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[Begin Page: Page 22]
New Taxa of Murdannia (Commelinaceae) from Sri Lanka
Robert B. Faden Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C. 20560-0166, U.S.A.
ABSTRACT. Three new species and three infraspe- nials with repent shoots from the lower nodes, and
cific taxa of Murdannia are described from Sri Lan- stipitate, fusiform tubers from the base. Leaves
ka. Murdannia dimorphoides Faden, with subsp. di- strongly decrescent distally on the flowering shoot,
morphoides and subsp. perennis Faden, and sheaths 0.3—1 cm long, ciliate at the apex, lamina
Murdannia audreyae Faden are endemic to Sri linear to lanceolate-oblong, 1.5-8(— 11.5) cm long,
Lanka. Murdannia striatipetala Faden also occurs 0.25—0.65 cm wide, apex acute to acuminate, base
in southern India. The new variety, Murdannia spir- rounded to amplexicaul, both surfaces glabrous to
ata var. parviflora Faden, is recognized as indige- sparsely pilose, margins often ciliate at the base,
nous in Sri Lanka and naturalized in the southern scabrous apically. Inflorescences terminal (and of-
United States (Florida). Murdannia vaginata var. ten axillary in the upper leaves), usually umbelli-
glabrisepala Faden is described from Sri Lanka, form, obovoid to ovoid, 1-4 cm long, 1-5 cm wide,
but whether it occurs elsewhere is not firmly estab- glabrous, composed of (l-)2-4, ascending, opposite
lished. or whorled cincinni; peduncles 1.2-3(— 4.7) cm
Key words: Commelinaceae, Murdannia, Sri long, glabrous; cincinni to 4.5 cm long and 12-
Lanka. flowered; bracteoles spaced 1— 4(— 5) mm apart, amplexicaul, not perfoliate. Flowers bisexual or male,
With about 50 species, Murdannia Royle is one (6.5— )8.5— 14.5 mm wide; pedicels erect in fruit,
of the largest genera of Commelinaceae. In the (2.5— )3— 7 mm long, glabrous; sepals lanceolate to
course of working on the family for the Revised lanceolate-oblong, lanceolate-elliptic, elliptic or
Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon (Faden, 2000) I ovate, 2.5-4.5(-5) X 1.2-2 mm; petals obovate-el-
recognized 3 new species, among the 14 species of liptic to obovate, elliptic, obovate-orbicular or
Murdannia in Sri Lanka, and several unnamed in- ovate-elliptic, (3.6-)4— 5.5 X (2.6-)3-4.6 mm, lilac
fraspecific taxa. Among the latter were 3 that were to lavender, the veins not conspicuously dark
well enough defined to be worthy of formal descrip- stamens 3, bending to one side of the flower, the
tion. The 3 new species, 1 new subspecies, and 2 style to the other in the bisexual flower, symmet-
new varieties are described below. rieally arranged in the male flower; filaments 2.1-
2.75 mm long, densely bearded below the middle Murdannia dimorphoides Faden, sp. nov. TYPE: with long, patent hairs, anthers elliptic to oblongSri Lanka. Anuradhapura: Wilpattu National elliptic, (0. 8-) 1.1— 1.35 X 0.5—0.75 mm, pollen Park, Waliella, 2 mi. [1.2 km] from park gate white; staminodes 3, filaments 1.3-2 mm long, on road to Maradanmaduwa, ca. 8°20'N, sparsely to densely bearded basally, antherodes 380°08'E, open sandy area with seepage, 7 Jan. lobed, 0.5-1.1 X 0.5-0.95 mm, medial lobe white, 1977, R. B. Faden & A. J. Faden 77/72 (ho- lateral lobes creamy yellow; ovary oblong-elliptic, lotype, US 2890395; isotypes, C, E, F, K, L, 1-1.3 X 0.5-0.65 mm, green, style 1.6-2.2 mm MO, P, PDA, US) Figure 1A-G.
