferred to CIPI sponsors having the reception capacity. Spin-off companies The best technology exploitation scenario is the creation of spin-off companies in Canada specialized in quantum key distribution systems. Canada has a very solid history of successful telecommunication companies. The perfect timing for such a company is likely in a few years, when the technology is mature and the market has recovered from the recent down-turn.
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Section 10 Relation to other funding and any prior rights to intellectual property / Rapport avec les autres types de financement et droits prioritaires à la propriété intellectuelle Please expand on the relation to any other funding held by the applicants and any prior rights that exist to the intellectual property / Veuillez expliquer le lien avec tout autre type de financement détenu et fournir des détails au sujet des droits prioritaires qui pourraient exister sur la propriété intellectuelle.
Relation to other funding Gilles Brassard’s work is supported mainly by his NSERC Discovery Grant (the highest NSERC Discovery Grant nationwide in Computing and Information Sciences) and his Canada Research Chair in Quantum Information Processing. In addition, he is supported by smaller grants from Québec’s FQRNT, the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIAR), and an NCE called MITACS (Mathematics of Information Technology and Complex Systems). All these grants support Brassard’s work in various aspects of theoretical quantum information processing, including quantum cryptography. However, the CIPI grant currently requested would be his only grant whose main purpose is to address practical aspects of the field, including experimental realizations. Nevertheless, his other more theoretical grants will serve as leverage to make the CIPI money go further thanks to the interaction made possible between the CIPI-sponsored students and the numerous other students and visitors. Nicolas Godbout received the Fondation de Polytechnique award for one student stipend. His Discovery Grant covers QIP in general and is mainly theoretical. A FQRNT’s Établissement de nouveaux chercheurs grant is applied for, covering student stipends and a little bit of equipment. The Research Tools and Instruments grant applied for consists in the assembly of an advanced fibre coupler fabrication station for, among other things, custom and novel devices for quantum information processing. Brian King’s work is supported by an NSERC Discovery Grant, an Ontario Premier’s Research Excellence Award and a start-up grant from McMaster University. The infrastructure is being assembled with financial support from McMaster University, a Canada Foundation For Innovation New Opportunities Grant, and matching funds from the Ontario Innovation Trust. However, the largest portion of this funding is for equipment and renovations, rather than for personnel or for travel, networking, and publication costs. Furthermore, the existing funding is focused on research projects in quantum computing and general state engineering, rather than on applications to quantum cryptography (and, in particular, on quantum error correction through trapped-ion Cavity-QED). Raymond Laflamme is Director of the Institute for Quantum Computing and has received funding from CFIOIT, ORDCF, PREA, NSERC, CIAR, Los Alamos National Laboratory and from Mike Lazaridis. All this funding is for research in quantum computing. Hoi-Kwong Lo's equipment funding comes from CFI/OIT award, MagiQ in-kind contribution and the University of Toronto start-up and Connaught start-up. He also holds an NSERC Discovery Grant, a Canada Research Chair cluster funding, and a PREA award. Those funds are used mostly for salary/benefits of personnel. It should be noted that all existing funding is held as an individual investigator. Unfortunately, considering the scale of the project we are undertaking, personnel funding is at a bare-bone level and is being spread between theory and experiment. Aephraim M. Steinberg has 10 students and 2 postdocs, supported by various fellowships, NSERC, PRO, PREA, and DARPA. This CIPI project would build on infrastructure supported by those organizations and by CFI/ORDCF, and would continue involve several of the students funded from these sources. Additional funding is requested to support one student and one postdoc whose primary focus would be the development of quantum-communications systems; and for equipment to support collaborations aimed specifically at development and testing of novel sources and detectors. Robin L. Williams has an NSERC Discovery Grant that supports one student at present. Rights to intellectual property (IP) Nicolas Godbout The use of WDM technology for multi-user QC is considered to be prior IP. A sponsoring company is being sought to assist in the patenting process. École Polytechnique’s internal policy on IP protection encourages the involvement of industrial partners. CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
24
Hoi-Kwong Lo is a co-inventor of a US patent, a European patent and a number of US patent applications. Depending on the specific patent/patent application, his patent rights are held by various entities including Hewlett-Packard Labs, MagiQ Technologies, Inc., himself and H. F. Chau. Aephraim M. Steinberg Our techniques for providing single-photon-single-photon interactions are held by Photonics Research Ontario. The rights to our work on tailored quantum error correction are held by DARPA. Robin L. Williams The techniques that have been developed for the site-selection of quantum dots and its application to single photon emitters is existing background IP held by IMS.
