July 2014–June 2015
Number 56
ISSN 1026 2881
Journal of the African Elephant, African Rhino and Asian Rhino Specialist Groups July 2014 - June 2015
SpecieS Survival
commiSSion
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Chair reports / Rapports des Presidénts
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African Elephant Specialist Group report/ Rapport du Groupe des Spécialistes des Eléphants d’Afrique
Managing Editor Suzannah Goss Section Editors Deborah Gibson – African Elephants Kees Rookmaaker – African and Asian Rhinos Editorial Board Julian Blanc Holly T Dublin Richard Emslie Mike Knight Esmond Martin Benson Okita-Ouma Robert Olivier Tara Daniel Bibhab K Talukdar Lucy Vigne
Holly T Dublin 10
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Asian Rhino Specialist Group report / Rapport du Groupe des Spécialistes Rhinocéros d’Asie Bibhab K Talukdar
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Research
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Retrospective versus prospective designs for studies of crop-raiding by elephants in Kakum, Ghana Richard FW Barnes, Emmanuel Danquah, Emmanuel M Hema, Umaru-Farouk Dubiure, Mildred Manford, Awo Nandjui, Yaw Boafo
Address all correspondences, including enquiries about subscription, to
Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.
African Rhino Specialist Group report / Rapport du Groupe des Spécialistes des Rhinocéros d’Afrique Mike Knight
Design and Layout Suzannah Goss and Digital Hub
The Managing Editor, Pachyderm PO Box 68200 – 00200 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 249 3561/65 Email:
[email protected] Website: http://www.iucn.org/african_elephant http://pachydermjournal.org
No. 56
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Assessing perceived and documented crop damage in a Tanzanian village impacted by human-elephant conflict Rebekah R Hoffmeier-Karimi and Bruce A Schulte
Cover caption: Thandi and her six month old calf (‘Thembi’ that means hope in isiXhosa) in Shamwari Game Reserve, South Africa. Thandi survived a brutal attack by poachers, defacing her and destroying her horn growth plate. Only through skilful veterinary work and innovative skin grafts did she survive. Credit: Daniel Haesslich/Kariega Reserve
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Habitat utilisation of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) on Willem Pretorius Game Reserve, Free-State Province, South Africa Herman Jordaan, Leslie R Brown and Kerry Slater
Colour Plates 1-16, pp. i-viii; French captions to colour plates p. ix 72
The role of man, hand-raised black rhinos and elephants on woody vegetation, Matusadona National Park, Zimbabwe Never Muboko
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Monitoring of Javan Rhino Population in Ujung Kulon National Park Mohamad Haryono, Ujang Mamat Rahmat, Muhiban Daryan, Agung Suci Raharja, Aom Muhtarom, AsepYayus Firdaus, Ai Rohaeti, Irma Subchiyatin, Amila Nugraheni, Kurnia Oktalina Khairani and Kartina
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Management
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Repelling elephants with chilli pepper gas dispenser: field tests and practical use in Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe from 2009 to 2013 Sébastien Le Bel
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Lessons learned in the implementation of endangered species specific strategies: Midterm Review of the Kenya Black Rhino Strategy (20122016) Martin Mulama, Patrick Omondi, Charles Musyoki, Cedric Khayale, Linus Kariuki and Robert Ndetei
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Field Notes
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Black rhino population dynamics and the hidden cost of poaching at Solio Game Reserve, central Kenya Felix Patton
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Movement patterns and resource needs of Kamuku elephants along migration routes in Nigeria Tajudeen O Amusa, Johnson A Ogunjobi, Ibrahim J Fxentirimam and Kikwashi A Garba
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Integration of injured individuals into herds of African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana): field observations from Kenya and Botswana Frank E Zachos and Kate Evans
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Birth of a wild white rhino calf at Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary, Uganda Felix Patton and Angie Genade
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ETIS update
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Progress in implementing the Elephant Trade Information System (ETIS) / Avancement dans la mise en oevre du Système d’Information sur le Trafic des Eléphants (ETIS) Tom Milliken
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Review
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China faces a conservation challenge: the expanding elephant and mammoth ivory trade in Beijing and Shanghai Daniel Stiles
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Obituaries
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Ian Player Clive Walker and Peter Hitchins
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Theresa Warth Tracey Bridges
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Guidelines for contributors
Journal of the African Elephant, African Rhino and July 2014 - June 2015
No. 56
Asian Rhino Specialist Groups
Donate to Pachyderm To support the continued publication of Pachyderm and its contribution to the conservation and management of African elephants, African rhinos and Asian rhinos, please click http://goo.gl/P2Czvk to donate. Indicate Pachyderm
Acknowledgements The production of this issue of Pachyderm was possible through contributions from a number of organizations and individuals. In particular, we would like to thank the following:
Anna Merz Rhino Trust
Views expressed in Pachyderm are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, the European Union, the Species Survival Commission or any of the three Specialist Groups responsible for producing Pachyderm (the African Elephant Specialist Group, the African Rhino Specialist Group and the Asian Rhino Specialist Group).
African Elephant Specialist Group report
CHAIR REPORTS
African Elephant Specialist Group report Rapport du Groupe des Specialistes des Eléphants d’Afrique Holly T Dublin, Chair/Président IUCN/SSC African Elephant Specialist Group, PO Box 68200 – 00200, Nairobi, Kenya email:
[email protected]
It has been a period of significant and rapid transitioning for our Secretariat, and since my last Chair Report we have welcomed two new staff
As part of our response to the current situation for Africa’s elephants, we have made a concerted effort to accelerate our momentum toward enhancing the African Elephant Database to better monitor and communicate the status of the
Cela a été une période de transition importante et rapide pour notre Secrétariat, et depuis mon dernier rapport de Présidente, nous avons accueilli deux nouveaux membres Dans le cadre de notre réponse à la situation actuelle des éléphants d’Afrique, nous avons fait un effort concerté pour accélérer notre élan envers l’amélioration de la Base heureuse d’annoncer que l’année passée a vu des progrès avons continué à rester engagés dans des conversations à travers le continent en ce qui concerne la gestion et la
to stay engaged in conversations across the continent regarding managing and planning for elephant populations, the economics of ivory trade dynamics, and the role of communities in helping hiatus since the last issue of Pachyderm, this report will not only review our progress this past year but also connect this progress to the vision for the
Tracking the Status of Africa’s Elephants
de la dynamique du commerce de l’ivoire, et le rôle des collectivités dans la lutte contre le commerce illégal de dernier numéro de Pachyderme, ce rapport ne n’examinera pas seulement nos progrès cette année passée, mais
Suivi de la situation des éléphants d’Afrique Les préoccupations actuelles pour la conservation des
The current conservation concerns for African connected to many sources of information about local, sub-regional, and continental happenings
connectés à de nombreuses sources d’informations sur les événements et les tendances locales, sous-régionales et continentales, et non pas les moindres ce sont les
from survey reports and in places where no other
autre information n’est disponible, les communications
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
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information is available, personal communications
personnelles des experts ayant la plus grande connaissance
This information results from, as well as informs our engagement in various dialogues with a range of stakeholders seeking to understand and address the multi-faceted and inter-related threats
engagement dans divers dialogues et aussi nous aide à dialoguer avec de nombreuses parties prenantes qui cherchent à comprendre et à traiter les menaces multiples Malheureusement, une grande partie des informations
Unfortunately, much of the information available from 2014 indicates that the Specialist in situ conservation, continue to have a complex challenge facing us given some precipitous declines in key that Eastern Africa experienced real declines since the publication of our last status report in 2007 (see the reduction of the Selous population, Tanzania’s 2014 survey results indicate additional declines in
Spécialistes, ainsi que tous les autres qui promeuvent la conservation in situ, continuent à être confrontés à que l’Afrique de l’Est avait connu une baisse réelle depuis la publication de notre dernier rapport de situation en la réduction de la population de Selous, les résultats du recensementde la Tanzanie en 2014 indiquent des baisses Mozambique, une histoire similaire s’est déroulée avec
a similar story has unfolded with its largest elephants since the 2011 survey in the African Elephant Database, with other populations in the Also in Southern Africa, the Sebungwe region, one of the Zimbabwe’s four main populations of elephants, has lost approximately 75% of its elephants in less than ten years, over 11,000 elephants in a country-wide population of about These examples highlight how dynamic and volatile the situation for African elephants remains, though we are still awaiting further data from 2014 before publishing new totals at Indeed, Sebungwe reveals the importance of looking beyond country and sub-regional totals to understand the local context, as other populations in Zimbabwe have not experienced comparable poaching crisis will require a suite of interventions, from focusing on law enforcement and working with local communities to national planning and
baisse de plus de 7,000 éléphants dans la Base de Données de l’Eléphant d’Afrique par rapport au recensement de 2011, avec d’autres populations de la partie septentrionale dans la région de Sebungwe, l’une des quatre principales populations d’éléphants du Zimbabwe a perdu environ 75% de ses éléphants en moins de dix ans, plus de 11000 éléphants dans une population d’environ 80 000 à l’échelle Ces exemples montrent combien la situation reste dynamique et volatile pour les éléphants d’Afrique, même si nous attendons encore d’autres données à partir de 2014, avant de publier de nouveaux totaux au niveau national, l’importance de regarder au-delà des totaux nationaux et sous-régionaux pour comprendre le contexte local, car d’autres populations au Zimbabwe n’ont pas connu de à la crise actuelle du braconnage nécessitera une série d’interventions, allant de la concentration sur l’application de la loi et le travail avec les communautés locales à la Bien que nos programmes partenaires, MIKE et ETIS,
Though our partner programmes, MIKE and ETIS, do not indicate an escalation of illegal killing
illégal, nous avons de fortes indications, y compris à partir de l’exemple des populations ci-dessus, que le braconnage
including from the example populations above,
révèle que malgré le fait que la proportion globale des
of 2014 data reveals that though the overall
et comparable au cours des trois dernières années, de 2012
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à 2014, contrairement au pic de 2011, le taux reste non remained lower and comparable in the past three years, 2012-2014, in contrast to the peak in 2011,
an update later in this issue, also showed a peak
Ce que nous savons est que, bien que de nombreuses populations maintiennent leur nombre ou sont même en plein essor au niveau du site, de nombreuses populations
are sustaining their numbers or even thriving at the placées pour mettre en œuvre des réponses de gestion et are well positioned to inform management and and comprehensive, while also recognizing the medium to long-term threats to elephant survival across the continent, particularly through rapidly expanding land transformation leading to extensive
The African Elephant Database
in providing continent-wide data on elephant have responded to our vision to update this data more frequently, make the website more userfriendly, integrate additional spatial data layers to enable both deeper and broader analyses, and
position had been vacant since former Database moved on after the publication of the African wealth of technical knowledge to this position to help improve the website and the AED upon with Chris Thouless, Chair of the Data Review
et complètes, tout en reconnaissant également les menaces à long terme pour la survie des éléphants à travers le continent, en particulier par l’expansion rapide de la transformation des terres conduisant à une perte et une
La Base de Données de l’Eléphant d’Afrique
précédent dans la provision des données à l’échelle En conséquence, les donateurs ont répondu à notre de rendre le site facile à utiliser, d’intégrer des couches supplémentaires de données spatiales pour permettre des analyses plus approfondies et plus larges, et d’envisager nous avons accueilli un gestionnaire de base de données depuis que l’ancien gestionnaire de base de données et la publication du Rapport de la Situation de l’Eléphant connaissances techniques à ce poste pour aider à améliorer en étroite collaboration avec Chris Thouless, Président du
identify the priorities for making the AED more translate their goals into improved functionality are grateful to many donors who are supporting our short and medium-term work to improve the Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
nous sommes reconnaissants à de nombreux donateurs qui 3
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This effort will be supported by a relationship with a wonderfully savvy technical team within
soutiennent notre travail à court et à moyen terme pour Cet effort sera soutenu par une relation avec une équipe technique merveilleusement avertie au sein de
happy to complete negotiations and sign a Memorandum of Understanding with Vulcan this de terminer les négociations et de signer un protocole primary functions of this MOU is to streamline the receipt of survey reports from this 20-country undertaking so that we can present the latest data
d’accord est de rationaliser la réception des rapports des puissions présenter les données les plus récentes dans notre
Vulcan’s Technical Advisory Team to represent l’équipe technique consultative de Vulcan pour représenter the process for presenting and analyzing data from these surveys and integrating the numbers l’établissement du processus visant à présenter et analyser des données de ces recensements et à intégrer les chiffres best design and enhance our database with the These technical and strategic discussions have published provisional updates online, with an updated set of numbers and a range map presented on the AED website in March 2013, featuring data published another provisional update of numbers, featuring data from surveys collected through the
façon d’améliorer la conception de notre base de données Ces discussions techniques et stratégiques viennent tous ensemble alors que nous préparons le premier Rapport de un ensemble actualisé des chiffres et une carte de l’habitat présentée sur le site de la BDEA en mars 2013, avec les
A summary of this data (see centre pages ‘African Elephant Population Estimates’: Plate Un résumé de ces données (Plaque 1; voir au and as stated on the website, this decline appears to be a genuine reduction in a number of populations Central Africa’s estimates from surveys do not
continentaux, et comme indiqué sur le site web, ce déclin semble être une véritable réduction d’un certain nombre de populations comptées en utilisant des techniques
the inclusion of previously unsurveyed areas, as
centrale émanant des recensements ne démontrent pas
from 2006 to 2013 likely indicates true reductions
zones auparavant non recensées, car beaucoup de gens croient que des baisses importantes ont eu lieu dans cette l’Est entre 2006 et 2013 indique probablement de réelles
Africa’s relatively smaller changes from 2006 2015 data will be key to better understanding
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primarily due to increases in estimates in the Parc
éléments clés pour une meilleure compréhension de ces
were employed instead of the aerial surveys that
recensements en Afrique de l’Ouest entre 2006 et 2013 sont principalement attribuables à l’augmentation des
data in anticipation of preparing the next status report in advance of the 17th Conference of the Parties to CITES in 2016, and we will explore in our country and sub-regional narratives the context of surveyed areas, new surveys, and other information to attempt to distinguish where declines or increases in numbers are most likely
des études au sol ont été utilisées à la place des études
CITES
de chiffres captent le plus probablement les véritables
de 2014 et 2015 en prévision de la préparation du prochain Rapport de la situation avant la 17ème Conférence des Parties à la CITES en 2016, et nous allons explorer les récits sous-régionaux, le contexte des zones étudiées, de nouvelles études, et d’autres informations pour tenter
It seems a long time ago that the 65th Standing
CITES Skinner, our then Programme Officer, and I
Il semble que cela fait longtemps depuis que la 65ème réunion du Comité permanent de la CITES a eu lieu
African elephants, which was part of a larger Diane Skinner, notre chargé de programme, et moi des éléphants d’Afrique, qui faisait partie d’un effort pdf, and summarized the provisional estimates that were available on the AED website at that recognized need for improved monitoring of the status of elephant populations to better understand
estimations provisoires qui étaient disponibles sur le site parlais de la nécessité largement reconnue d’améliorer le
and initiatives currently under way to secure populations under threat from poaching and to As a follow up in late August, Diane circulated French and English translations of a summary of One focus of this report was providing an update
programmes et des initiatives en cours pour sécuriser les populations menacées par le braconnage et pour mieux distribué des traductions en français et en anglais d’un
and I am pleased to share that CITES now hosts a website with the most up-to-date information parties of “secondary concern” and those that are
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
de dire que la CITES a maintenant un site web ayant les informations les plus actualisées sur ce processus, y
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we will help to compile a comprehensive report that examines our respective data about the illegal
avec nos collègues de MIKE et d’ETIS, nous aiderons à faire un rapport complet qui examine nos données respectives sur la chaîne illégale de l’ivoire, allant des nous continuerons à intégrer nos analyses chaque fois
African Elephant Meeting in Kasane In March 2015, Tara and I traveled to Kasane to the African Elephant Meeting convened by the
Réunion sur l’éléphant d’Afrique à Kasane En mars 2015, Tara et moi nous sommes allées à Kasane à la réunion sur l’éléphant d’Afrique organisée par le
which followed on from the London conference Both of these gatherings followed on from the and reported on in Pachyderm gathering built on that momentum within a broader framework that considered illegal wildlife trade across a broader array of species, and both streams of interest converged in Kasane with the meetings The African Elephant Meeting followed up on the progress made on the 14 Urgent Measures agreed upon at the African Elephant Summit; I presented the latest data on African and Tom Milliken presented the same for MIKE
à la deuxième Conférence sur le Commerce illicite des espèces sauvages, qui faisait suite à la conférence de Londres organisée par le gouvernement du Royaumeavec le gouvernement du Botswana en décembre 2013 et rapporté dans le numéro 54 de Pachyderme Londres s’est fondée sur cette lancée dans un cadre plus large qui considérait le commerce illégal des espèces sauvages d’un plus grand nombre d’espèces, et les deux centres d’intérêt ont convergé à Kasanelors des réunions La réunion sur l’éléphant d’Afrique a fait le suivi sur les progrès réalisés concernant les 14 mesures urgentes convenues lors du Sommet sur l’éléphant d’Afrique;
asked to facilitate the sessions where countries role in the organisation of this gathering, we did provide technical advice on the agenda, andI took advantage of the occasion to provide context to rassemblement, nous avons fourni des conseils techniques I was also privileged to contribute ideas to serve en contexte les progrès signalés et mettre en lumière les Chair committees supporting the preparations followed on 25 March, including the drafting of et des Amis de la présidence qui appuyaient les préparatifs à la Conférence sur le commerce illégal de la faune qui a suivi le 25 mars, y compris la rédaction
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ways forward for combatting illegal wildlife trade avait été conçue comme un addenda à la Déclaration de
Communities and Illegal Wildlife Trade CEESP/SSC Sustainable Use and Livelihoods
prévus pour lutter contre le commerce illégal de toutes
Communautés et le commerce illicite des espèces sauvages
symposium “Beyond Enforcement: Communities, governance, incentives and sustainable use in members, provided key insights about effectively addressing illegal wildlife trade in the short and
gouvernance, incitations et utilisation durable dans la lutte rencontre et l’exposé de politique qui en résulte, partagés
of change and concluded that efforts and policies that do not fully recognize the role communities can play in combating illegal trade are likely to réunion a élaboré une théorie détaillée de changement et a conclu que les efforts et les politiques qui ne reconnaissent commodity, investing our time and attention in better understanding and managing these crucial relationships will be key to curbing illegal killing
