Pest and Disease Management 180. Part II. ... Remove any waste, weed, mushroom debris, and water containers inside or outside mushroom houses that attract.
Part II. Oyster Mushrooms Mushroom Growers’ Handbook
Chapter 8. Pest and Disease Management 180
Oyster Mushroom Cultivation Part II. Oyster Mushrooms Chapter 8 Pest and Disease Management
PESTS Oyster mushroom cultivation beds provide very good conditions for pests, plenty of food, warm temperatures, and high humidity. Five kinds of flies and two types of mites are reported as the major pests for oyster mushrooms.
Sciarids (Lycoriella mali) Sciarids are the most important pests of oyster mushroom. Adults are about 2mm with long thread-like antennae (Fig. 1). Larvae are 6-12mm long with a distinct black head capsule (Fig. 2). Larvae feed on mycelia, small pinheads, and large mushrooms. Such feeding results in cuts in the mycelium, less primodium formation, and cavities in the stipes and caps of large mushrooms. Adults spread diseases and mites. Female adults lay 100-130 eggs at a time on cultivation beds and the eggs hatch after 4-5 days at 20℃. Growth and development of the fly is delayed or poor when temperatures are lower than 15℃ or above 30℃.
Figure 1. Female adult sciarid and eggs
Figure 2. Lava of sciarid
Scaptosids (Coboldia fuscipes) This fly occurs mainly during summer crop cultivation. Larvae feed on the mycelium, causing rotting of substrate which results in yield loss. Both adults and larvae are known to transfer mites and diseases. Larvae grow and develop fast at above 25℃, but it takes much longer for their growth and development when the temperature is below 20℃. This indicates that their growth is favored by high temperature during summer cultivation. Copyright 2004 by MushWorld All rights reserved.
Part II. Oyster Mushrooms
Figure 3. Male adult Coboldia fuscipes
Chapter 8. Pest and Disease Management 181
Figure 4. Larva of Coboldia fuscipes
Cecids (Mycophila sp.) Adults are very small, less than 1 mm, which makes them difficult to see inside the growing room (Fig. 5). Larvae are 1-3mm in length suck the nutrients from hyphae and also attack mushroom stipes and caps. Larvae populations can increase rapidly within a short time because they can reproduce by paedogenesis during which each larva releases 14-20 daughter larvae every 6 days. Mushroom bags or beds become orange in color if huge numbers of orange colored larvae occur. Larvae are well known to transfer various bacteria that cause the breakdown of mushrooms.
Figure 5. Adult cecid mushrooms
Figure 6. Larva of cecid
Figure 7. Cecid larvae on
Phorids (Megaselia tamiladuensis) Adults are 2-4mm and move quickly by hopping on the substrate. Larvae are 4-6mm long with a white and transparent body and they do not have a distinct black head. Larvae feed on mycelia and make cavities in mushroom fruiting bodies. Phorids usually occur during summer cultivation, but they normally cause less damage than other flies.
Figure 8. Adult phorid
Copyright 2004 by MushWorld All rights reserved.
Part II. Oyster Mushrooms
Chapter 8. Pest and Disease Management 182
Mites Mites belong to the class Arachnida, not Insecta. Tarsonemus sp. and Histiostoma sp. are major mushroom damaging mites. They are small and invisible to the naked eye. Mites feed on mycelia and fruiting bodies, causing yield loss and a decrease in mushroom quality. Mites carry pathogens and nematodes, sometimes causing itchy rashes among growers. Figure 9. Mite
Mycetophil (Mycetophila sp.) Adults are big and yellowish (Fig. 10). Larvae are 15-20mm long and grayish brown and construct cocoons with threads on the substrates or mushrooms. Young fruiting bodies become brown and stop growing. Larvae also cause large cavities in the stipes (Fig. 11).