Ad M. dimorpham (I)alzell) G. Bruckner forma seminum si m i 1 is; foliis angustioribus, cincinnis oppositis vel
long, lilac to violet basally, stigma capitate, white. Capsules oblong-ellipsoid, 3.5— 4.5(— 5) X 1.5-2
mm, brown, glabrous. Seeds uniseriate, 3 to 4 per
verticillatis et seminibus parvioribus hilo punctiformi vel locule, ovate to rectangular or trapezoidal in outoblongo differt. Herbae annuae vel perennes; inflorescen- line, (0.5— )0. 6—1. 2(— 1.45) X 0.6—0.9 mm, testa tiae (l-)2-4 cincinnis plurifloris oppositis vel verticillatis light brown to gray or orange-brown, lightly rugose
or striate, occasionally smooth, with a large mid-
compositae: flores dimorphi, petalis lilaeinis vel eaesiis
nervatura hand fusciore, filis omnibus barbatis, stamini- i • • i i • i i i
bus 3, polline albo, staminodiis 3, anthem sterili bieolori; ventral P rt Wlth a central, transverse ridge, hilum
capsulae 3.5-4.5(-5) x 1.5-2 mm, loculis 3-4 spermis; punctiform to oblong, on one side of the midventral
semina uniseriata, (0.5-)0.6-1.2(-1.45) X 0.6-0.9 mm, pit, embryotega semilateral or lateral.
pagina ventrali fovea grandi centrali.
Murdannia dimorphoides may be separated into
Tufted annuals with thin fibrous roots, or peren- two allopatric taxa,
No von 11: 22-30. 2001.
foil
ows:
[Begin Page: Page 23]
Volume 11, Number 1 2001
Faden Murdannia
23
1mm
1mm
OdHtffk
Murdannia dimorphoides Faden subsp. dimorphoides and Murdannia striatipetala Faden. A— G. Murdannia
— \\. Bisexual flower. — C. Stamen. — I). Staminode. —
A. Habit.
— E. Capsule. — H. Habit. — I. Bisexual flower. — J.
Figure 1.
dimorphoides subsp. dimorphoides.
F. Seed, dorsal view. — G. Seed, ventral view. H-M. Murdannia striatipetala.
Stamen. — K. Staminode. — L. Capsule. — M. Seed, dorsal view. — N. Seed, ventral view. A is from Faden & Faden
77/115 (US), B-G from Faden & Faden 77/72, H from Faden & Faden 77/227 (US), and I-N from Faden & Faden
77/202. Drawings by Cathy Pasquale.
[Begin Page: Page 24]
24
Novon
la. Annuals lacking root tubers and repent stems . . .
itate, fusiform tubers 1—1.5 cm long, 0.3-0.6 cm
M. dimorphoides subsp. dimorphoides • j i * i n r l
, r . ^ ' wide; longest leaves usually linear, pubescent.
lb. Perennials with root tubers and repent stems . . .
M. dimorphoides subsp. perennis
Distribution. Sri Lanka (endemic).
Habitat. Open areas in grassland, sometimes
Murdannia dimorphoides subsp. dimorphoides near seasonal pools, growing in sandy soil and
abandoned rice fields; alt. ca. 3—40 m; flowering Tufted, rarely unbranehed, annuals with erect to j anuar v February.
ascending or decumbent shoots, (7—) 15—30 cm tall; roots thin, fibrous; repent stems lacking; longest leaves usually linear-lanceolate, usually glabrous.
Distribution. Sri Lanka (endemic).
Habitat. Soil pockets in outcrops, seepage ar-
Paratypes. SRI LANKA. Batticaloa: Battkaloa-
Trineomalee road, mile posl 3/4, just after turnolf to Man-
resa Mission. Faden & Faden 77/277 (F, PDA, US). Bad-
ulla: ca. 12.8 km E of Mahiyangana, Koroma & Balakrishnan 13978 (NY, US). Poloiinaruwa: Dalukana.
eas on granitic hills, open sandy areas with seep- Faden & Faden 77/265 (F, PDA, US). age, edges of woods, roadside ditches, marshy plac-
es; 0—300 m (rarely above 100 m); flowering
The new species has been named Murdannia di-
December, January, flowers opening in the field morphoides because of its similarity to the Indian
1045-1200 hr, fading 1330-1430 hr or later.