dans la lutte contre le commerce illégal sont susceptibles conservation d’une espèce associée à une marchandise
Through continued collaboration with SULi, the International Institute for Environment and
countries, through a series of proposed workshops
et notre attention pour mieux comprendre et gérer ces relations cruciales sera la clé de la lutte contre l’abattage International pour l’Environnement et le Développement et le Bureau régional pour l’Afrique orientale et australe
membership appraised of these discussions and I hope they will develop into actionable programs
Pachyderm As you will have noted, this issue of Pachyderm necessary as the Editorial Board considered the Pachyderm production procedure and how to position the production of Pachyderm on a more of continuous support to Pachyderm Secretariat, given the current demands with regard to many of the issues outlined above and as a result of the perennial shortage of funding to support staff time, our extensive inputs and support for Pachyderm Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
Pachyderme Comme vous l’aurez remarqué, ce numéro de Pachyderme était nécessaire alors que le Comité de rédaction examinait la procédure de production de Pachyderme et considérait de deux décennies de soutien continu à Pachyderme par le par rapport aux questions évoquées ci-dessus et à la suite
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The Editorial Board agreed with me that the only way forward was to hire a Managing Editor to take overall responsibility for the production of Pachyderm Editor, was appointed following an Editorial Board meeting in March 2015 and charged with the combined editing functions and management production process for this issue and has also offered to play a role in fundraising, as we have not fully funded the next issue of Pachyderm, Issue oversight regarding Pachyderm’s overall look, Throughout the process of undertaking this necessary hiatus, though, I was reminded of how much Pachyderm has meant and continues to
le temps du personnel, notrecontribution considérable à Pachyderme Le comité de rédaction s’est mis d’accord avec moi que la seule façon de progresser était d’embaucher un rédacteur en chef qui prendrait la responsabilité globale de la production de Pachyderme nouvelle rédactrice en chef, a été nommée à la suite d’une réunion du Comité de rédaction en mars 2015 et elle a été Suzannah a dirigé tout le processus de production pour ce la collecte de fonds, car nous n’avons pas entièrement Pachyderme Le Comité de rédaction continuera à assurer la supervision en ce qui concerne l’aspect global de Pachyderme, son Tout au long de cette lacune nécessaire, cependant, on m’a rappelé combien Pachyderme était important et ce qu’il continue à représenter à notre lectorat, y compris
we discontinue Pachyderm, but instead questions message qui suggérait que nous cessions la production de Pachyderme, mais plutôt des questions suivantes ont the concern and interest expressed, and I feel it is important to reply to the many generous offers important de répondre aux nombreuses offres généreuses can continue to support the quality of Pachyderm through encouraging pertinent submissions addressing the latest issues in elephant and rhino management and conservation; serving as a reviewer for manuscripts within your area of expertise; sharing articles with your colleagues to ensure that insights and lessons are applied where appropriate; and reaching out to us with your ideas for funding, distribution, or other promotion of
Pachyderme en encourageant les soumissions pertinentes qui abordent les toutes dernières questions portant sur la gestion et la conservation des éléphants et des rhinocéros; en servant en tant que critique pour les manuscrits dans votre domaine d’expertise; en partageant des articles et les leçons soient appliquées le cas échéant; et en
Conclusion This is an important time for the conservation and management of African elephants across
Veuillez contacter notre rédactrice en chef directement à
Conclusion C’est un moment important pour la conservation et la gestion des éléphants d’Afrique à travers leur habitat, et
areas of our work this past year, and did not, in fact could not, fully capture the depth or breadth of our engagement, I trust this report provides a
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principaux domaines de notre travail cette année passée et
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As we continue to build our Secretariat team and explore the most important areas of focus for friends and readership to continue to provide your securing a future for African elephants is long and laden with challenges, making the time and effort contributed by our volunteer members all
que ce rapport donne une idée claire de notre dévouement Alors que nous continuons à renforcer notre équipe au Secrétariat et d’explorer les domaines d’intérêt les plus nos membres, nos partenaires, nos amis et nos lecteurs de continuer à être patientset de donner votre feedback temps et l’effort apportés par nos membres bénévoles
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
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African Rhino Specialist Group report Rapport du Groupe des Spécialistes des Rhinocéros d’Afrique Mike Knight, Chair/Président Park Planning and Development, South African National Parks, PO Box 76693, and Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa email:
[email protected]
Poaching Update
Mise à jour sur le braconnage
about 591 rhinos have been lost in 2015 (‘Updated
Les chiffres continentaux actualisés sur le braconnage indiquent qu’on a perdu environ 591 rhinocéros en 2015 une simple extrapolation aux données de 2015 pour estimer
has also been applied to 2015 data to estimate cours des années précédentes, il y a souvent eu un pic In previous years there has often been a spike in poaching towards the end of the year, so readers should be aware that these simple extrapolations may end up underestimating final poaching l’année pour 2014 dans la dernière édition de Pachyderme Pachyderm braconnage total en 2015 peut dépasser le total de l’année are already suggesting total poaching in 2015 may (deuxième plus grand Etat de l’aire de répartition des Cependant, les autorités ont agi rapidement pour écorner have moved swiftly to dehorn many of their internal investigations are also ongoing, some senior MET managers have also been transferred
outre, alors que les enquêtes internes se pour suivent, certains cadres supérieurs du Ministère du Tourisme et de l’Environnement ont également été transférés loin du Parc
Poaching remains highest in absolute terms
Le braconnage reste le plus élevé en termes absolus en
there are some reports of some progress in the
Même s’il y a quelques progrès dans la lutte contre le braconnage dans le Parc national Kruger (à la suite de la décision de mettre en place une Zone de Protection Intensive dans la zone principale de concentration des
(following the move to set up an IPZ in the main
pour les cinq premiers mois de 2015 (3,29 rhinocéros par After the welcomed drop in poaching in Zimbabwe since 2011 it appears that once again
Après la chute du braconnage au Zimbabwe depuis 2011, il semble qu’une fois de plus le braconnage
Encouragingly Kenya has reported a drop
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in poaching in the second half of 2014 and also continue, but as experience has shown elsewhere there can be no room for complacency anywhere
Responses, meetings and initiatives to address poaching I report below on a plethora of international and regional meetings that have taken place during the reporting period with the aim of elevating awareness of international illegal wildlife trade to combat poaching and the organised transnational
USAID meeting, Nairobi, Kenya, April 2014.
Il est encourageant de signaler une baisse du braconnage au Kenya dans la seconde moitié de 2014 et également cette tendance pourra se poursuivre, mais l’expérience ailleurs nous montre que nous ne pouvons pas nous en satisfaire compte tenu de la demande actuelle pour les
Réunions et initiatives pour faire face au braconnage internationales et régionales qui ont eu lieu au cours de la période du rapport dans le but d’élever la prise de conscience concernant le commerce international illégal de la faune aux niveaux les plus élevés; et décider de la meilleure façon de lutter contre le braconnage et les groupes criminels organisés transnationaux et internationaux qui
workshop that set priority actions for combating
Réunion de l’USAID à Nairobi au Kenya en avril 2014
key themes discussed in detail included law enforcement, biological status of key species, awareness and
Cet atelier était organisé par l’USAID en partenariat avec
to rhinos, emphasis was placed on strengthening the capacity of wildlife crime investigators and
principaux thèmes abordés en détail comprenaient la mise en application de la loi, la situation biologique des espèces clés, la sensibilisation et la gestion communautaire des
intelligence gathering and operationalising the
mis l’accent sur le renforcement de capacité des enquêteurs de la criminalité de la faune et des agents qui luttent contre
formal linkages to other international forensic institutions were prioritized under the theme on
La collaboration transfrontalière, le renforcement de la collecte du renseignement, l’opérationnalisation du
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), June 2014. the Environment Assembly adopted a resolution to international cooperation, zero tolerance towards
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des liens formels avec d’autres établissements médicolégaux internationaux ont été privilégiés sous le thème
Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement (PNUE), juin 2014 A sa 6ème l’environnement a adopté une résolution pour traiter le
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une plus grande coopération internationale, une tolérance zéro enversle commerce illicite de la faune sauvage et elle a également promula nécessité d’envisager des moyens de subsistance alternatifs pour les personnes les plus
African Rhino Range States meeting, Kruger National Park, South Africa, September 2014 South Africa through the Department of rhino range state meeting in Skukuza from 30 September– African states, nine rhino range states (Botswana,
une évaluation de l’ampleur du commerce illicite de la
Réunion des Etats de l’aire de répartition du Rhinocéros d’Afrique au Parc national Kruger en Afrique du Sud en septembre 2014 L’Afrique du Sud, par le biais du Département des Affaires Environnementales, a organisé une réunion des Etats de l’aire de répartition de rhinocéros d’Afrique à
relating to interventions implemented to secure populations and ensure rhino’s long-term conservation (lessons learnt; priority actions to be implemented; identify key areas of cooperation; and develop a framework action plan for the
africains y ont participé, neuf Etats de l’aire de répartition de rhinocéros (Afrique du Sud, Botswana, Malawi,
developed at the meeting and it was recommended relatives à des interventions mises en œuvre pour sécuriser les populations des rhinocéros et assurer leur conservation à long terme (leçons apprises, actions prioritaires à
World Parks Congress, Sydney, Australia, November 2014 The rhino and elephant poaching crisis was discussed in numerous meetings, side events and panel discussions at the 6th International protected areas management and protection; but not in isolation of enhancing local livelihoods and
coopération, et élaboration d’un plan-cadre d’action pour été élaboré lors de la réunion et il a été recommandé que
Congrès mondial des Parcs à Sydney en Australie en novembre 2014 La crise du braconnage des rhinocéros et des éléphants a été discutée dans de nombreuses réunions, événements parallèles et les débats au 6ème Congrès Mondial des Parcs de l’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de gestion et la protection des aires protégées; mais pas dans locaux et valoriser la faune sauvage dans le but de réduire le commerce illégal de la faune et les menaces
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‘Beyond Enforcement: Communities, governance, incentives and sustainable use in combating wildlife crime’ meeting, Johannesburg, February 2015
«Au-delà de la lutte contre la fraude: les communautés, la gouvernance, les motivations et l’utilisation durable dans la lutte contre la criminalité de la faune » Réunion à Johannesburg en février 2015
International Institute of Environment and
moyens de subsistance de la CSE/ la Commission des politiques environnementales, économiques et sociales
Environment, the ARC Centre of Excellence for the above meeting to examine community led approaches to combating international wildlife crime that have all too often been overlooked by the international community when looking at
l’Environnement, le Centre ARC d’Excellence pour les Décisions Environnementales, l’Université du réunion ci-dessus pour examiner les approches conduites par les communautés pour lutter contre la criminalité internationale de la faune qui ont trop souvent été négligées par la communauté internationale qui cherche
including researchers, community representatives, Delegates clearly recognised there was a need for greater attention to be given to creating as they remain the most exposed to the ravages
76 personnes provenant des cinq continents, dont les chercheurs, les représentants communautaires, les responsables gouvernementaux, les agences onusiennes Les délégués ont clairement reconnu qu’il fallait accorder une plus grande attention à la création des moyens de subsistance durables et s’assurer que les populations
also recommended to governments, international le commerce illégal de la faune car ces populations restent support for community rights and responsibilities listen more to community voices and to strengthen partnerships towards developing sustainable options; as well as appreciating the need to build knowledge and understanding of the motivations The outputs from this meeting fed directly into and the symposium recommendations see https://
gouvernements, aux organisations internationales et droits et les responsabilités communautaires dans la lutte urgent d’écouter davantage les voix des communautés et de renforcer les partenariats vers l’élaboration des solutions durables ainsi que d’apprécier la nécessité de renforcer les connaissances et la compréhension des motivations, des moteurs, de la dynamique et des
key-force-in-tackling-wildlife-crime de cette réunion ont contribué directement à la réunion de amples informations et les recommandations complètes Community-led-solutions-key-force-in-tackling-wildlifecrime
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International Conference on the Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT) in Kasane, Botswana, 25 March 2015 The meeting reviewed progress and achievements
Conférence internationale sur le commerce illégal de la faune à Kasane au Botswana, le 25 mars 2015 La réunion a examiné les progrès et les réalisations depuis la Conférence de 2014 sur le commerce illégal de la faune
in London and aimed to build on progress and international non-government organisations also London were not represented at Kasane (such as
certains pays qui avaient participé à Londres n’étaient participé pour la première fois, y compris l’Afrique du Sud – conservatrice des plus grandes populations de rhinocéros
South Africa - the custodian of the world’s largest Indonesia – the stronghold of the last remaining Unfortunately India, the country with the largest greater one-horned rhino and tiger populations
grandes populations de grands rhinocéros unicornes et de
provided comments on earlier possible draft
de texte de déclaration possible à être examiné par la
on the four themes from the London meeting, namely: Eradicating the market for illegal wildlife products; Ensuring effective legal frameworks and deterrents; Strengthening law enforcement and; Sustainable livelihoods and economic
de la réunion de Londres, à savoir: Eradiquer les marchés pour les produits illicites de la faune; Assurer des cadres l’application des lois et; Les moyens desubsistance durables formulé 15 engagements mieux alignés pour l’action sur des questions telles que la réduction de la demande, les
15 better aligned commitments for action on issues such as demand reduction, legal frameworks and deterrents, tougher law enforcement, sustainable
plus stricte de la loi, les moyens de subsistance durables
There was a call for the need to monitor the effectiveness of demand reduction strategies and collating a portfolio of demand reduction good
de collationner un portefeuille de bonnes pratiques de
Un appel a été lancé pour la nécessité de surveiller
développer des partenariats plus étroits avec les entreprises
closer partnerships with business to reduce illegal There was greater commitment to enhancing regional wildlife enforcement networks, and more
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effective links to international groupings such as
Importantly, there was greater realisation at the Kasane meeting for the crucial role played by local peoples and the need to create sustainable
L’on a constaté un plus grand engagement à renforcer les réseaux régionaux de protection de la internationaux tels que le Consortium international de lutte contre la criminalité de la faune pour combattre Surtout, il y avait une plus grande réalisation à populations locales et la nécessité de créer des Un appel a été lancé à l’Assemblée générale de
The GEF/UNEP South African rhino project on, among others, information sharing and analysis for more effective law enforcement among national
Le projet du FEM/PNUE sur le rhinocéros en Afrique du Sud sur l’échange d’information et l’analyse pour une
Pretoria to boost their capacity to process rhino
s’y limiter, l’utilisation des techniques de médecine fonds ont été canalisés vers le laboratoire de génétique vétérinaire de l’Université de Pretoria pour renforcer
trailers have been delivered to key rhino parks/ inform and increase the awareness of magistrates En outre des remorques spécialisées en médecine légale ont été livrés aux autorités dans les parcs clés de
Southern African Development Community (SADC) Law Enforcement and Anti-Poaching Strategy: 2015-2020 emerged from the SADC Regional Consultative
Sustainable trade and use of natural resources,
Prevention and Coordination Unit, to facilitate the
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et à sensibiliser les magistrats et les procureurs sur les
La mise en application de la loi et la stratégie contre le braconnage de la Communauté pour le Développement de l’Afrique Australe (SADC): 2015-2020 émergé de l’atelier consultatif régional de la SADC
Minimisation de la criminalité de la faune et du
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IUCN regional programme in eastern and southern Africa en place d’une Unité régionale de coordination et de in eastern & southern Africa convened an and Commissions from across the region, as well
Programme régional de l’UICN en Afrique orientale et australe
a set of programmatic priorities and came up Afrique orientale et australe a organisé une réunion and equitable governance of nature’s use; and Deploying nature-based solutions to global
Membership, Commissions and Secretariat as well as Strategic Partners by September 2015, before its endorsement during the Regional Conservation
African Strategy on Combating Illegal Exploitation and Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora in Africa, May 2015 The above strategy developed out of the African
and Fauna in Africa, 27-30 April 2015 in Brazzaville
et des commissions de toute la région, ainsi que le
en œuvre régionale dans chacun des trois secteurs du équitable dans l’utilisation de la nature; et un Déploiement
septembre 2015 avant son approbation lors du Forum
Stratégie africaine sur la lutte contre l’exploitation et le commerce illicites de la faune et de la flore naturelles en Afrique; mai 2015
arises from concerns of the unsustainable use of
La stratégie ci-dessus a été développée à partir de la décision de l’Union africaine (décision du Conseil
in recent years and its undermining of sustainable development, peace, security, rule of law and
sur l’exploitation et le commerce illicites de la faune et
international commitments and declarations made in relation to the challenges posed by illegal wildlife trade, a rise in security and governance concerns and the need to take action on both the
prevent, combat and eradicate illegal exploitation 16
Elle découle des préoccupations sur l’utilisation non l’augmentation du commerce illicite de la faune depuis quelques années et ses effets négatifs sur le développement durable, la paix, la sécurité, la primauté du droit et la les engagements et déclarations internationaux faits en Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
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faune, des préoccupations sur la sécurité et la gouvernance et la nécessité de prendre des mesures concernant l’offre and enhance regional, inter-regional cooperation; to reduce demand, supply and transit of illegal
niveau d’engagement politique pour empêcher, combattre et éliminer l’exploitation et le commerce illicites de la faune
participatory approach with economic development and community livelihoods through sustainable and eliminate the economic, security and stability avec les Etats consommateurs pour réduire la demande, l’approvisionnement et le transit des produits illégaux de Increase the capacity of source and transit states participative avec le développement économique et les moyens de subsistance de la communauté par le biais de
RESG/Interpol ECWG meeting in Swaziland A meeting of the southern African Rhino and
In an encouraging show of high level political by the Acting Prime Minister (Deputy Prime The Swaziland Minister of Tourism was also
about the tardy submission of what appeared to be an inadequate Mozambican Rhino and Elephant Member countries present also re-iterated
Réduire, prévenir et éliminer l’impact de la criminalité de la faune sur l’économie, la sécurité et la stabilité; des Etats d’origine et de transit de détecter des produits
Réunion du Groupe sur la Sécurité du rhinocéros et de l’éléphant et le Groupe de travail d’Interpol sur le Crime de l’environnement au Swaziland
Les délégués ont qui ont participé venaient du Swaziland, Cette occasion a fait preuve d’une volonté politique et d’un soutien de haut niveau encourageants, car la réunion
should be sought to help enhance the effectiveness Alors que beaucoup de choses discutées lors de la to enable regular attendance at meetings by representatives of member agencies and Interpol
