Geopolitics - GTI 2008-2009
PhD candiadte at the Uneversty of Panthéon Sorbonne Paris.
Saïd Abass Ahamed AHAMED
Conflict resolution in Africa: The Ivory Coast Crisis and the African Leadership
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Presentation: few Words about Me Aim and presentation of the lecture Interactive lecture
Genda of today
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Saïd Abass Ahamed PhD candiadte at the Uneversty of Panthéon Sorbonne Paris The subject of my dissertation: Democritising in wartime: the role of european union and united nation in the congolese democratic transition. Lecturer on Negociation and leading team at ESSEC Busness school. Lecturer at Ecole National d’Administration at Strasbourg « Diplomatic negociation ». Facilitator on conflict resolution in Congo and Ivory Coast
Few Words about me
The Ivory Cost Crisis: ethnic crisis or Political crisis? Conflict resolution in the African Continent? African Leadership challenging African Crisis
Planning of the lecture
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Humanitarian intervention for political problem. Is the solution to African conflict? Humanitarian lecture of political conflict is useless, it’s avoid the main problem: Peace, security and development are politicals stakes
Western Madia are playing an key rol by the way they are framing the African crisis
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Ethnic, land and naturals ressources are most of time manipulited to fuel confclict by the power
Most of African conflict are political conflict manipulate by the governement?
Worst crisis since independence (1960) Ethnic conflict or Political conflict? Current crisis understanding, peace process deadlock Explanations for power rivalries at stake Land issue: Native and non-indigenous The process of Disarmament of militia The role of foreigners actors (United Nations peace keepers) French Forces Licorne African Neighborhood counrties
Introduction
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Gulf of Guinea Frontiers: Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana 322 000 km² 18.1 million inhabitants 130.000 Lebanese and 20.000 French Capital: Yamoussoukro Abidjan, economic and political capital
territorial stakes
1. General overview of Cote d’Ivoire and
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60 tribes 40% immigrants from neighboring countries Religion: g Muslims (25%), ( ), Indigenous (23%), Roman Catholics (23%), Protestants (6%) 5 million non-Ivorian citizens (North region) Republic Official language: French President: Laurent Gbagbo 8
Tribes are always neutral: It can became a political stake by manipulation of the power or the leadership who refuse to leave the power
Problem of sharing dividend
World’s biggest cocoa producer(1.2 million tons), 3rd producer of coffee (198 000 tons) worldwide, Africa’s leading exporter of pineapples and palm oil Petroleum ((30 million barrels per p year) y ) Deposits of diamonds Gold mining, gas reserves Agricultural sector 26% of GDP, Industry 22%, Services 52% Trading partners: France, Germany, Netherlands, Burkina Faso, USA
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GDP: 24.2 billion USD, annual growth 6% (before the war) Natural resources: wild rubber (= caoutchouc) , timber, oil palm, cotton, coffee, cocoa, banana, pineapple, coconut
Economy
French Colony in 1893: cocoa, coffee and banana plantations. Forced labor system
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Weaknesses: market-based economy, y, chaos and instability, y, dependence on coffee and cocoa
Strengths: well-developed agriculture, good infrastructure, expanding oil & gas industries, debt rescheduling
1st commercial partner of France (Franc zone) France:1st foreign investor in Cote d’Ivoire 240 subsidiaries, 600 companies 1/3 of investment stock, 68% of Foreign Direct Investment
Historical background
Constitutional and political reforms for presidential elections, land property and civil services. Apartheid of 2nd-class citizens. Electoral motivations.
Muslim in the north
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Ivoirité: xenophobia enhanced ethnic tensions among tribes.
Successor: Henri Konan Bedié, former Ambassador to the USA, Minister of Finances (1966-1977) and President of the National Assembly (1980-1993) President of the PDCI ruling political party
Aug 7th, 1960: independence Houphouet-Boigny Prime Minister then first President Felix Houphouet-Boigny’s ruled with soft dictatorship Father of the expression ‘FranceAfrique’
Felix Houphouet-Boigny: father of independence 1944: agricultural trade union to welcome immigrants 1945: elected to French Parliament in Paris 1958: autonomous Republic
Ivorian government v. rebels Ivorian government v. France Process of stability lead by Laurent Gbagbo
2 crises
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Since 2002: Civil war: abuses and human rights violations Ceasefire in 2003 but hostilities restarted on Nov. 4th, 200 2004 Current chaos, anarchy and strugling for power
2. The current crisis and conflicts
First case in Cote d’Ivoire/ Political and social stability Quite popular because of socioeconomic situation Starting point for radical changes National Public Salvation Committee
2000, Supreme Court disqualifies d lf candidature dd off Alassane l Ouattara from the RDR, Rassemblement des Républicains
Rising tensions
Dec. 24th, 1999: military Coup d’Etat of General Robert Guei, former Army Chief of Staff
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Oct. 22nd, 2000: elections show Gbagbo as winner Guei stopped the process and declared himself President. Riots and demonstrations of pro-Gbagbo supporters, gendarmes and army
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Rebels, loyalists and peacekeepers Ethnic tensions, civil war, divided north and south
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Sept. p 19,, 2002: 800 soldiers attack government g ministers and facilities. Unsuccessful uprising. Emile Boga Doudou, General Guei, his wife, relatives: killed
RDR wins local elections Creation of a government of “national unity”
Guei fled, Gbagbo declared President on Oct. 26th, 2000 RDR demonstrations calling for fair and democratic elections Hundreds militants injured. Ouattara recognizes Gbagbo and calls for peace in Nov., 2000
Protagonists
Fair elections Review of Constitution Resignation of Gbagbo
Rebels: “New Forces” from Dioulas & Senoufos Muslims, North territory Leader: Guillaume Soro Claims:
Disarmament Territorial integrity Maintain Constitution
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Loyalists: “FANCI” Christians, South territory 18 000 soldiers, 8 000 gendarmes Claims
Main claim by the parties
War is not a viable option Keep both sides talking and negotiating 2002 : Cote d’Ivoire split into two territories
Mediators Tabo Mbeki, Obasango, Compaore
African Union & ECOWAS
Soldiers (Licorne Operation) & 6 000 ECOWAS then UN soldiers.