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
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Section 11 Certification requirements / Exigences en matière d’attestation Does this proposal involve any of the following ? If so, please check the relevant box (es). Si cette proposition comprend l’un des éléments suivants, cochez la ou les cases appropriées Research involving animals Recherche utilisant des animaux Research involving biohazards Recherche présentant des risques biologiques Research involving humans Recherche utilisant des sujets humains
Does any phase of the research described in this proposal : Est-ce qu’une des étapes de la recherche décrites dans la proposition : a) take place outside an office or laboratory, or a lieu à l’extérieur d’un bureau; ou d’un laboratoire ou
YES OUI
NO NON
x
b) involve an undertaking as described in Part I of Appendix B of NSERC form 101 comporte une activité parmi celles décrites à la partie I de l’annexe B du formulaire 101 du CRSNG? YES OUI
NO NON
x
If YES to either question a) or b) – Appendices A and B of NSERC form 101 must be completed. Complete additional copies of Appendix A if research is to be conducted at more than one location. Si vous répondez OUI à la question a) ou b), remplissez les annexes A et B du formulaire 101 du CRSNG. Remplir des exemplaires supplémentaires de l’annexe A si la recherche doit être menée à plus d’un emplacement.
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
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PROJECT PROPOSAL / PROPOSITION DE PROJET PART 2 / 2e PARTIE
Request for Transition Funding 2004-05 / Demande de financement transitoire 2004-05 Project title / Titre du projet
Scalable absolutely secure optical fibre network using quantum cryptography Name of project leader / Nom du chef de projet Nicolas Godbout Current CIPI project funding for 2004-05 (if applicable) / Financement 2004-05 du projet de l’ICIP en cours (si pertinent) N.A. Section 12 Milestones for Transition Fund Project 2004-05 / Jalons pour le projet visé par le financement transitoire en 2004-05
For newly proposed research: / Pour un projet nouvellement proposé: Networking and meetings May 2004 1 day kick-off meeting of the whole team : presentations, detailed work plan September 2004 Videoconference January 2005 1 day update meeting of the whole team Note : One meeting might change date for conversion into a workshop co-located with an other event. Consolidation of some members starting activities Starting dates Summer 2004 Set-up APD in single-photon counting mode by Robin L. Williams Summer 2004 Upgrade experimental quantum cryptography test-bed to full quantum key distribution system September 2004 Hiring of 1 Ph.D. student by Hoi-Kwong Lo Section 13 Names of organizations (other than universities) supporting the project (2004-05) / Nom des organismes (non universitaires) qui appuient le projet (2004-05) New supporting organizations: / Nouveaux organismes appuyant le projet:
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
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Section 14 Budget request from 2004-05 transition fund / Répartition des fonds demandés pour le financement transitoire 2004-2005 Table 3: Detailed budget request for CIPI transition funds (2004 - 05) Tableau 3: Budget détaillé des fonds demandés à l’ICIP pour le financement transitoire 2004-05 Researchers Chercheurs Total 1 2 3 4 Expenditures proposed for 2004-05 Project Name/Nom Name/Nom Name/Nom Name/Nom Total du Dépenses proposées pour 2004-05 projet
6)
All seven
Godbout
Lo
5 Name/Nom
Williams
Salaries (including benefits) Salaires (y compris les avantages sociaux)
a1) Undergraduate students – Canadians and Permanent Residents Étudiants de 1er cycle – Canadiens et résidents permanents a2) Undergraduate students – Foreign Étudiants de 1er cycle – Étrangers b1) Postgraduate students – Canadians and permanent residents Étudiants de 2e et 3e cycles – Canadiens et résidents permanents b2) Postgraduate students – Foreign Étudiants de 2e et 3e cycles – Étrangers c1) Postdoctoral fellows – Canadians and permanent residents Stagiaires postdoctoraux – Canadiens et résidents permanents c2) Postdoctoral Fellows – Foreign Stagiaires postdoctoraux – Étrangers 7)