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qui semblait être un plan d’action mozambicain inadéquat
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currently limiting regular attendance of their is undesirable at this time of escalating continental in line with subsequent recommendation 7 of the Kasane conference declaration to “Support the strengthening … of regional wildlife enforcement networks, by working to secure political will and resources to develop and enable them to become fully operational, and by ICCWC taking a leading role in promoting cooperation across the network of regional wildlife enforcement networks.” I would like to congratulate Renatus Kusamba
locale de facto existante de réseau d’application de la
participation régulière aux réunions par les représentants des organismes membres et des Bureaux nationaux un problème limitant actuellement la fréquentation
Potter and Mike Melanzi were also elected as the
Inventorising national stockpile of ivory and rhino horn Kenya is to start to inventorise its national stockpile
ultérieure 7 de la déclaration Kasane de « soutenir le renforcement ... des réseaux régionaux de protection de la faune, en travaillant pour obtenir la volonté politique et les ressources à les mettre en valeur et leur permettre de devenir pleinement opérationnels, et l’ICCWC en jouant un rôle de premier plan pour promouvoir la coopération à travers les réseaux régionaux de lutte contre la fraude . »
scheduled to be completed in August 2015 for gazetting by the Minister for Environment and
CITES During the reporting period CITES 65th Standing
Inventorier la réserve nationale des cornes de rhinocéros et de l’ivoire Le Kenya a commencé à inventorier son stock national
meeting, and together with the CITES Secretariat recommendations for the Standing Committee to
et des ressources naturelles comme l’exige la loi de 2013
this meeting please see the postcript in the Chair’s report in Pachyderm
CITES be in contact with the Chair of the CITES Rhino
Au cours de la période du rapport, la 65ème réunion
London where the situation in Mozambique was
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to collect much of the data needed to produce updated continental statistics and information for
sur le Rhinocéros travaillait entre les sessions avant la réunion et, en collaboration avec le Secrétariat de la CITES, au cours de la réunion pour préparer une série combinée de recommandations à l’examen du Comité réunion, veuillez voir le Postscript dans mon rapport du président dans le dernier numéro de Pachyderme
the event of a rhino proposal/s being put forward
South Africa Committee of Inquiry
The CoI consists of 21 members (including the
nécessaires pour produire des statistiques continentales actualisées et des informations pour le rapport mandaté
diversity of professions and organisations to provide CoI has also sought input and submissions from a The CoI is primarily tasked with investigating the feasibility and desirability on conservation grounds of South Africa tabling a proposal for a trade in rhino horn at the 17th Conference of
Comité d’enquête en Afrique du Sud
also been investigating and discussing pros and cons of alternative ways that such a trade might be make recommendations to the Inter-Ministerial
Howard Buffett Foundation Donation Buffet Foundation as part of a three-year initiative and test anti-poaching strategy is one of the largest Besides hoping to reduce the impact of poaching on the world’s largest population of rhinos, it hopes to develop tactics and strategies that could be replicated in other regions of Africa, where poaching can be a source of funding for illegal
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
participatif, le CoE cherche aussi une contribution et des observations d’une large gamme de personnes et Le CoE est principalement chargé d’enquêter sur la faisabilité et la désirabilité, pour les raisons de conservation, que l’Afrique du Sud présente une proposition en faveur du commerce des cornes de rhinocéros à la 17ème Le CoE a aussi été chargé d’enquêter et de discuter des avantages et des inconvénients d’autres façons de des recommandations au Comité interministériel au cours
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using sophisticated detection and tracking equipment and infrastructure on the ground and in the air, elite canine units and highly-trained ranger teams, as well as improved intelligence gathering, has also been contracted to help in the review and assessment of possible technology support
South African liaison with Mozambique As part of the MOU signed between South Africa Operation Lebombo, puts the recommendation into action by law enforcement and conservation
Don de la Fondation Howard Buffet Buffet dans le cadre d’une initiative de trois ans pour lutter contre le braconnage des rhinocéros dans le Parc national Kruger et tester la stratégie d’anti-braconnage est l’un des dons les plus importants offert à un organisme braconnage sur la plus grande population mondiale des rhinocéros, il vise à mettre au point des tactiques et des stratégies qui pourraient être reproduites dans Les fonds sont canalisés vers l’établissement d’une zone de protection intensive en utilisant un équipement sophistiqué de détection et une infrastructure au sol et dans l’air, des unités d’élite canines et des équipes collecte de renseignements et des systèmes d’observation
Continental and National Rhino Plans Continental Rhino Plan
industrielle a également été engagé pour aider à l’examen et à l’évaluation d’une éventuelle assistance technique
La liaison sud-africaine avec le Mozambique Dans le cadre du protocole d’accord signé entre l’Afrique
to help facilitate the next Rhino Range States meeting, with the aim of developing a Continental Rhino Plan that builds upon the framework
appelée Opération Lebombo, met en action le personnel Elle commence à porter ses fruits avec l’arrestation des
A second range states meeting has been scheduled done during the reporting period with the host country, South Africa, to develop an appropriate programme for the meeting that builds on outputs will report on progress with development of the continental plan; which will hopefully complement and dovetail with existing approved national plans; in the next edition of Pachyderm
Revision of Zambian Plan was held in Zambia to revise the country’s
20
Plans nationaux etcontinentaux sur le rhinocéros Plan Continental sur le rhinocéros Après la première réunion des Etats de l’aire de répartition prochaine réunion des Etats de l’aire de répartition du rhinocéros, dans le but d’élaborer un plan continental sur le rhinocéros qui s’appuie sur le cadre élaboré par les
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Une deuxième réunion de ces Etats est prévue pour de la période considérée avec le pays hôte, l’Afrique The workshop built upon the results of an internal pour la réunion qui se fonde sur les résultats et les since been completed and circulated for comment, which will be shared with agencies that donated The revised draft Zambian plan sets out a long term vision and measurable target goals for the
sur les progrès de l’élaboration du plan continental, qui, nous l’espérons, complétera et s’accordera avec les plans nationaux existants approuvés, dans le prochain numéro de Pachyderme
Révision du plan de la Zambie
key and Law Enforcement; Biological Monitoring and Management; Rhino Sourcing and achieving range expansion; Communication; Sustainability and Support; Coordination; Capacity and Enabling L’atelier s’est appuyé sur les résultats d’un examen interne were derived for each key component along with In addition, drawing on experience from the latest Zimbabwe plan, 2–3 Key Performance Indicators were also derived for each Key
complété et diffusé pour commentaire, et il sera partagé avec les organismes qui ont fait don des rhinocéros à la
South African Biodiversity Management Plan for White Rhinos. An earlier draft was made available for public comment during the reporting period and has been edited further in response to comments the Ministerial technical committee after which it
Surveillance et gestion biologiques; Approvisionnement en rhinocéros et expansion de l’habitat; Communication; Durabilité et soutien; Coordination; Capacité et politique
vision for the South African white rhino population of ‘A world with reduced poaching and demand for illegal rhino horn, where the future survival of wild white rhinos is ensured in South Africa, through secure populations which are economically and ecologically sustainable, and which provide a source of founder rhinos to help repopulate former range states as needed’ emphasises the importance of regional cooperation in delivering on a secure,
pour chaque composante clé avec une liste d’actions
year target of a meta-population of at least 20,400
public au cours de la période considérée et il a été édité
Six key this, namely: Biological Management; Monitoring,
actuellement en attente d’approbation du comité technique ministériel, après quoi il sera signé par le ministre et
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s’appuyant sur l’expérience du dernier plan du Zimbabwe, 2-3 indicateurs clés de performance ont également été
Plan de gestion de la biodiversité sudafricaine pour le rhinocéros blanc
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Permitting and Stock Control; Protection;
Development of the Ugandan Plan Uganda has internally developed a draft national plan and this has been circulated more widely should prove a very useful starting point when
rhinocéros blancs d’Afrique du Sud « Un monde ayant un braconnage et une demande réduits pour les cornes de rhinocéros illégales, où la survie future des rhinocéros blancs sauvages est assurée en Afrique du Sud, à travers des populations sécurisées qui sont économiquement et écologiquement durables, et qui fournissent une source de rhinocéros fondateurs pour aider à repeupler les anciens Etats de l’aire de répartition au besoin» souligne l’importance de la coopération régionale pour assurer une Une cible sur cinq ans d’une métapopulation d’au moins 20 400 rhinocéros blancs en Afrique du Sud en 2020 a été
facilitate this meeting and a few experienced autorisation et contrôle des stocks; Protection; Chasse is opportune, as it would be good if Uganda has a draft national plan going into a proposed meeting later in the year that aims to try to get
Elaboration d’un plan ougandais Mozambique Elephant and Rhino Plan Following the last CITES Standing Committee produce a rhino plan with milestones against
animer cette réunion et quelques membres expérimentés l’atelier est opportun, car il serait bon que l’Ouganda ait
many timelines and actions were unfortunately
Plan de rhinocéros et d’éléphant du Mozambique Suite à la dernière réunion du Comité permanent de la CITES, le Mozambique a été mandaté de produire un
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Possible new funding mechanisms
Nouveaux mécanismes possibles de financement
United for Wildlife/GEF Rhino Impact Bond Development and meeting of new Project Board and Technical Advisory Committee in London, February 2015.
Réunion du Conseil d’administration et du Comité Consultatif Technique du Nouveau Project de RIB d’United for Wildlife et FEM à Londres en février 2015.
In the last edition of Pachyderm I discussed work to develop and test the concept of Rhino Impact
Dans le dernier numéro de Pachyderme travail de développer et tester le concept du RIB (Rhino
be secured by the Zoological Society of London
banner, with ZSL taking the lead role as the organisation ultimately responsible for delivering en étroite collaboration avec la SZL pour les aider à with ZSL to help them develop and trial the range states and expert rhino conservationists in
ayant des liens étroits avec les Etats de l’aire de répartition et les conservateurs experts du rhinocéros sur le terrain,
the concept, then it could hopefully be expanded de nombreuses autres populations clés dans plus de pays Key additional funding from non-traditional sources to fund needed rhino conservation action in Africa
nécessaires de conservation des rhinocéros en Afrique
they are outcome orientated rather than based on
qu’ils sont orientés vers les résultats au lieu d’être fondés ressentent le besoin de changer de tactique et varier leurs
outcome targets, then with RIBs they should have Comme indiqué dans le dernier numéro de Pachyderme, As discussed in the last edition of Pachyderm the original concept discussed between ZSL façon indépendante (tels que la croissance de la population d’au moins x après y années ou le braconnage n’étant pas growth of population by at least x after y years or poaching not more than x% of population devraient être remboursés dépendra de si ces résultats Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
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or not initial at-risk investors should be paid back
sont ainsi une sorte de pseudo RIB conçu pour tester le processus d’élaboration et d’application des indicateurs RIB designed to trial the process of developing soutien aux populations de rhinocéros clés d’importance Key rhino populations
pondérée a été développé utilisant les informations sur le nombre de la population (nous les avons mises
system was developed using information on des contraintes et exigences pour les sites pilotes imposées some constraints and requirements for pilot sites imposed by potential donors to help determine locaux expérimentés ayant une expérience de première main de ces zones travaillent en étroite collaboration avec la gestion des parcs et le personnel de la SZL pour working closely with park management and ZSL divergences d’opinion quant à la meilleure façon de It would be fair to say, that at times there have been some differences of opinion as to how best
ont favorisé des solutions qui semblent commerciales
members have favoured seeking business-like “lean stratégiques nationaux approuvés pour la conservation du approved national strategic rhino conservation deals directly with the relevant agencies managing Key rhino populations (whether they be formal state conservation agencies, communities, private
qui traite directement avec les organismes compétents qui gèrent les populations de rhinocéros clés (que ce soit collectivités, des propriétaires du secteur privé ou d’autres Il a été décidé qu’un organe directeur devrait être mis en
It was decided that a governing body should également été mis en place avec une représentation de board has also been set up with representation et approuvés pour les deux groupes, et en février 2015 developed and agreed to for both groups, and in La SZL a entre-temps présenté au FEM une proposition 24
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still has to be raised before full funding for the
has precluded also setting up and trialling some peuvent être disponibles ou obtenues s’il y a une garantie initial at risk funding are likely to be available or could be secured given a guarantee of payback investigate such true at-risk funding options
London Meeting to discuss Innovative new Financing Mechanisms took part in a one-day seminar in London designed to share learning between the organisations
Réunion de Londres pour discuter de nouveaux mécanismes innovateurs de financement
des connaissances entre les organisations travaillant sur organisé le 19 février 2015 par l’Unité internationale de
Unit on the 19th February 2015, together with
number of invited presentations that provided organisations with an opportunity to present the allowed those working in this area to get a clearer sense of the similarities and differences of various collaborative solutions to common barriers that may exist with regards to performance metrics; bond issuers and viable counter parties; and donors
La première partie de la réunion consistait en un nombre de présentations qui ont donné l’occasion aux organisations de présenter les détails de leurs diverses travaillent dans ce domaine d’avoir une idée plus claire Des groupes de travail se sont ensuite réunis pour discuter et chercher des solutions de collaboration à des obstacles communs qui peuvent exister en ce qui concerne les mesures de performance, l’agrégation des et contre-parties viables; et les bailleurs de fonds et les ont estimé que le moment était venu pour des plans
schemes and that this could potentially access
financement important provenant des sources non-
where links between investments and subsequent performance outcomes could be made, it was clear impact investing would not be suitable for all
entre les investissements et les résultats de performance subséquents, c’était clair que l’investissement d’impact Les délégués pensaient toutefois que c’était essentiel que
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bien conçues et réussies pour ouvrir la voie aux futurs successful to pave the way for substantial future Comments from the expert panel at the end of the meeting echoed some of the sentiments of
réunion ont fait l’écho de certains sentiments des membres soient aussi rentables que possible (et donc plus attractifs
to be as cost effective as possible (and hence more experts locaux au lieu de parachuter des étrangers lorsque local experts rather than parachuting in outsiders mentioned that in recent years there had been less focus on getting carried away with overly complex performance metrics with a recommendation to
performance trop complexes et les choses simples sont
Divers Miscellaneous New Ivory Forensic Guidelines
Nouvelles lignes directrices légistes sur l’ivoire Au cours de la période considérée, le Responsable
on Methods and Procedures for Ivory Sampling Elles avaient été préparées par le Laboratoire et la section and Forest Crime, Sustainable Livelihoods Unit
lutte contre le crime de la faune et des forêts, l’Unité d’une réunion des experts en la matière qui ont participé
umbrella of the International Consortium on
Consortium international de lutte contre la criminalité
Continued liaison with Asian Rhino Conservation
Liaison continue avec la conservation des rhinocéros d’Asie
with the aim of sharing knowledge and ideas and
Le Parc national de Kaziranga dans l’Assam en Inde conserve la plus grande population de grands rhinocéros
conserves the world’s largest greater onethis population has experienced an increase
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Etats de l’aire de répartition d’Afrique (environ 1,1%
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les autorités du parc à lui fournir un rapport détaillé sur la situation dans Kaziranga, ses options et ses besoins with a detailed report on the situation in Kaziranga remotely to meetings reviewing conservation options and especially anti-poaching needs for the park (with the SO supplying a video presentation
contribué à distance aux réunions qui examinaient les options de conservation et en particulier, les besoins Une assistance et des informations supplémentaires ont
information was provided on request by the SO, who reviewed multiple chapters of the detailed poaching approaches and use of Key Performance Indicators was also shared with the Park Director
experienced African rhino conservationists that took part and shared their experiences in the last
qui a revu plusieurs chapitres du rapport détaillé sur la informations sur les actions anti-braconnage et l’utilisation des indicateurs clés de performance ont aussi été partagées
expérimentés du rhinocéros d’Afrique qui avaient pris part et partagé leurs expériences lors du dernier sommet sur la dans le cadre d’une visite d’étude au cours de la période
range states of the situation in Asia at the next
informer les Etats de l’aire de répartition sur la situation en Asie à la prochaine réunion des Etats de l’aire de
Independent AfRSG/SADC RMG Assessment of the demographic performance of a significant semicaptive white rhino “farming” operation
Evaluation indépendante du Groupe de Gestion du Rhinocéros de la SADC/GSRAf de la performance démographique d’une opération importante « d’élevage » du rhinocéros blanc semi-captif
rhino population in a semi-intensive operation that
L’Afrique du Sud a maintenant une population importante de rhinocéros blancs dans une opération semi-intensive qui est classée comme une Opération de Reproduction
The performance of most intensive white rhino captive breeding operations around the world has has in part been due to many pregnancies under very intensive management not proceeding to full term; and also due to possible sibling-like relationships developing amongst some pairs
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
La performance de la plupart des ORC intensives des rhinocéros blancs en captivité à travers le monde (à partie due à de nombreuses grossesses sous gestion très intensive qui n’ont pas abouti à terme; et aussi en raison des relations fraternelles possibles qui se développent parmi des paires de rhinocéros blancs qui grandissent ensemble
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complete contrast to the rapid population growth of many translocated wild white rhino populations; worldwide there are currently fewer white rhino in the world’s zoos and safari-parks than the total number of wild white rhino exported to them performance under intensive management, concerns were raised in South Africa regarding the potential of more intensive facilities such as the
rapide de la population de nombreuses populations de rhinocéros blancs sauvages transférés; dans le monde entier il y a actuellement moins de rhinocéros blancs dans les zoos et les parcs animaliers du monde que le nombre total de rhinocéros blancs sauvages exportés vers ces zoos et parcs depuis le début des années sous la gestion intensive, les préoccupations ont été soulevées en Afrique du Sud concernant le potentiel des installations intensives telles que la grande ORC
this CBO operation to help inform development
rhinocéros blanc appelle à une évaluation indépendante
It also aims to assess the potential conservation
politiques nationales et provinciales et d’évaluer les avantages potentiels de conservation que cela (et possiblement d’autres opérations similaires si elles
a CBO make a positive contribution to growing rhino numbers and provide an insurance policy the performance in the CBO been sub-optimal and not a sound investment of surplus founder last meeting of the SADC Rhino Management
telle opération pourrait-elle apporter une contribution positive à l’augmentation du nombre de rhinocéros et fournir une politique d’assurance à un moment du de l’ORC a-t-elle été sous-optimale et non pas un bon investissement de l’excédent des rhinocéros
CBO indicated they would welcome an assessment Keryn Adcock visited the CBO and analysed all the detailed data collected and provided by the
un représentant de l’ORC a indiqué qu’ils seraient favorables à une évaluation de leurs activités par des En réponse à ces questions, le Responsable