Peacekeepers: 4 000 French
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Natural resources : can sometimes explain the length of war but not the declaration of war
Insurgents moving westward to Vavoua and Daloa
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Jan 4th, 2003: Linas-Marcoussis Agreements (LMA) Power sharing. National reconciliation government Reform of national identity, eligibility and land tenure agreed UN Monitoring Committee July 4th, “End of the War declaration”… …2004: serious challenges to the LMA July 30th, 2004: Accra III agreement in Ghana. LMA goals with deadlines Nov. 4th, hostilities restarted. Government bombings on Bouake killing 9 French Soldiers French retaliation: destruction of the Ivorian Air Force
Ceasefire and starting peace process
Gbagbo’s break of the 18-month ceasefire denounced by UN, African Union, and ECOWAS T. Mbeki in Pretoria and Abidjan under AU Mandate UN resolution: arm embargo, g , travel ban and freezing g of assets if no political solution by mid-December. Decision highly criticized. + 700 injuries to date Departure of Gbagbo required firmly Setting up of International Commission of Inquiry
Clashes Gbagbo & rebels forces resumed Civil war and strong anti-French feeling Abidjan, violent demonstrations, expatriate flee to France
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Dialectics spoiled/looters
“Economic” decolonization
Alassane Ouattara in favor of French interests
Anachronistic presence of France in Côte d’Ivoire?
Needs to revisit the Constitution
Review of contentious nationality clauses
Start a national healing process
Representations & solutions
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A New Leadership to challenge conflict on the continent
Conflict resolution in the African Continent?
She is on one of the new face of the Africans new leadership, who want challenging conflict in Africa
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is the current president of Lberia, elected in 11 novembre 2005 2005.
A New African Leadership To challenge african conflict
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Maathai was an elected member of Parliament and served as Assistant Minister for Environment and Natural Resources in the government of President Mwai Kibaki between January 2003 and November 2005.
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Dr. Wangari Muta Maathai became In 2004 the first African woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for “her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace.”
African Union United Nation Regional organisation
Three stakesholders of peace proces in Africa
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The African Union is a confederation of 53 African states. Established on July 9, 2002, the AU was formed as a successor to the Organization of African Unity (OAU). (OAU) The most important decisions of the AU are made by the Assembly of the African Union, a twice-yearly meeting of the heads of state and government of its member states. The AU's secretariat, the African Union Commission, is based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
African Union
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Leading institutions are to accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent; To promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples; To achieve peace and security in Africa; To promote democratic institutions, good governance and human rights.
The objectives of the AU
Saïd Djinit first Commissioner of the Securityy and p peace division of the AU
African Peacekeepers
Mediation- Facilitation
Tools of conflict resolution by the African Union
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Rwandan Polices flight with Botswana’s Aircraft to serve as AU’s Police in Soudan
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Peresident Thabo Mbeki and the South African government Play a key rol in resolving african conflict After the end of the apartheid Era
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African Leadership challenging African Crisis
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Is the concept that African people and nations overcome the current challenges confronting the continent and achieve cultural, scientific, economic, political etc. renewal. This concept has been popularized by South African President Thabo Mbeki during his presidency. This was first articulated in the 1990s; it continues to be a key part of the post-apartheid intellectual goal. Establishing of Africa as a significant player in geopolitical affairs in the continent and the world
The African Renaissance : Claming the African leadership on African crisis
Said Djinnit, representative of the African Union (AU) Ambassador and Commissioner for Peace and Security, attends an economic forum in Khartoum, 08 November 2006
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President Obasanjo play a key role in conflcrt resolution with the new African leadership
UN flag 34
He play an important role by promoting three Agendas: Democracy , Developpemen Peace He promoted also the concept of preventive diplomasy
Boutros Boutros Ghali NU Sixth Secretary General, Former Professor of Law at Cairo University Former foreigner Ministre of Egypt
United Nations and conflict resolution in Africa
UN Peacekeepers can stabilise some volatil place, like the Democratic Republic of Congo Here in Uvira, south Kivu est Congo
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UN provide facilitatore Special envoy High representative of the UN secretery General Peacekeepers
African Union’s Peace keepers serving in Darfur as Bleu Helmet
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African crisis and the conséquence for tourism industries?
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South Africa and Apartheid time Paris- Dakar? Cancelled and transfer in Saouth America Congo River a touristic site destroy by war African Development Bank from Abidjan to Tunis
Reconfiguration of power relations and influence on ethnic tensions
EU Commission Report on the attack of Bouake (deliberate)
RDR officially declared Guillaume Soro as PM (March 4, 2007)
UNSC 1633/05 Resolution (AU recommendations) : Gbagbo remains President & a PM should be appointed: Guillaume Soro
2004-2008: Presidential Elections postponed
Conclusion
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Bibliography
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Signé à Pretoria (République d’Afrique du sud), le 16 décembre 2002.
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