Salaries to others (including benefits) Autres salaires (y compris les avantages sociaux)
8)
Professional and technical services – contracts Services professionnels et techniques – contrats
9)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
12000.00
0.00
0.00
12000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
15000.00
0.00
8000.00
0.00
7000.00
0.00
Equipment (incl. powered vehicles) Appareillage (y compris véhicules motorisés) a)
b)
c)
10)
Purchase or rental Achat ou location Maintenance or operation Entretien ou frais d’utilisation Other (specify) Autre (précisez) Materials, supplies and other expenditures Équipements, fournitures et autres dépenses
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
28
Total Project Total du projet
Table 3 (Continued) / Tableau 3 (Suite) 6)
1
2
3
4
5
Name/Nom Name/Nom Name/Nom Name/Nom Name/Nom All seven
Godbout
Lo
Williams
Travel Frais de déplacement a)
Field trips Visites sur le terrain
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Canadian conferences or seminars Conférences ou ateliers – Canada
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
International conferences or seminars Conférences ou ateliers – International
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
14000.00
each 2000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Workshops Ateliers
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Seminars (specify) Colloques (précisez)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
500.00
0.00
500.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10) Technology transfer (e.g. prototype development, etc.) Transfert de technologie (ex. développement de prototype, etc.)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
11) Other (explain – e.g. liability insurance, etc.) Autre (précisez ex. assurance responsabilité, etc.)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
42500
14000
8500
12000
8000
0
b)
c)
d)
e)
7)
8)
Other (specify) Autre (précisez)
Student exchange
Research stipend Allocations de dégagement pour la recherche Neworking activities Activités de réseautage a)
b)
c)
9)
Network meetings Réunions du réseau
Other (specify) Autre (précisez)
Videoconferences
Communication activities (e.g. annual report, website etc.) Activités de communication (ex. rapport annuel, site web, etc.)
TOTAL EXPENDITURES 2004-05 TOTAL DES DÉPENSES 2004-05
On the following page, please justify the various expenditures that are listed in the table above. Use as many pages as required. Indicate if any other funding source will be used to provide partial support to the project. Sur la page suivante, veuillez justifier les diverses dépenses qui sont énumérées ci-dessus. Utilisez autant de pages qu’il est nécessaire. Indiquez si vous aurez recours à d’autres sources de financement pour soutenir le projet.
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
29
Budget Details for Transition Funding (2004-05) 1-page maximum / Détails du budget pour le financement transitoire (2004-05) maximum de 1 page
Every team member 6d) 2 k$ Travel to 2 network meetings, second with students involved Total 14 k$ Nicolas Godbout 5) 8 k$ Fast acquisition card, computer interface for qubit-state recording 8c) 0,5 k$ Videoconferences (expenses for all sites) Total 8,5 k$ Hoi-Kwong Lo 1b2) 12 k$ 1/2 year graduate student, probably foreign Robin L. Williams 5) 7 k$ Equipment for custom assembly of commercial avalanche photodiodes in photon-counting mode : electronic circuits, housing, etc. 6e) 1 k$ Student exchange to Polytechnique, few days Total 8 k$
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
30
Section 14 Budget (cont’d) / Budget (suite) TABLE 4: Direct contributions (committed) from new supporting organization for 2004-05 (Please use one-page per partner)
TABLEAU 4: Contributions directes (assurées) de nouvelles organisations partenaires pour 2004-05 (Utilisez une page par partenaire)
Name of supporting organization / Nom de l’organisation partenaire
ITF Optical Technologies Inc.