population history and breeding performance of the CBO over an 80 month period (from inception will be shared with members at the upcoming The rhino in the CBO in question are kept in a system of camps, each of which has two suband population unit within the overall CBO, with movement of rhino between camps or to new camps as the need arises for maintaining suitable population demographic structures and to
l’ORC et analysé toutes les données détaillées a été produit qui examinait l’histoire de la population et la performance de l’ORC sur une période de 80 mois résultats seront partagés avec les membres lors de la Les rhinocéros dans l’ORC en question sont conservés dans un système de camps, dont chacun a
from many different populations and mixed as much as possible to maximise founder genetic
unité écologique et de population au sein de l’ORC, avec le mouvement des rhinocéros entre les camps ou dans de nouveaux camps au besoin pour maintenir les structures démographiques de population appropriées
female skewed in breeding camps than in the wild
fondateurs viennent de nombreuses populations différentes et ils sont mélangés autant que possible
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most of the day the white rhinos can be found spread out across the veld where they naturally intensive operation than wild populations; it is considerably less intensive than most zoos and
rhinocéros sont alimentés par des suppléments (40% de sexes penchent plus vers les femelles dans les camps de reproduction que dans la nature, mais il y a aussi des camps on peut trouver les rhinocéros blancs dispersés sur le veld
not only reduced by the supplementary feeding, but also by a policy of resting one half of each camp every second year during the wet season to
inception a total of 776 rhino were introduced
due to calves born to cows that had been brought and deaths associated with the translocation and establishment of so many rhinos, and the loss of some animals to an outbreak of Clostridium; the average annual population growth rate achieved by the CBO over the 80 months until the end of The skewed sex ratio in favour of females, will have boosted the population growth rate, but a consideration of other reproductive parameters largely independent of sex ratio (such as intercalving intervals, proportion of adult cows with
clairement une opération beaucoup plus intensive que les populations sauvages; elle est beaucoup moins intensive que la plupart des zoos et des parcs animaliers dans le par l’alimentation supplémentaire, mais aussi par une pratique de reposer la moitié de chaque camp tous les deux ans pendant la saison humide pour donner la chance aux En résumé, sur une période de 6,67 ans depuis sa création, un total de 776 rhinocéros ont été introduits du nombre était non seulement en raison des bébés nés Au cours de la période, il y avait aussi 179 décès et 17 à la translocation et la présence de tant de rhinocéros, et la perte de certains animaux à une épidémie de Clostridium, le taux de croissance annuel moyen de la population atteint
all pointed to breeding in the CBO being good to excellent (when assessed against SADC Regional
Le rapport biaisé entre les sexes en faveur des femelles aura stimulé le taux de croissance de la population, mais une considération d’autres paramètres de reproduction largement indépendantes des rapports des sexes (comme les intervalles entre les vêlages, la proportion de femelles
was too short to assess whether or not there was any drop off in performance in F1 and subsequent
de reproduction dans l’ORC était bon à excellent (évalué par rapport aux lignes directrices régionales de la SADC
up visit to the CBO is being envisaged which among other things will examine and discuss
The SADC RMG black rhino status report 2006-2011
création de l’ORC était trop court pour évaluer si oui ou non il y avait une baisse de la performance en F1 et les envisage une visite de suivi à l’ORC qui, entre autres choses, va examiner et discuter des questions vétérinaires
Data from a total of 133 black rhino population sites from six SADC countries (South Africa,
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Rapport du Groupe de Gestion du Rhinocéros de la SADC sur la situation du rhinocéros noir de 2006 à 2011 understandable preoccupation by rhino managers/
Les données provenant d’un total de 133 sites de population de rhinocéros noirs de six pays de la SADC
database system to facilitate collation of black rhino status information via online submissions
par KerynAdcock en se basant sur les rapports de situation
Over the 2006-2011 period more than 1,680 calves were born, in comparison to 753 rhino
gestionnaires/propriétaires des rhinocéros concernant la
D.b. bicornis and western South Africa achieved a good average 7% annual underlying growth rate per year, while the more-heavily poached D.b.minor subspecies
a maintenant mis au point une base de données en ligne sécurisée pour faciliter le classement des informations sur la situation du rhinocéros noir via les soumissions en L’adoption de cette nouvelle technologie devrait Au cours de la période 2006-2011, plus de 1 680 bébé
for D.b.bicornis for D.b.minor
were undertaken for managing sex-age structures, genetic and demographic supplementation,
in translocating large founder groups to initiate
indicated breeding performance of females
sous-espèce Diceros bicornis bicornis dans l’ouest d’Afrique du Sud a réalisé un bon taux de croissance annuel moyen de 7%, alors que la sous-espèce Diceros bicornis minor plus fortement braconnée est parvenue à une moyenne de croissance annuelle favorable rhinocéros noirs a augmenté de 39,6% pour le Diceros bicornis bicornis à 1936 rhinocéros, et de 15,8% pour le Diceros bicornis minor Seulement 8,3% des événements de translocation de 64,5% des translocations de rhinocéros ont été apport génétique et démographique, et le déplacement des
Survey of white and black rhinos on private and communal land in South Africa for 2015 sponsored survey of white rhino Ceratotherium simum simum on private land within South Africa
de grands groupes fondateurs pour initier de nouveaux Les données appuient le résultat indiquant que la performance de reproduction des femelles diminuait avec
rhinos in South Africa, that was last completed
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upon 25 years of data for the regions’ black rhino the single most important source of population data for this species and probably one of the best for
Etude des rhinocéros blancs et noirs sur les terres privées et communales en Afrique du Sud pour 2015 sur les rhinocéros blancs Ceratotherium simum simum sur les terres privées en Afrique du Sud faite pour la
role in the conservation of this species and the separate surveys of white rhinos on private land in South Africa have also been undertaken over the years, making it the most reliable source of this survey in this time of increased poaching is of utmost importance in assessing the current status of the population, estimates of horn stocks and the impact of poaching on the private/communal rhino extent to which poaching and owners disposing of their rhinos poses to the continued expansion the number of white rhino on private land and demonstrated increased cooperation by the private sector is also likely to be a necessary pre-requisite for South Africa to have any chance of securing CITES support for a possible future trade in horn should the country decide to proceed with a
de la SADC s’appuie sur 25 années de données sur la la SADC a entrepris environ 12 études distinctes depuis 1989 et constitue la source la plus importante de données sur la population de cette espèce et probablement l’une des meilleurs pour n’importe quelle espèce de grand Puisque le secteur privé possède 24% des rhinocéros conservation de cette espèce et l’industrie de la faune blancs sur les terres privées en Afrique du Sud ont été entreprises au cours des années et constituent la source
augmente est d’une importance capitale dans l’évaluation de l’état actuel de la population, des estimations des stocks de corne et l’impact du braconnage sur la population des
Both surveys are due for completion in
Northern white rhino update awaiting results of further genetic research into the differences between northern and southern white rhino that should provide additional insights and data on which to review the sadly somewhat academic issue of whether the northern white rhino should remain a subspecies or as was proposed
et de la façon dont les propriétaires se débarrassent de leurs rhinocéros sur l’expansion de l’habitat des rhinocéros rhinocéros blancs sur les terres privées et une coopération accrue démontrée par le secteur privé vont probablement être une condition préalable pour que l’Afrique du Sud ait une chance d’obtenir le soutien de la CITES pour un possible futur commerce de cornes si le pays décide de Les deux études doivent être complétées en décembre
Mise à jour sur le rhinocéros blanc du nord
informed that the delay in completing this work has been due to lack of additional information Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
attendait des résultats des recherches génétiques sur les différences entre les rhinocéros blancs du nord et ceux du sud qui fourniraient des idées et des données
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needed to more accurately estimate the date of
sur lesquelles on se baserait pour examiner la question malheureusement quelque peu académique de savoir si le rhinocéros blanc du nord devrait rester une sous-espèce
I am pleased to report she has agreed for the work and data she has done to be passed on to rhino next edition of Pachyderm
mitochondrial pour quatre rhinocéros blancs du nord
study of genetic variation across many of the
avons été informés que le retard dans l’achèvement nécessaires pour estimer la date de divergence des deux espèces avec plus de précision et parce qu’elle travaille
their four rhinos translocated to Kenya to be included in this study and the lab also has a further
heureux d’annoncer qu’elle a accepté que son travail et ses données soient transmis au généticien du rhinocéros
also hope to have some additional information of le prochain numéro de Pachyderme une étude de la variation génétique dans de nombreux
de leurs quatre rhinocéros transférés au Kenya soient inclus dans cette étude et le laboratoire a aussi l’échantillon d’un Most Pachyderm readers will know that the nous espérons avoir des informations supplémentaires sur surroundings close to their original habitat was undertaken in the hope this might help stimulate conclusions des deux études seront prêts à temps pour la the animals went well, the hormonal cycles of the was observed, unfortunately no pregnancy to term occurred (even after intercrossing and mating by It has now been decided to abandon natural mating attempts and to move to a high-tech
La plupart des lecteurs de Pachyderme sauront que environnement naturel proche de leur habitat d’origine a
partners is currently seeking to develop a robust protocol to optimize a procedure of harvesting and maturing oocytes, fertilize oocytes and then
si l’acclimatation des animaux s’est bien passée, les cycles hormonaux des femelles se sont nettement améliorés, et l’accouplement répété a été observé, malheureusement aucune grossesse à terme n’est survenue (même après le
process has been satisfactorily developed using southern whites, the team will move to harvesting
On a maintenant décidé d’abandonner les tentatives d’accouplement naturel et d’essayer une approche de spécialistes en matière de reproduction de rhinocéros de
scale and cryo-preserve them or transfer them 32
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According to a health examination that took place
d’autres partenaires cherche actuellement à développer un protocole robuste d’optimiser une procédure pour Lorsque le processus aura été assez développé sur les
EU document and Brussels meeting, February 2015
préserver par cryogénisation ou les transférer directement
comments and data for the EU document ‘Larger than Elephants – Inputs for an EU strategic approach to wildlife conservation’ was followed by four volumes with a regional additional sections including a 15 page section on African Rhinos ending with some actions Key rated
funding challenges they face was recognised in the Rhino section; and it was recommended that the EC should not only provide fully comprehensive
Document de l’UE et la réunion de Bruxelles en février 2015 contribution, des commentaires et des données pour le document de l’UE «Plus grands que les Eléphants – Contributions pour une approche stratégique de l’UE à la conservation de la faune». Le rapport est divisé en
une section de 15 pages sur les rhinocéros d’Afrique se terminant par des actions recommandées pour le soutien
The report also noted that as a possible feature of potential future EU support to rhino conservation – possible guarantor of Rhino Impact Bonds which dans la section du rhinocéros; et il a été recommandé que in the event that the envisaged impact targets are meeting in Brussels in February 2015 to discuss fund to help sustainably contribute funding for key Comments have been included in the revised version of the first volume “Synthesis” (see eu/b4life/document/larger-elephants-input-eustrategic-approach-african-wildlife-conservation-
Le rapport a également noté une caractéristique possible d’un éventuel soutien futur de l’UE pour la conservation des rhinocéros - l’UE pourrait envisager d’émuler le FEM en tant que garant éventuel des RIB
participé à une réunion à Bruxelles en février 2015 pour cherchaient à obtenir un fonds de capital important pour
volumes (including Volume 6 that has the African
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ont été inclus dans la version révisée du premier volume document in order to increase its visibility and
eu/b4life/document/larger-elephants-input-eu-strategicapproach-african-wildlife-conservation-updated-
European Development Days, planned for early compris le Volume six qui a la section des rhinocéros in DEVCO (for EU international cooperation in the EU institutions unfortunately did not take d’augmenter sa visibilité et son impact sur la politique because the EU Commission had decided to reduce year; and the Commission was already preparing
le plein soutien de la hiérarchie de DEVCO (pour les
Therefore, we have been advised that the document ‘Larger than elephants’ is now to be published as a technical report, with the mandatory disclaimer “this document does not necessarily
informés que c’était parce que la Commission européenne
de l’Environnement avec une forte participation des autres co-authored by all contributors, including some
Par conséquent, nous avons été informés que le document «Plus grands que les éléphants » doit maintenant être publié comme un rapport technique,
Participants in the workshop and contributors to
rédigée par les cinq experts, et co-écrite par tous les publication du premier volume de synthèse est prévue
the EU Action Plan in a development cooperation will also be taken into account in the action plan Les participants à l’atelier et les contributeurs au The publication of the EU Action Plan is expected After the publication of the action plan, it should then be possible to move to publish the document ‘Larger than elephants document of the Commission, accompanying the has changed, the EU’s Enrico Pironio has indicated the intention is still to give maximal visibility to what has been seen as an extremely valuable report, especially after the substantial comments
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document représenteront un apport important pour le Plan d’action de l’UE dans une composante future de la de l’abattage illégal seront également prises en compte accordée à tous les aspects et les causes du déclin de la
Après la publication du plan d’action, il devrait être possible de publier le document «Plus grands que les éléphants »
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
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Banning on the transport and importation of rhino hunting trophies The banning of the importation of legal rhino
concern as this action was taken without any consultation with key rhino range states and rhino
document a changé, Enrico Pironio de l’UE a indiqué que à ce qui est considéré comme un rapport extrêmement précieux, surtout après les commentaires substantiels
Interdiction du transport et de l’importation des trophées de chasse de rhinocéros L’interdiction de l’importation des trophées de chasse légale de rhinocéros par le gouvernement fédéral de action a été prise sans aucune consultation avec les principaux Etats de l’aire de répartition du rhinocéros et sur l’utilisation durable qui est une pierre angulaire de
org/Assets/wcc-2012-rec-138-en-conservation-ofthe confusion between legitimate ethical sport hunting which is an accepted form of rational conservation with indefensible unethical canned In a similar vein, the initial embargo on the transportation by some airlines, such as South African Airways, of legal CITES approved rhino hunting trophies arises from a misunderstanding actions fail to address the illegal trade in wildlife products, and may have negative consequences by disincentivising and reducing funding for genuine the South African Department of the Environment, South African Airways later rescinded their initial
émerge d’une confusion entre la chasse sportive éthique légitime qui est une forme acceptée d’utilisation rationnelle des rhinocéros avec une chasse indéfendable de lions élevés en captivité dans de petits enclos contrairement De la même manière, l’embargo initial sur le transport par certaines compagnies aériennes, telles que South African Airways, de trophées de chasse légale de rhinocéros approuvée par la CITES découle d’un malentendu des questions de commerce illégal
It remains imperative that any such actions should not be taken unilaterally with no consultation with expert conservationists in the
lutter contre le commerce illicite des produits de la faune sauvage, et peuvent avoir des conséquences négatives
supporting evidence, with an assessment of
du Ministère sud-africain de l’Environnement, la South
Dallas auction rhino hunt in Namibia follow-up
Il est impératif que de telles actions ne soient pas prises unilatéralement sans consulter les écologistes experts dans les meilleures preuves, avec une évaluation des résultats
During the reporting period the one black rhino hunt auctioned by Dallas Safari Club took place
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Knight
the conservation rationale behind the hunting of
Suivi de la vente aux enchères de Dallas de la chasse au rhinocéros en Namibie
surplus by conservation authorities; and how
Au cours de la période du rapport il y a eu une vente aux
channelled back into rhino conservation related
décrivant les raisons de conservation derrière la chasse
the SO and I also had a short article published on rhino-hunt-is-conservation/ hunted was over 25 years old, and had been one of the animals that had been pushed out of north been that putting such animals back in the park has not been very successful; as there sometimes have reintroduction or the animals concerned simply broke back or were pushed by younger more
rhino-hunt-is-conservation/ avait plus de 25 ans, et avait été l’un des animaux poussés
back to the park on three occasions (once 60km
MET, le retour de tels animaux dans le parc ne réussissait pas; car il y avait parfois des mortalités dues au combat ultérieur après la réintroduction ou les animaux concernés se sont tout simplement enfuis ou ont été poussés hors
had a chance to breed and contribute their genes to
dépit d’être retourné dans le parc à trois reprises (une fois
funding needs to address the increased poaching, MET decided it did not represent a good use of their limited funds to continue to keep trying to
la possibilité de se reproduire et contribuer leursgènes à la
bull that was hunted by the winner of the Dallas auction was one such animal that had been moved
urgents pour faire face à l’augmentation du braconnage, le MET a décidé que cela ne représentait pas un bon usage de leurs fonds limités de continuer à essayer de relocaliser
IUCN Red Listing
par le gagnant de l’enchère de Dallas était un tel animal qui avait été déplacé vers une autre réserve quelque temps
Regional and Continental Red Listings have been
Liste rouge de l’UICN will be discussed further with and reviewed by
Les Listes rouges régionales et continentales ont été
Red List Authority Focal Point meeting being held
les Listes rouges continentales proposées seront encore discutées et révisées par le personnel de la Liste rouge
in more detail in the next edition of Pachyderm de Pachyderme
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Next AfRSG Meeting
Prochaine réunion du GSRAf
I am pleased to report that with assistance of a Service, Rhinoceros and Tiger Conservation
plusieurs bailleurs de fonds le Fonds pour la conservation du Tigre et du Rhinocéros du Service de la Pêche et de la Faune des Etats-Unis, Save the Rhino International,
International Rhino Foundation, UK’s DEFRA, rhinocéros, DEFRA du Royaume-Uni, la Fondation pour la Faune Africaine, la Fondation des Parcs pour la Paix
which has been facing the biggest onslaught of plus grande attaque du braconnage, en février 2016, ce qui correspond bien à la prochaine CdP17 de la CITES plus as of 31 December 2015 will largely be compiled
continental le 31 décembre 2015 sera compilé lors de la
collection of additional information from Range
d’Etats de l’aire de répartition d’autres renseignements qui
to inform the CITES Secretariat and Parties at
Getting an East African Rhino Management Group operational
Mise en marche du Groupe de gestion du rhinocéros de l’Afrique de l’Est
à participer à une réunion régionale prévue en Afrique asked to assist with a planned regional meeting to try to get the East African Rhino Management préliminaires sont que l’atelier proposé aura lieu à la Preliminary indications are the proposed workshop conservation du rhinocéros en Afrique australe, on espère also add value to the region’s rhino conservation
Zakouma NP Assessment
Evaluation du Parc National de Zakouma
During the period under review I visited Zakouma national de Zakouma au Tchad pour évaluer son potentiel assistance from Dr Pete Morkel, we found the area to offer fair to good habitat in an isolated setting suitable for the establishment of a viable black
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
Pete Morkel, nous avons trouvé que la région peut offrir un habitat passable à bon dans un cadre isolé pour établir
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Knight