Paratopes. SKI LANKA. Anuradhapura: Andaraw-
M. dimorpha (Dalzell) G. Bruckner. Both species have similarly pitted seeds. The Indian species (see
6 mi s u i v j 9 v j ' 77/ illustration in Wight (1853, fig. 2075, as "Aneilema
ewa on rultalam— Anuradhapura road, raden & raden 77/ D D
97 (F, PDA, US); Wilpattu National Park, 0.4 km SE of panieulata")) has broader leaves, strictly alternate Maradanmaduwa, Fosberg et al. 50734 (US). Jaffna: Am- cincinni, and larger, darker brown seeds that are
o™ e Ji F ^ n ^J°i en 77//4 . 4 i US) * F( \ den & / ( i ldi, '\ 77/ covered by raised, short ridges and warts, with a
linear hilum. Based on cultivated material of M. dimorpha (Saldanha 18790), the sepals are more
den 77/153 (I\ PDA, US); Nallur on Pooneryn-Paranthan deeply cup-shaped and broader (2.25-2.5 mm)
mad, km 16, Faden & Faden 77/218 (F, PDA, US): Pu- than those of M dimorphoides, and the antherodes liyampokkana on Paranthan-Mullailtivu road. Faden & . , n i • i i
Faden 77/231 (F, PDA, US): Punakari, Feb. 1890. s.lect. are entirel y cream y y ellow ' not b | colored :
In Sri Lanka Murdannia dimorphoides most
205 (F. PDA, US); Pooneryn— Jaffna road, just before fern
crossing, Faden & Faden 77/147 (F. PDA. US): 1.6 km
from Poonervn on Pooneryn-Paranthan road. Faden & Fa-
(PDA). Mannar: Medawachchiya- Mannar road, just hefore mile post 126/1. Faden & Faden 77/115 (K PDA, closely resembles M. striatipetala and some forms US); Nayorpalam, Faden & Faden 77/122 (F, PDA US). of M nmta (see below) It differs from both fa it§ Monaragelu: Kutaveharagala Hock, ca. 2 km h of Wei- f . , . . . . . . .
lawaya, Faden & Faden 76/606 (K PDA, US); mile post often whorled cincinni (rare in the other species),
24/3 on liuttala-Kataragama road, Faden & Faden 76/ bicolored antherodes, and especially by its seeds 612 (F, PDA. US); mile posl 32/1 on Kalaragama-Hutlala with a single, large, midventral pit divided by a road, Faden & Faden 76/635 (V PDA, US) Putialani: transverse ridge . It further differs from M< striati _
Lolomoo-I uttalam road, near mile post /2. Wambeek et i i • i i i • •
al. 2654 (US). Vavuniya: mile post 120/2 on Anuradhap- P etala l) y lts P etals la but ESE of Gunner's Quoin, 7°51'N, 81°09'30"E, U larks re P ent stems and ,ubers - T,le P lants
alt. ca. 30 m, sandy areas in grassland, 27 Jan.
definitely annual, so they are intermediate between
MO, P, PDA, US).
1977, R. B. Faden & A. J. Faden 77/268 (ho- the two wbspecies. The US sheet of Koyama & lotype, US 2890390; isotypes, C, E, F, K, L, Balakrishnan 13978 is similar to Faden & Faden
76/635. However, two plants on the NY sheet show
repent stems and a third has tubers, so it certainly
Herhae perennes a subspecie dimorplwide surculis re- belongs to subspecies perennis. It is noteworthy that
pentious et radieibus tuberosis fusiformibus ditfert.
Perennials with erect to ascending, sparsely
these two collections come from moister habitats
shy areas near small seasonal stream" and
r
branched flowering shoots 8-20 cm tall, producing "abandoned rice field," respectively) than the other repent shoots from the lower nodes, roots with stip- gatherings of subspecies perennis.
[Begin Page: Page 25]
Volume 11, Number 1 2001
Fad en Murdannia
25
Murdannia spirata
Murdannia spirata (L.) G. Bruckner, which ranges from India and Sri Lanka to Taiwan, the Phil-
ippines, and Java, is the most common, widespread, and variable species of Murdannia in Sri Lanka. In the field some forms appear distinct and seem to merit taxonomic recognition. One of them has characteristic seeds, and thus it can also be recognized in the herbarium. It is described below as M. striatipetala Faden. Among the plants retained in M.
to ovate, 1— 3(— 3.5) cm long, (0.3— )0.5— 1.1 cm wide, rarely some conduplicate or arcuate, glabrous (rarely sparsely pubescent along the midrib beneath); terminal inflorescence composed of 1-2 (rarely 3 in an umbel) cincinni; peduncles glabrous or, occasionally, with a longitudinal line of pubescence (rarely with scattered hairs); flowers 5-8 mm wide; petals with contrasting, dark veins; stamens not dimorphic; staminode filaments glabrous or bearded.