A: Total cash contributions / Total des contributions en espèces
$
None
B: Total in-kind contributions / Total des contributions en nature
$
19 000
a) Equipment, software / Équipement, logiciel
b) Materials / Fournitures
10 000
c) Logistical support of field work / Soutien logistique au travail sur le terrain d) Provision of services / Prestation de services e) Use of company facilities / Utilisation des installations de la compagnie f) Salaries of scientific staff / Salaires du personnel scientifique 7 500 g) Salaries of managerial and administrative staff / Salaires des gestionnaires et du personnel administratif 1 500 h) Project-related travel / Déplacements relatifs au projet i) Other (specify) / Autres (précisez)
C = A+B: Total cash and in-kind for one year (2004 - 05)/ A + B Total en espèces et en nature pour l’année 2004-05
$ 19 000
Authorized signature of supporting organization / Signature d’une personne autorisée de l’entreprise partenaire
Name / Title / Date Nom / Titre / Date Disclosure of prior rights to intellectual property / Divulgation de droits prioritaires sur la propriété intellectuelle (Please provide details) (Fournir les détails, SVP)
COMMENTS / COMMENTAIRES
Note : signed copy to follow
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
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Section 15 Project description for transition funding (2004-05) 1-page maximum / Description du projet visé par le financement transitoire en 2004-05 (maximum de 1 page) Outline The transition year will serve for the laying of the foundations for the following four years. Our ambitious project calls for the application of advanced experimental techniques. The team will need functional quantum cryptography test-beds to start the evaluation of the novel devices and algorithms. The team members needing the most support are those who have recently begun their activities in academic institutions or in the field of quantum cryptography. Launch of networking activities Team meetings are also scheduled for preparing the research program over the following five years. A kick-off meeting will be called in May 2004, right after the school year. The agenda of this first meeting is the following : 1) Presentation of each member : background, detailed expertise 2) Review of the contributing organizations 3) Overview of the activities in the project 4) Technical open discussions : anticipated problems 5) Brainstorm : solutions to the problems 6) Detailed work plan for each member 7) Brainstrom : future networking activities, possible communications to the public. Update meetings by teleconference are expected for follow-ups. A second group meeting is scheduled half-ayear later with the presence of students, to jump-start the direct contacts among students of different institutions. Consolidation of expertise Students Hoi-Kwong Lo, recently hired as Associate Professor at the University of Toronto, has extensive equipment funding but low funding for the students to establish and operate the equipment (see Proposal Part I). We request funding for half-a-year of a Ph.D. student to assist Prof. Lo in setting up his experimental work. Experimental quantum cryptography test-bed A test-bed has been developed at Polytechnique during the last 1,5 year by a student directed by Gilles Brassard and co-directed by Nicolas Godbout, then Adjunct Professor, and Suzanne Lacroix, director of the Fibre Optics Laboratory. It currently only demonstrates the optical (physical) layer of a quantum cryptographic system, i.e. it contains only the sources, optical fibre systems and detectors, and some timing electronics for the photon counters. It lacks the logical layer, which would permit the recording of the measured qubit states in real time and the construction of actual cryptographic keys by the sending (Alice) station and the receiving (Bob) station. We request funding for fast acquisition cards for the recording of qubit states and completion of the test-bed. This permits obtaining results that are more amenable to publication, eliminating possible criticism about the fact that actual keys are not obtained with the current system. Single-photon counters Photon detectors at around 1,5 µm wavelength are the devices imposing the most serious limitations to the reach of current QC systems. Currently available InGaAs avalanche photo-diodes must be operated at approximately 15% photon-counting efficiency because of serious dark-count issues. Robin L. Williams brings much needed expertise in semi-conductor sources and detectors to the team. His initial research stage calls for the development of the timing electronics and testing facilities of single-photon detectors. The requested funding will permit him to acquire the basic equipment. A knowledge transfer will be operated from Polytechnique, where a graduate student has assembled the required electronics, to Dr. Williams’ group.
CIPI Call for proposals 2005-2009/ Appel de propositions 2005-2009 de l’ICIP
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