la magistrature suprême et un bon soutien de la gestion plus inquiétante est potentiellement de petits groupes très worrying threat is potentially from small highly
Acknowledgements, Welcome and Thanks As usual I would like to gratefully acknowledge the
Remerciements, Bienvenue et Gratitude sponsors principaux: le Fonds de conservation du tigre et du rhinocéros du Service de la Pêche et de la Faune
Service, Rhinoceros and Tiger Conservation International Rhino Foundation; UK’s DEFRA
Fondation Internationale pour le Rhinocéros, DEFRA du Royaume-Uni et le soutien logistique du Fonds pour la
I would like to welcome the new managing editor of Pachyderm
chef de Pachyderme
challenges and technical tasks in the absence of the level of support and help made available previously
Kees Rookmaaker for his continued voluntary contributions to Pachyderm as the Rhino Section Last but not least, I would like to thank the unwavering and insightful support provided by
et reconnaître Kees Rookmaaker pour ses contributions volontaires et constantes à Pachyderme en tant qu’éditeur indéfectible et perspicace fourni par mon vice-président,
References Sixth Rhino: A Taxonomic Re-Assessment of the PLoS ONE
Report, Beyond enforcement: communities, governance, incentives and sustainable use in combating wildlife crime, 26-28 February 2015,
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Rhinoceroses: Assessment of rhino horn as a
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
39
Asian Rhino Specialist Group report Rapport du Groupe des Spécialistes des Rhinocéros d’Asie Bibhab Kumar Talukdar, Chair/Président Aaranyak, 50 Samanwoy Path (Survey), PO Beltola, Guwahati – 781 028, Assam, India email:
[email protected]
The greater one-horned rhino population touches 3,500 in South Asia
despite some poaching of rhinos being reported
La population du grand rhinocéros unicorne atteint 3,500 en Asie du Sud La situation générale du grand rhinocéros unicorne en de quelques braconnages de rhinocéros signalés dans les Etats de l’aire de répartition du rhinocéros de l’Assam national de Kaziranga a une population estimée à 2401 rhinocéros, alors que le Sanctuaire de la Faune de Pabitora détient une population estimée à 92 rhinocéros, le Parc national d’Orang détient à peu près 100 rhinocéros et le population estimée à 186 rhinocéros et le Parc national
actuels du grand rhinocéros unicorne dans le Parc national de Chitwan est de 605 alors que 29 se trouvent dans le tandis que la Réserve de la faune de Parsa et les zones the current global wild population crossed the
Camera trapping of Javan rhinos in Indonesia shows encouraging signs
Avec l’augmentation du nombre des grands rhinocéros unicornes, la population sauvage mondiale a actuellement
Le piégeage photographique des rhinocéros de Java en Indonésie montre un signe encourageant Les efforts de piégeage photographique des autorités du
40
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de recherche: Suivi de la population des rhinocéros de pas seulement parce que la population des rhinocéros de recognized as the camera trap pictures were out
pouvaient pas être reconnus car les photos des pièges positive pour ces trois, ils n’ont pas été inclus dans le for a second suitable habitat within Indonesia to another safe and viable population to save the et cela donne de l’espoir pour la recherche d’un second habitat convenable en Indonésie pour la translocation de rhinos using this new area as per the records shared
Rhino poaching scenario in Asia In India, Assam lost about 31 rhinos to poaching
qui utilisent cette nouvelle zone selon les informations
2013, a reduction of rhino poaching by about 25% has been observed and this is due to combined operations being carried out by a Special Task Force of Assam police, local police stations and
Scénario de braconnage du rhinocéros en Asie
rhino to poaching in 2014 and again another in
une comparaison avec 2013, on a remarqué une réduction du braconnage de rhinocéros d’environ 25% et cela est
measures in the past few years is encouraging and poachers with better coordination, timely actions
En Inde, l’Assam a perdu environ 31 rhinocéros à cause du braconnage en 2014 et pendant les six premiers mois
de travail spécial de la police de l’Assam, les postes de la police locale et les responsables forestiers pour occidental a également perdu un rhinocéros au braconnage en 2014 et encore un autre au cours des six premiers
and Sumatran rhinos no poaching information is
rhinocéros sont encourageantes et cela révèle comment un pays peut lutter contre les braconniers avec une meilleure
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Talukdar
PHVA workshops for Asian rhinos
along with the Department of Environment and workshop on Indian Rhino Vision 2020 Population Modelling to review progress with IRV 2020 The workshop focused primarily on Manas and Burachapori, but other areas were also discussed of presentations to discuss the current situation and to outline current and future challenges, namely: discussing and determining the real numbers needed for the long-term success of the IRV 2020, taking into account our experience in Manas with poaching losses modelling predicted population growth rates and the numbers of rhinos needed to make translocations a success discussing ways to ameliorate known threats as The workshop was facilitated by Phil
coordination, des actions opportunes et une détermination
en danger critique il n’y a pas d’informations disponibles
Les ateliers d’Analyse de Viabilité des Populations et de l’Habitat pour les rhinocéros d’Asie:
la conservation et la Fondation Internationale pour le Rhinocéros et aussi le Ministère de l’Environnement et des Forêts du gouvernement de l’Assam, à tenir un petit atelier sur la Modélisation de la population des rhinocéros pour la Vision 2020 de l’Inde pour le Rhinocéros dans le but d’examiner les progrès des translocations de la Vision réussite à long terme de la Vision 2020 de l’Inde pour le Rhinocéros, en tenant compte de notre expérience dans Manas avec des pertes dues au braconnage et le nombre de rhinocéros nécessaires pour que les translocations soient un succès
together with Susie Ellis, Executive Director of International Rhino Foundation and the Red List L’atelier a porté principalement sur Manas et Burachapori, mais d’autres zones ont également été Foundation along with Ministry of Environment and Sumatran rhino, organized in Taman Safari, Indonesia during 11–13 March and 16–18 March
Dr Phil Miller, administrateur principal du programme du
to:
de la Fondation Internationale pour le Rhinocéros et de
and Sumatran rhinos by population modelling through a series of simulation programmes
de spécialistes sur la reproduction et la conservation, la Fondation Internationale pour le Rhinocéros et aussi le Ministère de l’Environnement et des Forêts de la République d’Indonésie à organiser des ateliers
en Indonésie du 11 au 13 mars et du 16 au 18 mars 2015
42
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
Asian Rhino Specialist Group report
Phil Miller, Senior Programme Officer, Sumatra Ellis, Executive Director of International Rhino Foundation and the Red List Authority for Asian
une série de programmes de simulation en utilisant but d’examiner les menaces et de voir comment elles pourraient conduire à l’extinction possible des nécessaires à prendre pour assurer l’avenir des
Ellis, Directrice exécutive de la Fondation Internationale pour le Rhinocéros et de l’Autorité de la Liste Rouge pour
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
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Barnes et al.
RESEARCH
Retrospective versus prospective designs for studies of cropraiding by elephants in Kakum, Ghana Richard F.W. Barnes,1* Emmanuel Danquah,2 Emmanuel M. Hema,3 Umaru-Farouk Dubiure,4 Mildred Manford,5 Awo Nandjui6 and Yaw Boafo7 Ecology, Behavior and Evolution Section, Biology Division, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA (Present address: Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-8651, USA) 2 Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana 3 Université de Ouagadougou/CUP-D, laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie Animales, 09 BP 848, Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso 4 Wildlife Division, Accra, Ghana (Present address: Mole National Park, PO Box 8, Damongo, Ghana) 5 2720 Foster Ave, Apt #1A, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA 6 21 BP 721, Abidjan 21, Côte d’lvoire 7 Wildlife Division, P.O. Box M239, Accra, Ghana *corresponding author email:
[email protected] 1
Abstract
include distance of farm to reserve boundary line, area under cultivation, number of crop types on farm and
Additional key words:
Résumé La maraude des cultures par les éléphants continuera à être exacerbée par l’expansion des populations
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Retrospective versus prospective designs for studies of crop raiding by elephants in Kakum, Ghana
Mots clés supplémentaires:
Introduction People and elephants come into more frequent contact
has many values that are zero (that is, there were many A retrospective study is one in which the researcher and then looks backward to collect data on what has
one understands the farmland landscape features that
that a retrospective design is a more cost-effective
reduced by advising farmers how to modify their situation is different: while distance of farm to reserve boundary line, area under cultivation, number of crop types on farm and degree of farm’s isolation may be risk factors common to all sites, wildlife managers will usually need to identify the most important variables that attract elephants to the farmland around their
paper described how the design of studies of crop raiding should take account of the aims of the study
how large a sample is needed to achieve the statistical
Study site and methods
predominant activity in communities surrounding KCA, resulting in a landscape mosaic of cultivation, cash crops cultivated include cocoa, oil palm, and
paper described simple methods for analyzing the was aimed particularly at researchers who need to
the system of farming is rain-fed shifting cultivation, farming activity is done throughout the year, resulting
present paper we expand upon the analysis described
was the site for the largest and longest study of crop a prospective design was chosen for the 2001 crop beginning of the season and monitored for nine months
followed them forward throughout the length of the hundred and three farms in those communities were compared to our earlier analysis, because most farms
All crop raiding incidents on each farm were recorded measurements was made on each farm: distance from
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
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Barnes et al.
the KCA boundary, area of farm, distance from the next nearest farm, number of crop types and area of
Ordinary least squares models have the form Y = a + bX, where Y is the dependent variable and X is the independent variable, and the residuals are normally form: lnY = a + bX which is the same as:
Prospective design The number of crop raiding incidents was not normally
The residuals are Poisson distributed and the model
untouched and each of these had a value of zero for raid, a few suffered two or three, and a tiny handful
means that predicted values of Y can never be negative
are typical of count data and the usual methods of farm of the numbers of crop raiding incidents were regression models, which are part of the family of
variables were those likely to attract elephants into the
Number of farms that suffered raids
monitored during the course of the growing season, 180
greater than that expected from a Poisson
160 140 120
the appropriate method to use when you have a count data with a disproportionate number of
100 80 60 40
estimates the probability (p0
20 0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Number of raids
Figure 1. Frequency histogram of elephant cropraiding incidents on a sample of 203 farms around the Kakum Conservation Area in the growing season of 2001. The curve shows the fitted Poisson distribution.
probability 1 – p0 To illustrate this example, we used only two farm from the KCA boundary, and the number of crop shown in Table 1 (note that some farms were dropped
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Retrospective versus prospective designs for studies of crop raiding by elephants in Kakum, Ghana
Retrospective design
means that as one moved away from the KCA the odds increased that the farm will be a zero (that is, it will
Selection of controls
the number of crop types had no effect on the risk of Using the data from the KCA study, let us assume
Table 1. Results of the zero-inflated Poisson regression model applied to farms around the Kakum Conservation Area (n = 199 farms). SE: standard error
Stage
Parameter
Inflate portion
Poisson portion
the intact farms there is an issue that we have not yet addressed: the 203 farms were not distributed randomly across the
Estimate
SE
p
Intercept Distance to boundary Number of crop types
0.140 0.003 –0.153
1.017 0.001 0.195
0.890 0.004 0.434
the probability of crop raids within
Intercept Distance to boundary Number of crop types
–0.958 0.000 0.351
0.801 0.000 0.135
0.232 0.928 0.009
can remove the variation due to the communities by matching each raided farm against one or more intact farms
The lower half of Table 1 deals with the Poisson part of the model, that is, the number of incidents that distance from the boundary was not associated the number of crop types was strongly associated (p
randomly-distributed communities
we matched each raided farm with one randomly selected intact farm from the same measurement of distance to the park boundary, so it had been measured in that particular community and so that left 28 raided and 27 intact farms in this sample In the second step we intended to match each raided
estimate is a measure of the risk ratio, the greater risk associated with a one unit increase in the independent each time you increased the variety of crops on your farm by adding another crop type, you increased the
communities with many intact farms we randomly selected up to three intact farms to match to each
This prospective design was expensive in terms of personnel and resources, because each farm had to
two or three intact farms we had a sample of 57 intact farms to the 28 raided ones, a ratio of almost 2:1 for
found that only 29 out of 203 farms were raided by Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
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Barnes et al.
Table 2. Estimates of median distance from boundary and median number of crop types for raided and intact farms
Median distance to boundary (m) Median number of crop types
Median distance to boundary (m) Median number of crop types
Raided farms
Intact farms
Wilcoxon rank-sum test1 z p
324.5 3.0
690.0 2.0
Raided farms
Intact farms
Wilcoxon rank-sum test z (p)
324.5 3.0
596.0 2.0
3.21 (0.001) 2.33 (0.020)
2.64 1.63
0.008 0.103
Table 3. Estimates from the conditional logistic regression models
48
Odds ratio
95% CI for odds ratio
Wald p
Distance to boundary (m)
0.997
0.994, 0.999
0.021
Number of crop types
1.372
0.824, 2.282
0.224
Odds ratio
95% CI for odds ratio
Wald p
Distance to boundary (m)
0.997
0.994, 0.999
0.021
Number of crop types
1.372
0.824, 2.282
0.224
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Retrospective versus prospective designs for studies of crop raiding by elephants in Kakum, Ghana
regression, designed to account for the matching was
Results
For example, the ZIP model from the prospective design indicates that distance from the boundary determines the risk of whether or not a farm is raided while the number of crop types determines whether a retrospective method shows that both distance from
were on average twice as far from the KCA boundary
The data collection methods were not designed
regression is another way of expressing this relationship
Rather, we have taken advantage of this large data
moved away from the boundary the odds of being
retrospective experiment indicated that if you have of both distance from the boundary and number of
the odds of suffering a raid decreased by a factor of
raiding the retrospective design will be the most cost-
The results shown in Tables 2 and 3 make the point
will require intense work at the end of the growing season, but anything less may lack the statistical For example, prospective surveys show the proportion
Discussion
prospective surveys conducted in different years will yield information on whether or not the problem is
involving the senior staff of the KCA and the research were given to understand that the landscape was being ravaged by marauding elephants, in the end only 15% a relief to learn that the problem was not as bad as claimed, regular monitoring of 203 farms was not a In contrast, the retrospective method is far more cost-effective because repeated visits to each farm are not required; each farm need be visited only once,
Farms around the KCA were scattered through the
taking a completely random sample of farms around order to cut travel costs it was more practical to select a number of villages at random, and then select farms around a particular village may share a characteristic
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
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Barnes et al.
farms may be more alike than a sample of farms selected other words, there is a degree of correlation between therefore two sources of variation: variability between farms in the same village, and variability between
References Methods for improving regression analysis for skewed Annual Review of Public Health Gajah
account for this will underestimate the true standard
Gajah hypothesis when it is true (Shoukriand Chaudhary overview of crop raiding by elephants around the
one can take a random sample of intact farms from African Journal of variation between farms and between communities of analysis becomes quite complicated especially if Carefully planned studies will show which features of the farming landscape are most likely to draw Kakum it was obvious before we started that the farms
Ecology raiding by elephants around the Kakum Conservation Pachyderm Boafo Y, Dubiure, U–F, Danquah E, Manford M, Long-term management of crop raiding by elephants Pachyderm Epidemiology
But with the present analysis we know that, once you
Modeling count data Applied logistic regression
Acknowledgements
Statistics for environmental science and management Generalized linear models nalysis of
the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, the United
correlated data Epidemiology: Study design and data analysis
been possible without the effort and cooperation of
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Assessing perceived and documented crop damage in a Tanzanian village impacted by human-elephant conflict (HEC)
Assessing perceived and documented crop damage in a Tanzanian village impacted by human-elephant conflict (HEC) Rebekah R Hoffmeier-Karimi1, Bruce A Schulte1,2 Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA Current address and correspondence: Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
1 2
*corresponding author email:
[email protected]
Abstract
methods for crop loss are numerous and such schemes could be made more effective by an improved understanding Zea mays
Agriculturalists must also realize the detrimental effects of regular, low-level impacts such as water-scarcity
Additional key words: Mitigation, perception
Résumé
Zea mays
compte des effets néfastes d’impacts réguliers et de bas niveau tels que le manque d’eau et de pilleurs de récoltes
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
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Hoffmeier-Karimi and Schulte
Mots clés supplementaires: Atténuation, perception
Introduction In sub-Saharan Africa, crop raiding comprises a pervasive and economically damaging form of humanlosses to wild animals are often the top perceived
factors that shape coping strategies and risk perception ecological knowledge of the Maasai community shows the value of combining surveys of humans with
especially in boundary areas between farms and wild can damage crops, African elephants (Loxodonta africana Further costs to communities attributed to elephants over water for livestock, social disruption and the loss of productivity due to choosing guard duties over
deter elephants, but in retaliation to events such as crop-raiding, humans often kill any readily located
a greater issue to agriculturalists than to pastoralists; of the farmers toward elephants in comparison with people assess risk based on their perceptions (Renn
Other studies have assessed the causes of crop
affect perceptions of those where human-elephant required to generalize from a single study site and Over the past 15 years, important advances have
the need for the implementation of socio-political measures to continue progress toward more harmonious entail consideration of land use practices and the successful employment of such practices necessitates perception of farmers relative to the actual sources of crop loss is essential for the long-term reduction of
simultaneous evaluation of perception of damage and farmers in dealing with current and future crop raiding areas in which elephants are one of potentially many study was to compare the perception by farmers of the causes and extent of crop damage to the measured crop Zea mays
Interviews provide the best means for determining the attitude of the farmers toward wildlife (Badola
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Assessing perceived and documented crop damage in a Tanzanian village impacted by human-elephant conflict (HEC)
Materials and methods
The village of Miti Mirefu is composed mainly of Masai pastoralists, and agriculturalists, primarily of the
Study area Endarakwai Ranch encompasses 4,300 ha of woodland studied African elephants at this property, which serves as a wildlife corridor for elephants between Amboseli,
Assessment of farmers’ perceptions Interviews
interview sessions in Kiswahili questions and interview technique were reviewed with a colleague in the local villager to facilitate the interview process although one of us spoke interview, we obtained a signed consent form, established a relationship with the participants and gathered background information on farming practices and session occurred at least two weeks The second interview consisted Each section had questions that required either a yes/no response, or
questions explained below (Appendix
section one, we asked questions to assess the participants’ perception of past crop damage (pictures of damage categorized as 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% Figure 1. Location (marked by star) of the study site, Endarakwai Game Ranch (Map courtesy of African Wildlife Foundation).