Figure 10. Adult mycetophil
Figure 11. Infection with mycetophil larvae
Control Measures - Sanitation and hygiene is the most important control method of pests. Keep the “Basic Practices for Disease and Pest management” - Clean and disinfect mushroom houses thoroughly before cultivation. - Remove any waste, weed, mushroom debris, and water containers inside or outside mushroom houses that attract flies or on which flies can live. - Exclude flies with a mesh with apertures not greater than 0.5-0.6mm on air inlets. Keep doors closed insofar as possible, particularly during spawning and mycelium growth phase. - Maintaining a low fly population during spawn run is of major importance as early flies give rise to the initial infestation which culminates in the high populations that appear later in the cropping cycle. - Pasteurize substrates thoroughly. This is very important, especially for mite control. - Burning mosquito coils is known as a very effective control method of adult flies inside mushroom houses.
year is divided into two main seasons the hot and wet summer stretching ... distributed more or less evenly throughout the year and enjoy temperatures.
Though this is important for obtaining high yields, it is a very tricky and labor-intensive ... After 24 hours, move the substrate to a shelf, tray, or bags for spawning.
Prepare spawn using virus-free strain. Do not use any culture containing the viral particles. - Clean and disinfect thoroughly the growing house in which any viral ...
This results in a lot of sawdust waste that may cause serious environmental ... 1), because these pieces absorb water poorly and easily pierce ... treatments.
Growing Your Own Mushrooms : Cultivation, Cooking and Preserving by Jo. Mueller published by Storey Books. - International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms.
and technologies while offering a high and quick return on their money, ... Mushroom growing houses can be classified into two types: those built for ... resources are used as fuel for the boiler to steam the growing room with compost inside.
details and check the sequence of shiitake photos. Spawn run (mycelial growth ... The time of bump formation varies with strain, substrate and temperature. Bumps usually form 10 ..... Berkeley, CA : Ten Speed Press. - YU, C.B. 1998. Bi Yang ...
water, providing thermal isolation, serving as a line of defense against pathogens. ... straws, corn husks, used tea leaves and cotton wastes (2-5% proteins, 0.4-2.2% lipids and 32-37% ..... Treatment of Lignocellulosics with White Rot Fungi.
with a shading net. Light. Unlike mycelia, which do not require light, primordia are formed under light. Mushroom formation and growth stages require 80-210 lux ...
Favored are the small particle-sized growth media types such as sawdust, spent grains and grain hulls. In addition, the initial set-up cost of the system may be ...
Oyster mushroom growing requires several essential steps including pasteurization or sterilization. Pasteurization or sterilization is often the most expensive ...
A case study : The Chakowa Orphanage Group. Canford K. Chiroro. University ... Mushroom cultivation could possibly offer the solution for poverty alleviation in ...
it has a sclerotia stage in its lifecycle that is resistant to extreme environmental conditions found in some ..... World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 16:431-435. ... http://digital.library.okstate.edu/oas/oas_pdf/v71/p1_3.pdf. - Okhuoya
Management team of this project performed research to find the most suitable substrate materials, .... They are now in an advanced stage in the construction of a mushroom center with .... Their theory is that they need to educate farmers and let.
... material such as wheat straw, paddy straw, bagasse, chicken manure, gypsum, tea waste, de-oiled cakes .... 4), while paddy straw is treated in boiled water.
substances could theoretically supply a source for other nutritional ... is usually burned or left in the fields, either of practices that pose an environmental pollution problem. ... basidiomycetes, are considered as the primary agents in ... rise t
The total nitrogen content indicates that bagasse is not poor in nitrogen. ... millet grains, which will be ... The whole cluster should be harvested at one time.
substrate is to be sterilized or pasteurized, cotton waste is suitable because it emits extra heat by itself. However, cottonseed hull cannot absorb water thoroughly and it is difficult to remove extra ... Treatment of cottonseed hull. Pre-wetting.
of October, when the whole country is extremely hot excepting the eastern highlands. .... substrates used for the spawn were wheat (Triticum sp.) and sorghum ...
Net sales per month. PHP10,500 (USD210). (total production à price per kg). (350kgÃPHP30). 3. Pay back of loan (for 4 months). Collection per month to pay ...
Deeper color of groundnut shell after soaking. The substrate starts heating up and turns a deeper color after soaking (Fig. 5). Growers should observe the pile.
agricultural wastes including primarily maize and groundnut stover. ... shells are placed on a plastic sheet and water is poured over them with a hose while they are being ... After heat treatment, the substrate should retain 70% of its moisture.
