LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology
1. Word stress (lexical accent)
Week 6: Stress, rhythm, and intonation in English and other languages (continued)
Lexical accent in other languages
Word stress (lexical accent)
• Tones in tone languages (Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, Bantu languages). • Pitch accents in pitch accent languages (Japanese, some varieties of Dutch, Swedish). • Quantitative (duration) accents in Italian. • Stress (duration, intensity, pitch change, vowel quality) in English, Russian. • (Group-final lengthening in French.)
• Word-specific pattern: you usually find it in a dictionary. • It is part of the sound form of the word. • In English one syllable in a word is stressed.
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Japanese: a pitch accent language
Cantonese: a tone language
Before the particle -/o/ (accusative)• Six tons associés à chaque syllabe
“poésie”
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“histoire” “essayer” “temps” “ville”
•[ha na o] (prénom) [HLL] •[ha na o] “fleur” [LHL] •[ha na o] “nez” [LHH]
“fait”
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Swedish: a pitch accent language
Accent 1 and accent 2 in Swedish
Lexical accent in Italian • /!papa/ “Pape”
• [pa"pa#]
• /pa!pa/ “papa”
• [pa#pa$]
• /!pap"a/ “bouillie”
• [pa$p"a#]
• Dico … • Dico …, ma non dico … 17/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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Rhythm: stress pattern • Basically, the stressed syllables of each word is rhythmically prominent.
2. Rhythm: stress pattern in a sentence
Exceptions: • Compound • Stress shift • Function words 17/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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Phrases
Compounds • Many “noun + noun” compounds have primary stress on the first element. • The second element is not stressed.
• However, phrases consist of two or more lexical items (e.g. “adjective + noun”).
• 'armchair, 'sunflower (closed compounds) • 'front-runner, 'she-devil (hyphenated) • 'side salad, 'bank manager (open compounds)
• Compare:
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• !beautiful !flowers, a !bitter disap!pointment
• The !White House / a !white !house • A !blackbird / a !black !bird 11
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Compound or phrase? • • • • •
Compound or phrase? • !house design
house design further advance troubled waters drinking water / running water running shoes / running water
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• !further !advance • !troubled !waters • !drinking water / !running !water • !running shoes / !running !water
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Double-stressed compounds
Nota bene
• However, some “noun + noun” compounds have primary stress on their second element (doublestressed compounds).
• London Underground lines have stress on the first element (lexicalized contrastive focus):
• %Christmas !Eve, %Town !Hall, %ham !sandwich
the !Central Line the !Northern Line
• Compare:
the Picca!dilly Line
• !high school / %King’s !College
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• !Christmas card / %Christmas !Eve
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Double-stressed compounds
Double-stressed compounds
• Compounds in which the first element names the place or time:
• Proper names of people: %James Mc!Gregor, De%nise !Harris
%Town !Hall, %kitchen !window, %summer va!cation, %evening !meal
• Proper names of roads and public places:
(but !Boxing Day, !Christmas %present, !Christmas card, !birthday card; compare %Christmas !Eve, %Christmas !Day, %Christmas !pudding)
Vic%toria !Road, %Oxford !Avenue (except those ending in street: !Oxford Street, !Downing street) • Names of institutions such as hotels and schools:
• Compounds in which the first element names the material or ingredient
%Jury’s !Inn, %Marlborough !Hotel, %Goldsmith’s !College, %Bailey’s !Restaurant, the %Festival !Hall (but !high school, !secondary school, !Pizza Hut) 17/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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%leather !jacket, %cheese !sandwich, %pork !chop (except those ending in juice or cake: !orange juice, !carrot cake) Wells (2006)18 17/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 6
Stress shift
Practice: London place names
• English tends to avoid sequences of two stressed syllables (e.g. ooOOooo). • In order to avoid this, stress in some polysyllabic words may move to an earlier syllable (with secondary stress) when combined with another word starting with a stress:
• Listen to place names and identify the stress pattern.
• Heath!row / %Heathrow !Airport (-> !Heathrow) • %Picca!dilly / %Picca(%)dilly !Circus 17/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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• aca!demic / %academic !dress 17/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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Stress shift • %Japa!nese / a %Japanese !actress • %thir!teen / %thirteen !women
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3. Intonation
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Intonation • Melodic pattern at sentence / utterance level
Intonation: melodic patterns Examples in different languages
• Duration: how to segment speech into phrases. • Independent of lexical accent.
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French Lexical accent in Italian
Vaissière (2006) 17/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
• /ma)i vj*+ a pa)i d,m*+/ can be said with different intonation patterns. LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 6
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• /!papa/ “Pape”
• [pa"pa#]
• /pa!pa/ “papa”
• [pa#pa$]
• /!pap"a/ “bouillie”
• [pa$p"a#]
• Dico … • Dico …, ma non dico … 17/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
Cantonese: a tone language
Spectrogramme and F0 curve
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Japanese: a pitch accent language
Before the particle -/o/ (accusative)-
•[ha na o] (prénom) [HLL] •[ha na o] “fleur” [LHL] •[ha na o] “nez” [LHH]
Declination line
[nej h&j m' h&j w&n si"w t(e" a"]
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Japanese: a pitch accent language
English
Affirmatives and yes-no questions
• (prénom) • “fleur” • “nez” 17/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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French Intonation: duration and segmentation
• «!L’école de jeunes filles russe(s)!» • Two different interpretations according to the segmentation. • /lek-""l | d, .œn fij )ys/ • /lek-l d, .œn fi""j | )ys/
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French: some more examples
English • “we don’t know who she is” • Several different ways of segmentation depending on the interpretation. • We don’t know who she is.
• • • • Cf.
• We don’t know | who she is.
• /nwazi | l,/)0+m-+d*st/ or
• We don’t | know who she is.
• /nwazil/)0+ | m-+d*st/ ?
• We | don’t know | who she is.
• We | don’t know who she is.
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Functions of intonation Functions of intonation
• Syntactic function: segmentation • Pragmatic function: old and new information, focus, contrast, politeness, turn taking • Modality: question/answer • Expressive functions: - attitudes (controlled) - emotions (spontaneous) 17/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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End of Class 4 Class 5: Intonation I