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
we assessed the participants’ use and perception of deterrent methods and included pictures of possible
53
Hoffmeier-Karimi and Schulte
maintenance such as using pesticides, herbicides,
samples in areas without damage, each of 12 m length,
attribute damage to particular biotic factors (again m belt transect, and we calculated the mean ears per insects, rodents, domestic animals and non-domestic damage caused and to provide an overall estimate of damage, using the same pictures of categorical damage
transect did not equal 10% or more of the area, we also bird, bushpig, cattle, elephant, goat, insect and/or lack
Perception Analysis to questions on their background to describe their
multiplied by the average proportion of damage (Fd with a value of 5 given to the cause of the greatest by each factor by calculating the total undamaged
Quantification of crop damage
used deterrent methods and whether these were active
Comparison of crop damage and farmers’ attitudes and the factors that caused damage to the factors the calculated the accuracy of perception by using the
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Assessing perceived and documented crop damage in a Tanzanian village impacted by human-elephant conflict (HEC)
is why the grand sum of the percentages exceeds A negative accuracy of perception indicated that the positive accuracy of perception indicated damage was were considered inaccurate if the difference between perceived and actual proportions of damage exceeded
loss events, participants attributed complete loss to elephants (Loxodonta africana (Potamochoerus larvatus (Papio anubis; 33%: complete damage in a single season was perceived to
and actual damage was expected due to the use of examined if attributes of farmers (background,
Among insects, rodents, domestic animals, elephants
answers to the interview demographic questions to identify distinguishing characteristics of the groups answering that elephants had caused the most damage
Results
factors that had damaged their crops in the past
Background of farmers
primarily elephants, other wildlife and insects; no
The participants that completed both interview
Crop damage quantification Eight participants were born in Miti Mirefu, while
450 400
have an occupation outside of farming, while seven
350
Yield Damaged (ears of maize)
agriculture as their primary source of income for
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Elephants
Bushpigs
Lack of Water
Insects
Domes c
Birds
Damage Factor
participants depended on the yield from their crop
Perception assessment
experienced more than one complete loss over their history of farming, so we included each event, which
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
Figure 2. Damage to maize occurring in measured fields was attributed to several damage factors. Estimated yield damaged was calculated by multiplying the mean proportion of damage from each factor by the mean yield of the crop. Upper box marks the third quadrant and lower box indicates the second quadrant. The dividing line marks the median and bars encompass the full range of measured data.
55
Hoffmeier-Karimi and Schulte
were categorized by combining bushpig, baboon, and birds, the maximal damage was Damage by insects was evident in 58% of Crop damage was not related to deterrent
Actual damage and perceived damage perceptions assessed, nine participants
Figure 4. Perceived verses actual damage proportions. Nine participants were accurate in their perception of crop damage experienced (n = 9). Five participants overestimated crop damage experienced (n = 5).
sample size (n = 9 for accurate and n = 5 for overmeasure contributed to the inability of these measures Figure 3. The proportion of fields damaged multiplied by the average damage proportion of a field by each biotic damage factor. Y-axis = (proportion of fields damaged* average damage); for the sake of clarity, the scale bar has been truncated at 0.02
agreed that their crop was irrigated adequately, 93%
average percentage of maize that was damaged by a lack of water was 18%, while the mean area damaged
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There was no association between farming experience and damage attributed to a lack of water (pairwise
with the local people, facilitating participation and Interviewees rated the destruction of a cornstalk as more detrimental than the removal of or damage
Discussion
bushpigs were the most likely means by which and insects foraged on particular ears, permitting
perception by farmers of the extent and factors causing crop damage to the actual damage experienced in their
was a persistent and visible problem, although participants responded that their fields were
application would be to implement this dual approach in other areas and on a larger scale with the goal
was no rain, requiring participants to use laborious Improving crop viability is at odds with increased
elephants were in fact the greatest risk to the maize
lower effort and growing drought resistant varieties would likely improve crop success; however, richer
Most farmers did not experience elephant raiding in the current season but all experienced other, regular participants base their perception on the severity more this infrequent but severe impact is broadly applicable stated that only crop damage by elephants led to farm
extent of destruction and human perception may be programs that inform community members on the if the severity of elephant impacts on humans were has characteristics that are typical of many areas that experience crop losses from a multitude of sources
a decade longer in Miti Mirefu and had been farming for almost twice as many years as the
useful for predicting the accuracy of farmers in Land-use planning can be helpful in reducing the likelihood of crop raiding; farms in low-density settlements such as Miti Mirefu and located near wildlife refuges are particularly susceptible to crop of crop damage, the perception of future damage appears to be formed by the severity and not the
It is a self-contained village for which farming is the
other factors such as lack of water and small-scale crop raiders having more regular impact on crop
for which we could quantify crop damage, rather than to conduct broad scale surveys, which have been done
it may be worthwhile to extend our two-pronged
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
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Hoffmeier-Karimi and Schulte
the perception and the actual causes of crop reduction or failure is integral to development of successful
elephants, Loxodonta africana, in Laikipia, Kenya, Systematics and Biodiversity
Acknowledgements Mirefu and to individuals who assisted in reviewing considerations involving biological, physical and Pachyderm advice of two bio-statisticians who assure us that the statistical methods were appropriate although the
Pachyderm damage in a Tanzanian village impacted by humanproperties of African elephant (Loxodonta africana
Excellence and Professional Development grants, and
elephants and conservation: Samburu pastoralists Society & Natural Resources
(Loxodonta africana
References conservation and alternatives to forest resources: a Biodiversity and Conservation African elephants and other mammals at a Tanzanian African Journal of Ecology
African Journal of Ecology ecological factors shaping local support for wildlife: crop–raiding by elephants and other wildlife in
literature review and case studies from Uganda and
a response to changes in forage quality or crop African Journal of Ecology solutions: the evolution of an integrated approach to
Conservation Biology
Human Dimensions in Wildlife Environmental Conservation
58
strategies Conservation Research Unit, Oxford University,
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
Assessing perceived and documented crop damage in a Tanzanian village impacted by human-elephant conflict (HEC)
Oryx
paradigm: can agricultural communities co-exist with Biological Conservation crop loss: human and technical dimensions in Participants were shown pictures depicting: 1 = some
Oryx Toxicity Letters knowledge of a human-elephant interaction in Transmara District, Kenya: implications for research Advances in Anthropology approach for assessing the costs of living with wildlife
the failure of a community-based human-wildlife
Group B. Deterrent method perception For some of the following questions, participants were asked to identify to which extent they agree with the statements: A = strongly agree; B = mildly agree; C = undecided or unsure; D = mildly disagree; or E =
Oryx
it was effective and less damage was
Appendix 1 The second interview session was divided into 3 groups of questions and assessed the perceptions of participants’ past damage, use of deterrents, and
Group A. Past damage perception Participants were asked to assign an extent to the following questions: 1 = some; 2 = medium amount; 3 = large amount; 4 =
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
B7
I provide adequate water for the crops in
B8
There are deterrents I believe would be
B9
If you strongly agree with B8, why haven’t
59
Hoffmeier-Karimi and Schulte
Participants were presented with a number of pictures ‘bells’ attached, a chilli pepper, a 3-m clearing on both C9
Using pictures of damage, how much
C11
B10
Do you see any pictures of methods that you feel will reduce crop damage in your
B11
If yes to #B10, which pictures show the
B14
If yes to #B12, which pictures shows the
I am worried that the factor from the answer to #C10 will again cause damage
B16
Are any of these deterrent methods are
strongly agree; B = mildly agree; C = undecided or unsure; D = mildly disagree;
B17
If yes to #B16, which methods are
B18
If more than one answer to #B17, rank them:
Group C. Perceived factors causing damage
C12
Using past experiences, which factor
C14
If more than one, rank them from most
Open- ended C1
In the past, have you lost an entire season’s
C2
If yes to #C1, which factor was the loss
C4
If more than one answer to #C3, rank them from most damage to least damage caused:
from most worried to least worried: Participants were presented with a variety of pictures including: 1/2 = insects & rodents: locusts, grasshopper, beetles, tomato insects; field mice, rats; 3 = domestic: cattle, goats, sheep, donkeys; 4 = non-domestic: bushpig, impala, wildebeest, zebra,
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Habitat utilization of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) on Willem Pretorius Game Reserve, Free-State Province, South Africa
Habitat utilization of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) on Willem Pretorius Game Reserve, Free-State Province, South Africa Herman Jordaan1, Leslie R Brown1 and Kerry Slater1* Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystem Research Unit, Department of Environmental Sciences, UNISA, Private Bag X6 Florida 1710 South Africa * corresponding author email:
[email protected]
1
Abstract The grassland biome of the Free-State Province of South Africa meets all the suggested habitat requirements
The results of this study suggest that in areas that experience hot or cold environments, some form of cover Additional keywords: Diet, range size, plant communities
Résumé Le biome des herbages de la province de l’Etat-Libre d’Orange de l’Afrique du Sud répond à toutes les exigences de l’habitat proposé pour le rhinocéros blanc, mais contrairement aux zones plus chaudes de la savane, il subit et les données sur les déplacements et l’utilisation de l’habitat par les rhinocéros blancs ont été recueillies sur
et le veld herbeux ont été utilisés beaucoup moins que prévu, mais le veld épineux et les habitats boisés et
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
61
Jordaan et al.
que dans les zones qui connaissent des environnements chauds ou froids, une certaine forme de couverture Mots-clés supplémentaires:
Introduction (Ceratotherium simum simum across southern Africa in suitable habitats of semiBy the late 19th century, except for a small population
herbivores in the grassland biome, these white rhinos are exposed to this abundance of low quality food dispersed over the landscapes in which they occur of how white rhinos utilize these landscapes, effective mentioned habitat requirements of white rhinos but being situated in the grassland biome it is much colder aim of this study was to investigate how white rhinos
by the 1960s the white rhino population had increased
during 1962 a 2009 survey indicated that 214 white
biome of the Free-State Province and was conducted
Material and methods Study area and white rhinoceros population
who analysed monitoring data collected from 1962 to 1997 to determine population performance of the The reserve is 12,091 ha and surrounds the general physiognomic features are represented by ecology of white rhinos, have been restricted to the Perrin and Brereton-Stiles 1999; Shrader and Perrin The habitat of the white rhino Africa-wide includes areas with medium-tall and short grass savannahs cover, and water for drinking and wallowing (Player and Feely 1960; Traill 2004; Skinner and Chimimba
reserve contains sandstones and mudstones of the Beaufort series, whilst the northern section consists of a series of resistant dolerite intrusions and sandstone ridges that extend from east to west along the Sand C to 30 C in summer and from below 0 C to 15 C in winter, (lowest temperature recorded was -11o an average annual rainfall of 578 mm, most of which o
o
o
o
to feed on high quality short grasses due to their wide square lips but will broaden their variety of grass species eaten and include longer less nutritious species during the dry season when green nutritious grasses become scarce (Owen-Smith 1988; Pienaar and du was conducted is an environment with abundance
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Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
Habitat utilization of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) on Willem Pretorius Game Reserve, Free-State Province, South Africa
Eragrostis curvula, Digitaria eriantha, Themeda triandra, Panicum coloratum, Cynodon dactylon, Aristida congesta subsp. congesta and Cymbopogon pospischili. Prominent trees include, Acacia karroo, Ziziphus mucronata, Grewia occidentalis, Olea europea africana, Celtis africana, Euclea crispa, Searsia pyroides, Searsia lancea and Lycium echinatum. Other than white rhinos, wildlife species that occur on the reserve include: buffalo (Syncerus caffer), Burchell’s zebra (Equus burchelli), warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) and eighteen
as steep slopes, dongas, wetlands and hills together variations in the vegetation of the study area were sampled, 40 sample plots of 400m2 were placed on a on the size of the unit delineated on the ortho-photo, with more plots being placed in large communities of the sample plots, all plant species were recorded and the cover abundance was estimated using the
For the purpose of this study a section of about Floristic data was captured into the database for this is that the chosen section of the reserve is the approximation of the plant communities was derived (one adult bull, eight adult cows, four sub-adult cows, had previously been micro-chipped and ear-notched have been maintained between 16 and 20 individuals, provided a sex ratio of 1:9 productive adults is maintained, with excess rhinos being translocated to
means of the phytosociological table and the habitat information collected during sampling, different recognized by means of diagnostic species that are for a particular community if it was present within
value is slightly higher than the 9% suggested by
if as species occurred in 70% of the sample plots of plots outside the community, it would be considered
moving around with their mothers or other females, for the purpose of this study the ranging patterns and habitat utilization of these age classes are considered
Plant communities of the study area
Range use through direct observation were collected between on a map of the reserve, and analysed to determine
Two 1:10,000 ortho-photos were used to stratify the study area into physiognomic-physiographic
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
to calculate range sizes as minimum convex polygons
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Jordaan et al.
Habitat utilization and diet rhinos for 24 hours at a time (four days per month
time they moved into a different plant community, this was recorded and utilized to determine preference (occurred more frequently in given habitat than (occurred less frequently in given habitat than expected communities based on their availability within the The plant species that the rhinos fed on were (each day determined by feeding after waking and recorded as feeding observation and only after the next sleeping period was the next feeding observation
vlei Cymbopogon excavatus Eragrostis curvula-Acacia karroo rocky woodland Acacia karroo-Setaria verticillata dense Acacia karroo-Cynodon dactylon savannah Acacia karroo-Enneapogon scoparius rocky Acacia karroo-Grewia occidentalis midslope Triraphus andropogonoides-Aristida diffusa plateau grassland Aristida diffusa-Cymbopogon pospischili Aristida diffusa-Hyparrhenia hirta plateau A detailed description of the plant communities but for the purpose of this study, a brief description is
the area to allow access to the feeding patch, these quadrat per individual present was sampled per feeding
1. Cynodon hirsutus dam edge Grassland This community occurs on the lowest lying areas
within the one square metre then the most abundant data were used to calculate the percentage that each grass species contributed to the total number of grass species recorded to have been eaten by the rhinos
dominated by the grass Cynodon hirsutus with the grasses Aristida bipartita, Eragrostis curvula, Aristida adscensionis and the forbs Schkuhria pinnata and Conyza bonariensis
Results
2. Themeda triandra-Setaria incrassata Grassland
Plant communities of the study area
This community is located throughout the study area on gentle slopes and lower-lying areas associated
Due to the heterogeneous topography of the study area, variation exists in the habitats, which resulted in the recognition of 10 plant communities, which were
The vegetation is dominated by the palatable grasses Themeda triandra and Setaria incrassata grasses Eragrostis curvula and Digitaria eriantha
respective sub-communities: Cynodon hirsutus 2 Themeda triandra-Setaria incrassata moist grassland Panicum coloratum-Eragrostis obtusa moist
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Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
Habitat utilization of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) on Willem Pretorius Game Reserve, Free-State Province, South Africa Table 1. Range size of white rhinos within study area of the Willem Pretorius Game Reserve between July 2007 and June 2008
Individual
Dry season range
Number of
Wet season range
Number of
ID
(km²)
observations
(km²)
observations
Cow 21
4.756
38
4.661
31
Cow 25
3.609
29
4.520
23
Cow 26
5.047
25
3.126
25
Cow 8
1.973
10
3.840
13
Cow 13
4.754
25
2.773
12
Bull
6.367
61
8.134
42
3. Cymbopogon excavatus valley Grassland This is the smallest community and occurs as an isolated area within the Acacia karroo-Cynodon dactylon vegetation is dominated by the grasses Cymbopogon excavatus and Themeda triandra while the forbs Pentzia viridus and Monsonia angustifolia are also
4. Eragrostis curvula-Acacia karroo rocky Woodland
is dominated by a mixture of species including the grasses Triraphus andropogonoides, Aristida diffusa, Digitaria eriantha, Cymbopogon pospischili, and the forbs Cheilanthes eckloniana and Blepharis squarrosa
Range use The criteria of at least 10 data points to generate
than 30 points to generate density kernel estimates
This community is located throughout the study area on slopes, lower-lying and high-lying areas associated Acacia karroo dominates the woody layer while dominant grasses include and Eragrostis curvula. The forbs Conyza bonariensis, Tagetes minuta and Bidens pilosa are present throughout the community
5. Triraphus andropogonoides-Aristida diffusa plateau Grassland This community lies on top of the Doringberg
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
65
66
279 280 281 282
277 278
3, 5.1,5.2
4.4
Grassveld
Trees and Shrubveld
1
4.2
3, 5.1,5.2
4.4
Damkom
Savannah
Grassveld
Trees and Shrubveld
52
83.5
342
195
118
22
290
52
83.5
342
195
118
22
290
Total habitat type
0.047
0.076
0.310
0.177
0.107
0.020
0.263
0.047
0.076
0.310
0.177
0.107
0.020
0.263
Proportion of total hectares (Pi0)a
524
78
281
60
113
192
100
195
59
273
186
253
227
86
Number of observations of rhinos
0.389
0.058
0.208
0.045
0.084
0.142
0.074
0.152
0.046
0.213
0.145
0.198
0.177
Proportion observed in each habitat type (Pi ) 0.067
64
102
418
238
144
27
355
60
97
397
226
137
26
336
Expected b number of rhino sightings Less* More* More* Less* Less* Less* More*
Less* More* Less* Less* Less* Less* More*
0.048 ≤ p ≤ 0.086 0.149 ≤ p ≤ 0.206 0.168 ≤ p ≤ 0.228 0.119 ≤ p ≤ 0.172 0.183 ≤ p ≤ 0.244 0.030 ≤ p ≤ 0.062 0.125 ≤ p ≤ 0.180 0.055 ≤ p ≤ 0.093 0.117 ≤ p ≤ 0.168 0.064 ≤ p ≤ 0.104 0.029 ≤ p ≤ 0.060 0.179 ≤ p ≤ 0.238 0.041 ≤ p ≤ 0.075 0.353≤ p ≤ 0.424
b
10
More / less than expected
Confidence interval (95%) on observed proportion of occurrence (Pi )c
Proportions of total hectares represent expected rhino observation values as if rhinos occurred in each habitat in exact proportion to availability. Calculated by multiplying proportion pi0 x n c pi represents theoretical proportion of occurrence and is compared to corresponding pi0 to determine if hypothesis of proportional use is accepted or rejected, i.e., pi =pi0.
a
4.1
River
4.3
4.2
Savannah
Thornveld
1
Damkom
2.1, 2.2
4.1
River
Wetland
4.3
Thornveld
Dry Season
2.1, 2.2
Wetland
Wet season
Plant sub communities (this study)
Habitat type
Season
Table 2 Occurrence of white rhinos in different habitat types in the wet and dry season on Willem Pretorius Game Reserve, Free State Province of South Africa. (* indicates statistical significance at p = 0.05)
Jordaan et al.