Distribution. Sri Lanka; naturalized in the United
spirata some variants are more clearly definable States (Florida)
than others, but they all seem to intergrade, at least Habitat. Under shrubs and trees, shaded road-
in dried specimens, and they do not have distinc- sides and di tc hes, open fields, and edge of rocky
live seeds. However, one of these variants is so eas- areas on f ores ted hills, 0-150 m; flowering Decem-
ily recognizable in the field that it is described be- her ^ J anuary (i n Sri Lanka), flowers opening in the
low as Murdannia spirata var. parviflora Faden. For the sake of completeness, the infraspecific
field 1010-1100 hr, fading 1200 hr.
Chromosome numbers: 2n = 40 (from Faden &
taxa of M. spirata recognized in Faden (2000), in- Faden 77/192, cytology voucher slides #85/146 & eluding two as yet unnamed, can be distinguished 85/147); 2n = ca. 40 (from Plowman 13266, cyby the following key. In the absence of a detailed to j ogy vouc h e r slide #85/056, all US).
study of M. spirata throughout its range, these distinctions may not hold outside of Sri Lanka.
la. All leaves 5 mm wide or less, some or all arcuate
The characteristic features of M. spirata var. parviflora are the presence of a definite base in the plants, and, especially, the small flowers that have
and conduplicate Murdannia spirata var. A dark-veined petals and lack stamen dimorphism
and enantiostyly, or mirror-image symmetry. This
lb. Some or all leaves broader than 5 mm, leaves
rarely arcuate or conduplicate.
2a. Peduncles uniformly pubescent; distal leaves with lamina pubescent on one or both surfaces, at least along the midrib below
variety is also much less aquatic than any of the others.
In Sri Lanka, I found this plant so distinctive,
Murdannia spirata var. B both morphologically and ecologically, that I
thought it might merit specific rank. However, herbarium specimens, in which the diagnostic floral characters were lacking, were not readily distinguishable from the other broad-leaved varieties of M. spirata.
It is noteworthy that M. spirata var. parviflora is tetraploid, whereas the only other count of M. spirata obtained from Sri Lankan plants (from Faden & Faden 76/631, Murdannia spirata var. B, cytology voucher slides #83/084 & 83/085, US) was diploid. In the literature M. spirata has been reported as diploid (Sharma & Sharma, 1958, as Aneilema Murdannia spirata (L.) G. Bruckner var. parvi- sp™tum) and tetraploid (Bhattacharya, 1975) in Inflora Faden, var. nov. TYPE: Sri Lanka. Jaff- dia ( see Rao et al " 1972 ' for summary) and tetrana: Mulamana, mile post 35/1 on Mannar-Jaff- P loid in Taiwan < Pen g> 1987 )' The Taiwanese plant
na road, 9°16'30"N, 80°08'20"E, alt. under 30 corresponds to M. spirata var. spirata in Sri Lanka,
21). Peduncles glabrous (rarely with a longitudinal line of very fine hairs); distal leaves with lamina usually glabrous (rarely pubescent beneath along the midrib). 3a. Plants with or without a definite base;
flowers (6.5— )8. 5— 13 mm wide; petals
uniformly colored
Murdannia spirata var. spirata
3b. Plants with a definite base, although
shoots sometimes decumbent: flowers
5—8 mm wide; petals with contrasting.
dark veins
Murdannia spirata var. parriflora
m, growing under shrubs, 11 Jan. 1977, R. B. Faden & A. J. Faden 77/133 (holotype, US 2891062; isotypes, F, K, PDA).
but I have not seen vouchers for any chromosome
count from India.
