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Marine Biology (2002) 140: 17–27 DOI 10.1007/s002270100659
R.P. Wilson Æ A. Steinfurth Æ Y. Ropert-Coudert A. Kato Æ M. Kurita
Lip-reading in remote subjects: an attempt to quantify and separate ingestion, breathing and vocalisation in free-living animals using penguins as a model
Received: 9 March 2001 / Accepted: 22 June 2001 / Published online: 14 November 2001 Springer-Verlag 2001
Abstract A new mandibular sensor is presented here based on the use of a Hall sensor, attached to one mandible, opposite a magnet, attached to the other mandible. Changes in sensor voltage, proportional to magnetic field strength, and thus inter-mandibular angle, are recorded in a logger. This system was tested on seven captive Ade´lie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) and three gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) during: (1) feeding trials on land, where birds were given known quantities and types of food; and (2) trials in water where birds were allowed to swim and dive freely. In addition, six free-living Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) were equipped with the system for single foraging trips. Angular signatures were looked for in instances when both captive and free-living birds might open their beaks, and it was discovered that five major behaviours could be identified: ingestion, breathing, calling, head shaking and preening. Captive feeding trials showed that prey mass could be determined with reasonable accuracy (r2=0.92), and there was some indication that prey type could be resolved if recording frequency were high enough. Vocalisations in Ade´lie penguins (arc calls) took
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