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
Habitat utilization of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) on Willem Pretorius Game Reserve, Free-State Province, South Africa Table 3. The percentage that different grass species contributed to the diet of white rhinos on Willem Pretorius Game Reserve during the wet (n = 637) and dry (n = 490) season during this study
Plant species eaten Cynodon species
Wet season
Dry season
47.4
31.4
Enneapogon scoparius
7.7
12.9
Themeda triandra
7.4
7.8
Eragrostis curvula
6.3
6.7
Aristida congesta
6.1
13.5
Hemarthria altissima
5.5
4.5
Panicum coloratum
3.6
2.4
Chloris virgata
3.0
5.1
Eragrostis lehmanniana
2.0
0.0
Digitaria eriantha
1.6
0.4
Cymbopogon plurinodes
1.3
1.6
Anthephora pubescens
1.1
0.0
Eragrostis rotifer
1.1
0.0
Heteropogon contortus
1.1
0.0
Sporobolus fimbriatus
1.1
2.0
Fingerhuthia Africana
0.9
0.0
Melica decumbens
0.9
0.0
Setaria sphacelata
0.9
0.0
Urochloa panicoides
0.9
0.0
Aristida adsensionis
0.0
2.2
Aristida diffusa burkei
0.0
0.6
Atriplex semibaccata
0.0
3.28
Brachiaria eruciformis
0.0
1.6
Eragrostis obtuse
0.0
0.2
Panicum maximum
0.0
4.9
Tragus racemosus
0.0
1.0
Urochloa oligotricha
0.0
1.0
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
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Jordaan et al.
Habitat utilization and diet
most frequently throughout the year with a higher
To facilitate comparisons with previous vegetation during this study were grouped into broad habitat
depressed grassland area between the full water mark and the water surface of the Allemanskraal Dam was observations in the various habitat types recorded during this study were used to determine preference and or avoidance of the different habitat types within
frequently eaten grass was Enneapogon scoparius Aristida congesta and Enneapogon scoparius Themeda triandra Eragrostis curvula Aristida congesta and Hemarthria altissima grass species that contributed more than 5% to the Themeda triandra Eragrostis curvula Chloris virgata Panicum maximum were the only other grass species that contributed
(Tree and Shrubveld, Savannah, Thornveld and
during the wet season but during the dry season were Panicum maximum, Aristida adscensionis, Brachiaria eruciformis, Urochloa oligotricha, Tragus racemosus, Aristida diffusa and Eragrostis obtusa
expected utilization of each habitat type (based on their
Discussion
usage of habitat types by the white rhinos during both
habitat utilization by white rhinos in the Free State plant communities and their respective sub communities study area is heterogeneous and consists of a variety
expected but used the Thornveld (sub community habitat types more than expected during both the wet
study, this may be due to the abundance of water
was used more than expected during the wet season,
dam and therefore rhinos do not have to travel longer which could explain why differences in seasonal home
study area representing 134 genera and 51 families were observed and 33 plant species were recorded to
The preference of some habitat types over others indicates that certain habitat types provide preferred
species, 1 shrub species (Asparagus Atriplex semibaccata,
types were preferred habitats during both the wet and dry season, whereas the River habitat was preferred habitat types are associated with some extent of tree cover which would be important in protecting the rhinos from the heat during the hot summer days and
rhinos varied between the wet and dry season Cynodon
68
Thornveld had 65%-80% grass layer cover and is
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
Habitat utilization of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) on Willem Pretorius Game Reserve, Free State Province, South Africa
dominated by Enneapogon scoparius which is also within the top three grass species that contribute to the The Tree and Shrubveld had a tree density of 2,450 trees per hectare, with the woody species covering between 45% and 70% of the area compared to the having such a low grass cover, during the dry season 39% of rhino observations were in the thickets of steep species such as Enneapogon scoparius, Panicum coloratum, Eragrostis curvula and Panicum maximum occur within this habitat, and during the dry season were protected from frost due to them growing under River habitat ranged between 70% and 100%, with the The River habitat is characterized by Cynodon grass species, which contributed the most to the rhino’s diet Despite having suitable grass species present, the to lack of tree or shrub cover, which protects the rhinos from the heat during the wet season and the cold
Themeda grasslands during the wet season and neglected Cynodon grasslands during the dry seasons but utilized other grassland areas and prefer habitats that have some form of cover which is in contrast to what was found for white rhinos Cynodon species contributed the most to the rhino’s diet in both the wet and dry season during Cynodon highly nutritious species which form nutritious grazing lawns that are ‘maintained’ by the rhinos Cynodon Aristida congesta, Enneapogon scoparius, Themeda triandra, Eragrostis curvula, Hemarthria altissima and Themeda triandra during the wet season and Aristida congesta, Enneapogon scoparius, Eragrostis curvula, Chloris virgate, Panicum maximum and Themeda triandra Panicum maximum Themeda triandra was used more frequently than in
areas had a grass cover of more than 97% and a woody this study was observed to contribute more or less and 85% and a woody layer of less than 3%-35% of Cymbopogon Aristida Tragus berteronanus however; Aristida congesta contributed 13% to the diet of white rhinos during the dry season indicating season they foraged in the short grasslands which were dominated by Digitaria argyrograpta, Panicum. coloratum, Urochloa mosambicensis and Sporobolus nitens in the woodland grassland areas that were dominated by Panicum maximum but towards the end of the dry
quality grass species being available and therefore the rhinos may be forced to eat poor quality food to meet Cymbopogon pospichili and Tragus berteronanus were however utilised very
short and Cynodon type grasslands during both the wet and dry season but neglected the Themeda and Bothriochloa grassland types (Shrader and Perrin,
Previous ecological studies of white rhinos have generally occurred in savannah areas that are characterized by hot, wet summers and mild, dry winters whereas the grassland areas in which this
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
rhinos are predominantly short grass feeders (Player
69
Jordaan et al.
study was conducted are characterized by hot, wet study suggest that differences in habitat resources
Primary grassland communities of urban open spaces South African Journal of Botany
season, adequate, although less nutritious grass species
package for input, processing and presentation
form of trees and or shrubs, and unlike white rhinos its extremely cold winters and poor quality food, the Free-State is a potentially harsh environment for white rhinos however, provided the habitats are suitable with
use of white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum simum white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum
protection from extreme cold and heat in the form of woody species, white rhinos can be successfully kept
Department of Environmental Sciences, University
Acknowledgements Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental
The complete book of southern African mammals. Struik Publishers, Cape American Midland Naturalist of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland
References Aims and methods of vegetation ecology Journal of Wildlife Management Koedoe characteristics and management of black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis minor and white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum simum Biological Conservation First Atlas of Bird distribution in the Orange Free-State
70
Megaherbivores: The influence of very large body size on ecology. and feeding behaviour of the buffalo and the white South African Journal of Wildlife Research Game Ranch Management
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
Habitat utilization of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) on Willem Pretorius Game Reserve, Free State Province, South Africa
Landscape preference of the white rhinoceros in the Koedoe Journal of Zoology, London. the square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum simum The Lammergeier Journal of the southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum Pachyderm Journal of Wildlife Management Bioscience
on the seasonal utilization of broad grassland types African Zoology a mega-grazer copes with the dry season: food and Functional Ecology 13:451South African Journal of Wildlife Research
Ranging patterns in white rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum simum Animal Behaviour
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
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African Elephant Population Estimates Continental Overview 600,000
554,973
473,386
400,000 200,000
38,980
63,894
0 Estimates from Surveys
2006
Informed Guesses
2013
Sub-RegionalOverview 350,000
1,588
8,270
300,000 250,000 200,000
6,671 320,904
150,000 51,394
100,000
301,052
4,026
30,063 166,528
50,000
102,303 59,319 59,587
658
204
8,222
10,444
0 2006 2013 2006 2013 2006 2013 2006 2013 Central
Eastern
Estimates from Surveys
Southern
West
Informed Guesses
Plate 1. i
i
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
Plate 2. (above).Updated continental African African rhino poachrhino poaching statistics. Source of data: AfRSG and also TRAFFIC and CITES Rhino Working Group, see AfRSG Chair report by Mike Knight; pp. 10–39
Plate 3. See Plate 3. (right). See Describing the birth Felix Patton, of a wild white the rhino Describing birth a wildRhino white rhino calf atofZiwa calf at Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary, Uganda. Sanctuary, Uganda. New-born Waribe with mother; pp. 114–116
2
2
ii
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
ii
individuals into herds of African into Plate4.4. (above left).See FE Zachos and K Evans, Integration of injured Plate Integration of injured individuals elephants (Loxodonta africana) – field observations from Kenya and Botswana; pp. 112–113 Three-legged herds African elephants adultof female African elephant inLoxodonta the Aberdareafricana Mountains, Kenya, entering the clearing after the other females and calves (left) and leaving the clearing together with them. (aboveright). left).See Zachos and Khandicap Evans, Integration Plate 5. 4. (above The FE female elephant’s in close-up.of injured individuals into herds of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) – field observations from Kenya andatBotswana; Three-legged Plate 6.(below).The bull was in the foreground, its back can be seen the bottompp. of 112–113 the left photograph.© adult female2013 African elephant in the Aberdare Mountains, Kenya, entering the clearing after the other females FE Zachos. Plate and 5. calves (left) and leaving the clearing together with them. Plate Plate6.5. (above right). The female elephant’s handicap in close-up. Plate 6.(below).The bull was in the foreground, its back can be seen at the bottom of the left photograph.© FE Zachos. 2013
3 iii
3
iii
3
3
iii
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
Plate 7. Plate 7. (above).This Repelling elephants see gas Sébastien Le with a chilipage pepper Be Repelling elephants with a chili and practical usegas in dispenser: pepper field tests and practical use in Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe 2009 to 2013 from 2009 to 2013;The chilli pepper gas dispenser being demonstrated in Niassa, Mozambique.
4
4
Plate 8. (below). Design of an interactive boundary: (i) a traditional fence filled with brushwood Plate 8. reed, bamboo woven mats or thorn bush (e.g. Commiphora Africana): (ii) a second row of light upright poles 2 metres tall outside the main fence carrying on the top a single wire or rope with upright poles 2 metres tall empty tins containing pebbles acting as an warning system; carrying onearly the top a single (iii) a chilli pepper gas dispenser providing disciplinary action for individuals that persist in breaking through, (iv) an alternative ambush version covering breaks in the fence tripping the culprit as it goes through, further boundary tripping theenforcing culprit asthe it goes and (v) olfactive through, further enforcing reminders with the application of chilli pepper extract on or cloth. application twine of chilli pepper pp. 87–96
iv
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
iv
Plate 9. See TO Amusa et al., Movement patterns and resource needs of Kamuku elephants along migration routes Plate 9. in Nigeria by Human Elephant Conflict. Map illustrating elephant migratory pattern in Kamuku National Park; pp. 105–111
5 v v
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
5
Plate 10. (above). This page see M Haryono et al., Monitoring of Javan Rhino Population in Ujung Kulon
Plate 10. National Park, Correlation map showingspace use (number/location) of rhino and predators, taken from
Plate 10.clips (above). This pageNP, see2013 M Haryono et al., Monitoring of Javan Rhino Population in Ujung Kulon camera in Ujung Kulon National Correlation use (number/location) of hutan); rhino and predators, taken from Key: red Park, - leopard (Macon map tutul);showingspace yellow - dhole/Asiatic wild dog (Anjing blue - rhino (BadakJawa) camera clips in Ujung Kulon NP, 2013 pp. 82–86 Key: red - leopard (Macon tutul); yellow - dhole/Asiatic wild dog (Anjing hutan); blue - rhino (BadakJawa) Plate 11. (below). Space use of rhino and competitors, taken in Ujung Kulon NP, 2013Key: dark green pp. 82–86 Plate 11. wild cattle (Banteng); light green-barking deer (kijang); light orange - wild boar (Babihutan); red - rhino Plate 11. (below). Space use of rhino and competitors, taken in Ujung Kulon NP, 2013Key: dark green (BadakJawa). wild cattle (Banteng); light green-barking deer (kijang); light orange - wild boar (Babihutan); red - rhino (BadakJawa).