The naturalized plants of Murdannia spirata in Florida all probably belong to variety parviflora. Living plants grown from seed of Plowman 13266 (US) definitely matched the Sri Lankan plants. Petals with contrasting dark veins have been observed Ascending to decumbent annual herbs with a def- in Lakela 31640 (UNC, USF), but this character inite base; lamina lanceolate or lanceolate-elliptic could not be observed in any other collection. Al-
A varietate spirata floribus parvioribus petalis nervatura fusca differt.
[Begin Page: Page 26]
26
Novon
though it is likely that all collections from Florida liptic, (2— )2.5— 4 X 1.5-2 mm, glabrous; petals or-
belong to the same variety, there is no hard evi- bicular to ovate-orbicular, 3—5.5 X 3—5.3 mm, pale
dence to support this. The species was first col- lavender with dark, contrasting veins, margin cren-
lected in the United States in 1965. I have seen 13 ulate; stamens 3, bending to one side of the flower,
collections from 5 Florida counties: Charlotte, Col- the style to the other in the bisexual flower, sym-
lier, Glades, Hendry, and Lee.
Paratypes. SHI LANKA. Anuradhapura: \\ ilpattu
metrically arranged in the male flower, filaments 23 mm long, densely bearded below the middle wit!
i
National Park, Waliella, Faden & Faden 77/75 (F, PDA, short ' ^pressed hairs, anthers elliptic to oblongUS); Gnanikkulama, km 118.4-120 on Anuradhapura- elliptic, (0.7-)l-1.3 X 0.5-0.7 mm, pollen white; Kandy road. Faden & Faden 77/164 (F, PDA, US); Mih- staminodes 3, filaments 1-1.5 mm long, glabrous, intale, Mahasana Hill. Faden kin from Pooneryn on Pooneryn— Paranthan road, Faden & Faden 77/152 (F, PDA, US); Puli-
creamy white or creamy yellow; ovary ellipsoid-tri-
yampokkana," mile-post" 8/2 on >arantha»i-Mullaittivu g on °us, 1-1.3 X 0.5-0.6 mm, green, style 1.7-2.35 road. Faden & Faden 77/229 (F, PDA, US). Mannar: mm long, mauve at least basally, stigma capitate, Nayorpalam, Vidathal Tivu Water Supply turnoff road. Fa- white. Capsules oblong-ellipsoid, (2. 5-) 3-4. 5 (-5)
den & Faden 77/128 (F, PDA. US). Trineomalee: ()atalavva, Gatalawa Hill. Faden & Faden 77/256 (F, PDA.
X 1.5—2 mm, brown, glabrous. Seeds uniseriate,
Flaw, nan 13266 (US).
US). U.S.A. Florida: Lee, Buckingham, Cemetery' Road^ ^ 5 " 7 P er locule ' OVate to tr apezoidal n glabrous to subglabrous; style white; capsules o—
202 (h PDA, US); ca. 1.6 km irom Poonervn on Pooner- & j
yn-Panmlhan road, Faden & Faden 77/21 7 (F, PDA, US); 3 - 5 x 2 mm ^ seeds 1-75-2.2 X 1.3-1.6 mm,
Nallur on Poonrcvn-Paranthan road, km 16. Faden & Faden 77/219 (F. PDA, US); Ampan on Point Pedro-
smooth to alveolate-reticulate, with a fine, raised reticulum.
Merutenkeni road. ca. mile post 10/1, Faden & Faden 77/ 227 (F, PDA, US); between Jaffna-Kandy road and Mulliyan, ca. 48 km ESE of Jaffna, Tounsend 73/82 (K, j n tropical Asia (see below).
Lank
PDA, US). Vavuniya: Paranthan— Mullaittivu road, mile post 27/2, Faden & Faden 77/235 (F, PDA. IS); Mul-
Habitat. Moist, open sandy areas around sealdttWu, laden & Faden 77/239 (F,VdA, US). INDIA. sonal pools and sedge marshes with Xyris, Eriocau-
Districts unknown: Tambaram, Barnes 716 (K), 717 (K); Ion, and Drosera; sea level; flowering November,
Tada, Bourne 2784 (K); Nungambakam, 15 Nov. L899, Bourne (from K. Rungachari) s.n. (K); Chinghput, Guindy, 1885, Imwsoii s.n. (K).
Murdannia vaginata
January, flowers open in the field 0920-0950 hr.
Although Murdannia vaginata was correctly considered common in the "low country" in the Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon (Hooker, 1898), it was little collected until recently. Despite its very disMurdannia vaginata (L.) G. Bruckner is a com- tinctive inflorescence it has sometimes been conmon lowland species in Sri Lanka. It ranges from fused by collectors with other annual species. Howthere and India to northern Australia. Its inflores- eve ^ jt has many features that make it unique cence and floral morphology are so distinctive that among Sri Lankan species of Murdannia: bractless Murdannia sect. Vaginatae was described for it and sheaths surrounding fascicles of one-flowered cintwo related species, M. medica (Loureiro) D. Y. cinni; pubescent pedicels; usually pubescent seHong and M. spectabilis (Kurz) Faden (Faden, pa l s; f our staminodes with well developed anther1980). In Sri Lanka there are two very distinct odes; orange or orange-yellow pollen; and types of plants within M. vaginata that are worthy one-seeded capsule locules. Variety vaginata is defat least of varietal rank. They may be separated as initely annual; variety glabrisepala might be perennial because of its relatively thick roots.
Murdannia vaginata var. glabrisepala is decidedly uncommon in Sri Lanka. We encountered it only twice in three months of collecting, whereas we made 13 collections of variety vaginata. Both varieties were found growing and flowering together in Batticaloa District (Faden & Faden 77/278, US,
foil
ows:
la. Roots (dried) < 1.3 mm thick: flowers all bisexual. 6—11.5 mm wide; stamen filaments not dimorphic between different flowers; sepals densely to sparsely pubescent; capsules 2.5-3.3 mm wide; seeds 1.6— 1.8 mm wide, foveolate-reticu-
late, without a fine, raised reticulum
M. vaginata var. vaginata
lb. Roots (dried) to 2 mm thick; flowers bisexual or
etc., and 77/280, US, etc.) without evidence of in-
[Begin Page: Page 28]
28
Novon
1mm
1cm
1mm
/
-•.-.a--.,. ..,..
» * * * t „* i
- i . fc
•. •• ••
7" '-•:;
.... -^
B
D
1mm
1mm
F
G
Figure 2. Murdannia audreyae Faden. — A. Habit. — B. Bisexual flower. — C. Stamen. — D. Staminode. — E. Capsule. — F. Seed, dorsal view. — G. Seed, ventral view. A and B are from Faden & Faden 77/146 and C-G from Faden & Faden 77/204. Drawings by Audrey J. Faden (A) and Cathy Pasquale (B-G).
termediates. The two sheets of C.P. 2328 in PDA (see below) are mixtures of the varieties. The K and BM sheets of this number are entirely variety vaginata.
The two varieties recognized here may be easily separated in Sri Lanka. Variety vaginata is also easily recognized throughout its wide range. Variety glabrisepala, however, is more problematic. Specimens showing some of its characters, e.g., glabrous or subglabrous sepals, have been seen from India, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Java, but they do not exactly match the plants from Sri Lanka in all features, so their status is undeter-
sheets as Thwaites in C.P232H]) (mixture with var. vagin
ata). Locality Unknown: Jam Hie s.n. (BM).
Murdannia audreyae Faden, sp. nov. TYPE: Sri Lanka. Northern Province, Jaffna: Jaffna— Pooneryn ferry road, mile post 7/4, Arukuveli, ca. 9°37'N, 80°10'E, just above sea level, 22 Jan. 1977, R. B. & A. J. Faden 77/204 (holotype, US 2890994; isotypes, AAU, C, E, F, K, L, MO, NSW, P, PDA, TI, US). Figure 2.
Herbae annuae surculis (2— )f>— 1 ()(— 22) longis; inflores-
centiae 1—6 cineinnis unifloris compositae; flores violacei vel atrocaesii, staminibus 3, staminodiis 3, filis omnibus
minoA Tf io rw^;kl^ fU„f *U * • *• • c • barbatis, pnlhne albo: capsulae 3-5 X 1.2-2.2 mm. -
mined. It is possible that the two varieties in Sri . A \? . . . . rto _ rtri
T . cutis 4-