6
6 6
vi
vi Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
6 vi
Plate 12. Plate 12.(above). See Felix Patton, Black rhino population dynamics and the hidden cost of of poaching poaching; Solio Game Reserve, © Felix Patton 2014; pp.102–104
Plate 13.13. (below).See Tracey Bridges tribute to Theresa Warth who died in June 2015; p. 128 Plate
7 vii
vii
7
Pachyderm No. 56 July 2014–June 2015
Plate 14.This page (above). Ian Player Plate 14.This page (above). who died in November 2014, Ian herePlayer with who died hereHitchins with Plate 14. in November Bob Murray; see tribute2014, by Peter Bob Murray; see tribute and Clive Walker; p. 127by Peter Hitchins and Clive Walker; p. 127 Plate 14.This page (above). Ian Player Plate L-R Ian Player, Ken Tinley, who 15. died(left). in November 2014, here with Plate (left).see L-R Ian Player, KenHitchins Tinley, Norman Deane andtribute Barry Clements. Bob 15. Murray; by Peter Norman Deane and p. Barry Plate and 15. Clive Walker; 127 Clements. Plate 16. (below). Receiving the Order of Plate 16. Receiving the Ken Order of the Golden Ark award from Prince Plate 15.(below). (left). L-R Ian Player, Tinley, Plate 16. the Golden Ark award from Prince Bernhard. Photographs courtesy of Peter Norman Deane and Barry Clements. Bernhard. Photographs courtesy of Peter Hitchins and Clive Walker Hitchins and Clive Walker Plate 16. (below). Receiving the Order of the Golden Ark award from Prince Bernhard. Photographs courtesy of Peter Hitchins and Clive Walker
viii viii viii No. 56 July 2014–June 2015 Pachyderm
viii
Les légendes des photos et des infographies Plaque 1. (i) Le calcul émanant des études présente Rapport sur la Situation de l’Eléphant d’Afrique de 2007 et les calculs les plus récents mis à jour en ligne sur www.elephantdatabase.org, respectivement. Les suppositions informées sont les totaux possibles à partir des suppositions informées. Le Rapport sur la situation de l’éléphant d’Afrique de 2007 comprenait des données provenant des études menées jusqu’au 31 décembre 2006 et d’autres sources de données relatives à 2006 ou avant et disponibles au moment de la publication. La mise à jour en ligne comprend des données provenant des études menées jusqu’au 31 décembre 2013 et d’autres sources de données relatives à 2013 ou avant et disponibles au moment de la publication. Voir le rapport de la Présidente du Groupe de Spécialistes de l’Eléphant d’Afrique par Holly Dublin T; pp. xx Plaque 2 (ii). Tableau. Statistiques continentales actualisées sur le braconnage de rhinocéros d’Afrique. Source des données: GSRAf, TRAFFIC et le Groupe de travail de la CITES sur le rhinocéros. pp. xx Plaque 3 (ii). (A droite). Voir Felix Patton, Décrivant la naissance d’un bébé rhinocéros blanc sauvage au nouveau-né Waribe avec sa mère; pp. xx Plaque 4 et K Evans, L’intégration des éléphants blessés dans des troupeaux d’éléphants d’Afrique (Loxodonta africana) - observations sur le terrain provenant du Kenya et du Botswana; Eléphant d’Afrique adulte femelle à trois pattes dans les montagnes Aberdare, au Kenya, entrant dans la clairière après les autres femelles et les éléphanteaux (à gauche) et quittant la clairière avec eux. Plaque 5 (iii). (Ci-dessus à droite). Le handicap de l’éléphant femelle en gros plan. Plaque 6. (iii). (Ci-dessous). Le mâle était au premier plan, on peut voir son dos en bas à gauche de la photo. Plaque 7 (iv). (Ci-dessus). Cette page voir Sébastien Le Bel, Repousser les éléphants avec un distributeur de gaz de piment: essais sur le terrain et utilisation de 2009 à 2013; Démonstration du distributeur de gaz de piment dans la province de Niassa, au Mozambique. pp. xx Plaque 8 (iv). (Ci-dessous). Conception d’une clôture interactive: (i) une clôture traditionnelle remplie de ix
broussailles de roseau, des nattes tissées en bambous ou brousse épineuse (par exemple Commiphora Africana): (ii) une deuxième rangée de poteaux verticaux légers de 2 mètres de haut à l’extérieur de une corde avec des boîtes vides contenant des cailloux qui agissent comme un système d’alerte précoce; (iii) un distributeur de gaz de piment qui fournit des mesures disciplinaires aux éléphants qui persistent à percer la clôture, (iv) une autre version d’embuscade couvrant les ruptures dans la clôture qui fait trébucher le coupable quand il y passe, renforçant davantage la clôture et (v) des rappels olfactifs avec l’application pp xx Plaque 9 (v). Voir TO Amusa et al., Les mouvements et les besoins en ressources des éléphants de Kamuku Homme-Eléphant. Carte illustrant le modèle migratoire des éléphants dans le Parc national Kamuku; pp. xx Plaque 10 (vi). (Ci-dessus). Cette page voir M Haryono et al., Suivi de la population des rhinocéros de Java dans le Parc national d’Ujung Kulon. Carte de corrélation montrant l’utilisation de l’espace (nombre/ lieu) des rhinocéros et des prédateurs, prise à partir des clips d‘appareils photo dans le Parc National d’Ujung Kulon, 2013 Clé: rouge - léopard (Macon tutul); jaune - dhole / chien sauvage d’Asie (Anjing hutan); bleu - rhinocéros (Badak Jawa) pp. xx Plaque 11 (vi). (Ci-dessous). Utilisation de l’espace des rhinocéros et de leurs concurrents, prise au Parc National d’Ujung Kulon en 2013 Clé: vert foncé - bovins sauvages (Banteng); vertclair- cerfs bramants (Kijang); orange clair - sanglier (Babi hutan); rouge - rhinocéros (Badak Jawa). pp. xx Plaque 12 (vi). (Ci-dessus). Voir Tracey Bridges rendant hommage à Theresa Warth décédée en juin 2015. pp. xx Plaque 13 (vi). (Ci-dessous). Voir Felix Patton, Dynamique des populations de rhinocéros et le coût caché du braconnage; Réserve de la Faune Sauvage de Solio, © Felix Patton 2014; pp.xx Plate 14.Cette page (vii). (Ci-dessus). Ian Player décédé en novembre 2014, ici avec Bob Murray; voir hommage par Peter Hitchins et Clive Walker; pp.xx Plaque 15 (à gauche). De gauche à droite Ian Player, Ken Tinley, Norman Deane et Barry Clements. Plaque 16 (ci-dessous). Recevant l’Ordre du prix Golden Ark du Prince Bernhard. Photographies grâce à Peter Hitchins et Clive Walker. pp. xx
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Muboko
The role of man, hand-raised black rhinos and elephants on woody vegetation, Matusadona National Park, Zimbabwe Never Muboko1,2 Department of Environmental Sciences, Bindura University of Science Education, PB 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Chinhoyi University of Technology, PB 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe email:
[email protected]
1 2
Abstract
A combination of direct and indirect observation methods were used to assess the damage caused by the three
be concluded that the three agents had different roles in transforming a once thick vegetation area into open Pachyderm programmes under similar circumstances, it is
Additional key words: boma, degradation, hand-raising site, poaching, woody plants
Résumé sur la végétation ligneuse autour du site de Tashinga réservé à l’élevage de rhinocéros nourris à la main au Parc noirs élevés à la main et l’homme et l’observation indirecte des animaux, adaptée aux éléphants et aussi à de la dégradation et l’impact sur la végétation ligneuse variaient parmi les hommes, les rhinocéros noirs nourris
Pachydermes élevés à la main dans des circonstances semblables, il est recommandé que le broutage rotationnel et un suivi de la végétation soient adoptés car les avantages l’emportent sur les inconvénients, surtout lors
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The role of man, hand-raised black rhinos and elephants on woody vegetation, Matusadona National Park, Zimbabwe
dégradation est souvent relativement petite, on pourrait inclure des mesures de reboisement en utilisant des Mots clés supplementaires: enclos, dégradation, site d’élevage à la main, braconnage, plantes ligneuses
Introduction
consensus among stakeholders on the current black
The construction of the Lake Kariba dam wall between
agree that the numbers have declined considerably The elephant (Loxodonta africana
area for non-hunting activities, then gazetted a game
aerial census estimated the population to be about potential ecological concern of around 700 and is above
Regardless of the establishment of protected areas, black rhino (Diceros bicornis By 1995 the African black rhino population had plunged to about 2,410 individuals from an estimated continental population of 100,000 in 1960 (Milliken
recently carried out in 2014 estimated a reduction of elephants in the Sebungwe region, which includes
to about 250 by 1993 from an estimated population
Before its suspension, the black rhino hand-raising and release programme was blamed by stakeholders
prompted the formulation of conservation strategies like the Zimbabwe Black Rhino Conservation Strategy
elephants on woody vegetation are well documented co-exist with other large herbivores, such as rhinos, situations is directly associated with rhino feeding, as rhino handlers cut preferred leafy tree branches
the black rhino in Zimbabwe from escalating poaching,
These strategies resulted in Zimbabwe currently holding approximately 700 rhinos, of which about fourth largest stronghold for the species after South
1994 and March 2002, eight hand-raised black rhino calves, one sub-adult and two adults were received
in Mashonaland East Province of Zimbabwe and one was received from Chewore Safari Area, a state an estimated 43 wild and released black rhinos resident
The translocation of rhino calves for hand-raising around 2002/3 following incidences of poaching, but protection and monitoring of the existing animals
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Table 1. Details of black rhinos that went through the Tashinga rhino hand-raising site (1994–2003). HRP: hand raising programme; Chewore safari area; Imire game ranch. Dates are shown as (dd/)mm/yy; *month of birth not known Source: Modified from Matipano (2004b)
Materials and methods alternating between being ‘hand fed’ and herded like domestic livestock every day within a 2–3 km radius from a focal point at the boma Tashinga camp, reaching a maximum range of 4 km aspects of black rhinos are well documented (Artkinson by a combination of rhino, elephant and man on woody and diversity and woody vegetation degradation by man, elephant and rhino (collectively referred to as
Study area
landscapes: the wet, dystrophic, rugged highland section with altitudes ranging from 600 to 1,200 m, where Brachystegia–Julbernadia woodlands dominate dominated by Colophospermum mopane mixed with Combretum Terminalia
establish the relationship between woody vegetation
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The role of man, hand-raised black rhinos and elephants on woody vegetation, Matusadona National Park, Zimbabwe
Experimental design and data collection The vegetation assessment design located a focal point at the boma, selected purposively as a reference running in different directions, about and the area was divided into two concentric segments (Segments 1 and transect, six 25 × 20 m quadrats (3 using systematic sampling, at 300 m did not strictly follow the BraunBlanquet method due to homogeneity further quadrats of the same size were established in another segment from the focal point and with similar to compare vegetation damage in the absence of heavy utilization by the
Figure 1. Matusadona National Park, indicating study site (Tashinga). Source: Modified from Matipano (2004b)
The study was carried out between April and May 2004 soon after the after the black rhino hand-raising impact of hand-raised black rhino means of direct observation of animal– animal would be followed each day on its feeding trail, where targeted tree/shrub species and the girth of individual plants were recorded followed methods described by of
Figure 2. (a) Plant damage categories and (b) Arrangement of transects and quadrats where woody vegetation damage variables were assessed
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For elephants, an indirect observation method was adopted; this involved tracking an animal’s feeding trail and recording its feeding patterns
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No.
Plant species
1 Adansonia digitata 2 Baphia massaensis 3 Bauhinia petersiana 4 Boscia angustifolia 5 Canhtium randii 6 Canthium huillense 7 Cassia abbreviate 8 Colophospermum mopane 9 Combretum apiculatum 10 Combretum collinum 11 Combretum eleagnoides 12 Combretum zeyheri 13 Commifora africana 14 Commiphora mossambicensis 15 Dichrostachys cinerea 16 Diospyros quiloensis 17 Elephantorrhiza goetzei 18 Erythroxylum zambesiacum 19 Friesodielsia obovata 20 Gardenia resinifera 21 Grewia bicolour 22 Grewia flavescens 23 Grewia monticola 24 Holarrhena pubescens 25 Karomia tettensis 26 Kirkia acuminate 27 Lannea stuhlmannii 28 Lonchocarpus capassa 29 Margaritaria discoidea 30 Ormocarpum kirkii 31 Pteleopsis myrtifolia 32 Pterocarpus rotundifolius 33 Schrebera alata 34 Sclerocarya caffra 35 Strychnos madagascariensis 36 Terminalia mollis 37 Terminalia prunioides 38 Terminalia sericea 39 Terminalia stuhlmannii 40 Vanguelia infausta 41 Xemenia caffra 42 Xerodoris stuhlmanii Total plants/ha Total no. of recorded species
Segment 1 (9 quadrats)
Segment 2 (9 quadrats)
Segment 3 (4 quadrats)
0 2 0 2 0 0 0 193 44 36 231 18 0 2 20 120 2 0 0 0 7 0 4 0 549 2 2 0 0 7 31 0 0 2 40 16 0 0 2 16 0 13 1361 26
2 36 4 0 0 9 4 29 127 173 273 111 4 0 16 240 11 11 9 0 2 2 2 0 1251 0 0 4 2 0 153 0 9 0 96 38 0 22 0 40 0 11 2691 29
0 10 0 5 20 0 10 60 425 165 115 130 0 0 0 665 0 35 0 10 0 0 0 5 970 0 0 0 0 0 60 10 20 0 135 5 5 0 0 35 5 10 3030 24
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The role of man, hand-raised black rhinos and elephants on woody vegetation, Matusadona National Park, Zimbabwe
hours after the animal had gone (Kotze and Zacharias
For man direct observation focused on freshly cut branches either by a hand-held axe or machete, while cut surface due to the action of environmental agents
Results and discussion Density, diversity and impact of man, elephant and rhino on woody vegetation In 2004, Segments 1, 2 and 3 contained totals of 1,361, 2,691 and 3,030 woody vegetation plants/
composition variables calculated were density and
vegetation species recorded in the study area,
referred to signs of visible breakage on the trunk or branches caused by plant utilization or browsing (Ssali
Shannon’s Diversity index, species diversity between
growth or development of the woody plant or plant
(P
damage recorded included; breaking of main trunk, breaking of branches, pushing over of trunks, scarring, uprooting of woody plants and cutting of shoots or
H 0–5, where 0 indicates that the number of species in the sample are similar and a value near 5 indicates high
4
in a total of 10 classes of damage
Data analysis each quadrat were converted used to determine the differences in species composition in the study site used to test for differences between vegetation damage by elephants and r was used to measure the linear correlation between plant damage by each agent and distance from
Principal Component 2 (18.9%)
3 q19 q20 q22 q21 q17 q15 q16 q18 q2 q5 q3 q14 q1 q4 q6
2
1
0
q13 -1
q7 q8
q11q12
q9 -2
q10
-3
-4 -8
-6
between recorded woody vegetation damage categories in the 22 sample quadrats, and principal component
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
Principal Component 1 (67.1%)
Figure 3. Principal component analysis biplot of 22 sample quadrats based on woody vegetation damage variables drawn from all quadrats across the three study segments. Notes: Box indicates quadrats with similar characteristics.
to which sample quadrats across the segments were 77
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difference in woody vegetation composition between 2004 and 2012 could indicate that the suspended black rhino hand-raising programme had little impact on
class of damage occurred in the 5 cm to 25 cm girth recorded tree pushed over by rhinos had a girth of 46
In 2004, the impact on woody vegetation by elephants and hand-raised black rhinos varied across
trunk pushing-over and tree girth, as trunk pushingover displayed a decreasing trend with increasing tree of girth 200 cm girth rarely had their trunks broken or humans, observation revealed that branches were cut
Trees with broken trunks ranged between 3 cm
but no observations of woody plant trunk pushing over
Table 3. Summary of recorded woody vegetation damage by category across the three segments using the eight classes of damage in 2004. Data are expressed as percentage damaged of the total number of woody plants (n) recorded per segment. For branches, the percentage damaged of the total number of branches stemming from the main trunk (in brackets) is shown. The results of Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA by ranks of the 22 sample quadrats (H and P values) are also given. H-values indicate the ranking of the means of recorded woody vegetation damage by category across the sample segments, P-values indicate the relationship of recorded woody vegetation damage categories across all segments; all values are significant with the exception of the P-value in bold, which indicates no significant difference for the ‘plant scarred on main trunk’ damage category across all segments. Woody plants with the damage classes of >50% branches broken/cut and >50% branches dead were not observed
Damage class Plants with no damage Shoot/twigs cut < 50 % branches dead Scarred on main trunk < 50 % branches broken/cut Main trunk pushed-over but not broken Main trunk pushed over and broken Uprooted and dead
Segment 1 (n = 633) 5.9 42.2 37.5 (2532) 10.1 72.2 (2532)
Segment 2 Segment 3 (n = 1213) (n = 610) 7.0 6.2 56.7 57.4 86.5 51.4 (4852) (2440) 3.9 2.1 94.2 89.0 (4852) (2440)
Hvalue 10.5 13.8 18.0
Pvalue 0.005 0.001 0.000
6.6 16.9
0.036 0.000
15.2
26.4
2.1
17.4
0.000
68.9
61.9
54.6
11.0
0.001
8.1
14.0
2.6
13.3
0.001
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The role of man, hand-raised black rhinos and elephants on woody vegetation, Matusadona National Park, Zimbabwe
The observed damage patterns (trunk breaking, branch breaking, plant uprooting and plant pushing
and dead plants, trunks pushed over but not broken to an area with woody plants with more main trunks broken, 20 >10
Martin and Vigne, 2011 Dentex, pers. comm. 2014 Moyle and Conrad, pers. comm. ‘tSas-Rolfes et al. 2014 Dentex, pers. comm. 2014
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Stiles
Biological Conservation Making a killing: a 2011 survey of ivory markets in China. Ivory Markets in the USA of the largest retail centers for illegal ivory surveyed TRAFFIC Bulletin Pachyderm The Elephant and Ivory Trade in Thailand.
California, USA Analysis of Ivory Demand Drivers.
complex policy issue of elephant ivory stockpile Pachyderm
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Obituaries
OBITUARIES
IAN PLAYER 1927–2014 Champion of white rhinos passes away at 87 Tribute by Peter Hitchins and Clive Walker *corresponding author’s email:
[email protected] Ian Player began his conservation career as a accomplishments were many and included leading a team of dedicated rangers who were responsible for capturing and translocating the white rhinoceros from
the team of rangers under his control was to protect the existing population of rhinos, which at that time were staff realized that the species had reached its carrying capacity in Umfolozi, they petitioned the Parks Board In Operation Rhino, which ran from 1961 to 1972
these trips, Ian gave lectures, promoted conservation
2,000 of the world’s leading scientists, politicians, and others shared the platform to focus attention on conservation needs, protection of wilderness areas, wrote a number of books, among them Men, Rivers and Canoes 1964, The White Rhino Saga 1972 and Zululand Wilderness organisations around the world for his commitment to conservation and environmental education, and served Ian Player’s work had a huge impact on conservation acknowledged that his many accomplishments were only made possible by the commitment and selfwish to pay tribute to all who at this time are engaged
sold and delivered 1,109 white rhino to other protected areas across Africa and zoological gardens around the Ian introduced wilderness trails to the game reserves of Zululand and in 1957 founded the education programme to develop leaders and preserve
School that Ian founded, after attending a trail in
adults from all ethnic communities and many nations
trained many young game scouts who became famous
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Obituaries
Theresa Warth – The passing of the “Elephant Lady” of Zimbabwe Tracey Bridges email:
[email protected]
It became her life work to protect what she loved, and educate people as to why it was important to care for Theresa’s legacy alive and turn the future she saw and
Chiredzi River Conservancy in the south-east of the
Theresa was well known and respected for her became someone that people across the country turned dedication and incredible connection with elephants set her apart, and she devoted her life to rescuing and the years included 12 babies orphaned by the severe drought that swept through the Zimbabwean low veld in the early 1990’s; Marula and Lewa, rescued by Clem Coetsee in 1993; Mungwezi and Chitora who were The wild herd of elephants in the area were a rescued from the drought were released into the Chiredzi River Conservancy area in 1992; through migration and breeding the population had grown to One of the guests at Theresa’s Memorial at Mteri Dam had this to say, in summing up her life dedicated to wildlife: “It was such a privilege to witness her incredible relationship with the rehabilitated elephants and to Unfortunately, Zimbabwe’s complicated and turbulant political situation took its toll on wildlife in the area, as well as placing Theresa personally under wayside, Theresa formed a team of game scouts and funded their anti-poaching operations, which continued
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Guidelines for Contributors
Guidelines for Contributors Obituaries
GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS
Aim and scope Pachyderm publishes papers and notes concerning all aspects of the African elephant, the African rhino and the Asian rhino with a focus on the conservation
Papers may be reports of original biology research or they may focus more on the socio-economic aspects
information concerning the activities of the African Elephant, the African Rhino, and the Asian Rhino
Field notes
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Guidelines for Contributors
of the corresponding author, to whom proofs and
Examples are drawn from previous issues of Pachyderm:
Article in a journal or periodical
Journal conventions Nomenclature Use common names of animals and plants, giving
Man determines the distribution of elephants in African Journal of Ecology
Book Mammals of the southern
Spelling Use British spelling, following the latest edition of the Concise Oxford dictionary or the Oxford English Dictionary, using ‘z’ instead of ‘s’ in words like ‘recognize’, ‘organization’, ‘immobilized’; but
Numbers
African sub-region. Pretoria Conservation research in the African rain forests: a technical handbook
Chapter in a book
Studying elephants.
Use the International System of Units for measurement
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Spell out numbers under 10 if not a unit of measurement unless the number is part of a series containing numbers 10 or over, for example: 14 adult males,
Population Biology, University of Edinburgh,
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References
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Fencing and other barriers against problem
cited, separate them by a semicolon, listing them in
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ISSN 1026 2881
