I. POUR EXPRIMER CE QUE L'ON PEUT / DOIT FAIRE ............................................................................................... 2. 1. CAPACITE.
LES STRUCTURES DE COMMUNICATION Liste des abréviations utilisées : V = Verbe V(participe passé) V-ing = Verbe + ing SB = Somebody GN = Groupe Nominal Adj. = Adjectif I.
ex : eat → ate → eaten ex : work → working
POUR EXPRIMER CE QUE L’ON PEUT / DOIT FAIRE ............................................................................................... 2 1. CAPACITE ................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 2. INCAPACITE ................................................................................................................................................................................ 2 3. OBLIGATION ............................................................................................................................................................................... 2 4. ABSENCE D’OBLIGATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 5. PERMISSION ................................................................................................................................................................................ 2 6. INTERDICTION ............................................................................................................................................................................ 2
II.
POUR EXPRIMER UNE PROBABILITÉ...................................................................................................................... 2 1. PROBABILITÉ FORTE ................................................................................................................................................................... 2 2. PROBABILITÉ MOYENNE ............................................................................................................................................................. 2 3. PROBABILITE FAIBLE .................................................................................................................................................................. 2
III.
POUR EXPRIMER SES IDÉES DE FAÇON ORDONNÉE ......................................................................................... 2
1. CAUSE ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 2 2. BUT ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 2 3. CONSÉQUENCE ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2 4. OPPOSITION ................................................................................................................................................................................ 2 5. CONCESSION .............................................................................................................................................................................. 2 6. RÉSUMER SES IDÉES ................................................................................................................................................................... 3 7. HYPOTHÈSES .............................................................................................................................................................................. 3 8. ACCORD ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 9. DESACCORD ............................................................................................................................................................................... 3 10. DONNER SON OPINION .............................................................................................................................................................. 3 IV.
POUR EXPRIMER UNE INTENTION .......................................................................................................................... 3
1. DESIRS ET SOUHAITS .................................................................................................................................................................. 3 2. INTENSION .................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 3. DÉTERMINATION ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3 V.
POUR EXPRIMER SES GOÛTS ......................................................................................................................................... 3 1. AIMER ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 2. NE PAS AIMER ............................................................................................................................................................................ 3 3. ETRE INDIFFÉRENT ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3 4. PRÉFÉRER ................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 5. COMPARER ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
VI.
POUR EXPRIMER DES REGRETS, SE PLAINDRE .................................................................................................. 4
1. REGRETTER ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 2. REPROCHER ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 3. SE PLAINDRE .............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 VII.
POUR EXPRIMER UNE INFLUENCE QUE L’ON PEUT EXERCER SUR QUELQU’UN ................................... 4
I’m sure / certain / positive that… Probably / Certainly…
I. Pour exprimer ce que l’on peut / doit faire
2. Probabilité moyenne Perhaps / Maybe… He may V / be V-ing… He can V / be V-ing He may have V(participe passé)… It’s possible that …
1. Capacité I can V… I could V (could = preterit ou conditionnel)… I’m able to V (be possible à tous les temps)… I know how to do V… I’ll manage / I managed to V…
3. Probabilité faible He might V / be V-ing … He could V / be V-ing … He might / could have V(participe passé)…
2. Incapacité I can’t V … I couldn’t V (could = preterit ou conditionnel)… I’m not able to V (be possible à tous les temps)… I’m unable to V (be possible à tous les temps)…
III. Pour exprimer ses idées de façon ordonnée
3. Obligation
1. Cause
You must V… You have / have got to V… You need to V… You’re to V…
As...../ since… That's why… .... for V-ing… Because of GN / V-ing…
4. Absence d’obligation
2. But
You don’t have / haven’t got to V… You needn’t V… You don’t need to V…
...(in order) to V .... ...(in order) not to V .... ...for SB (not) to V.... ...so as(not) to V ...
5. Permission
3. Conséquence
You may / can V… I allow you to V … You’re allowed / permitted to V…
So… Therefore... Consequently... As a consequence... As a result...
6. Interdiction voir 7 §5
4. Opposition
II. Pour exprimer une probabilité
But … ...whereas / while.... On the one hand...on the other hand On the contrary... Unike his sister... he V …
1. Probabilité forte She must V / be V-ing… She can’t V / be V-ing… She must have V(participe passé)… She can’t have V(participe passé)…
5. Concession ...however / still / and yet ... Although / Though... 2/2
I'm going to V ... I'm V-ing ... I'm thinking of V-ing I want to V I'm to V I'm about to V
6. Résumer ses idées On the whole ... In a word.... In other words ... All things considered... In conclusion ... To conclude... To sum up ...
3. Détermination I'm definitely V-ing ... I will V ... I'm determined to V ... Whether you like it or not, I'll V ...
7. Hypothèses If I + preterit modal...I would V... I would have V(participe passé)... Unless... suppose ... / Imagine... Supposing ... Provided...
V. Pour exprimer ses goûts 1. Aimer
8. Accord
I like / enjoy GN / V-ing … I’m fond of / keen on GN / V-ing … I love GN / V-ing … I’m mad / crazy about …
I agree with ... You're right... I couldn't agree more with... Quite true ! ... / how true ! ... Naturally ! ... / Sure ... Definitely ... / Absolutely... Exactly ...
2. Ne pas aimer I don’t like GN / V-ing … I dislike GN / V-ing … I hate GN / V-ing … I loathe GN / V-ing … I can’t stand / bear GN / V-ing … I can’t put up with GN / V-ing …
9. Désaccord I don't agree with... I tend to disagree with... I'd rather say that ... I (completely / entirely) disagree with...
3. Etre indifférent I don’t mind V-ing / his V-ing … It doesn’t matter … I (really) don’t care … It makes no difference to me … I couldn’t care less …
10. Donner son opinion As far as I'm concerned... personally... In my view / opinion ... to my mind...
4. Préférer
IV. Pour exprimer une intention
I prefer to V / V-ing … I prefer V-ing to V-ing … I’d rather V / you V ( prétérite modal )…
1. Désirs et souhaits
5. Comparer
I want / would like you to V... I'd love you to V I feel like GN / V-ing I hope to V
It’s similar to It’s the same as … … as if … … as though … Unlike …
2. Intension I will V ... 3/3
You must V ...
VI. Pour exprimer des regrets, se plaindre
4. Demander Can / Could you V ? ... May I V ? ... Will / Would you V, please? ... I'd like you to V ... Do / Would you mind V-ing? ...
1. Regretter I'm sorry I V ... Excuse me / Forgive me for V-ing ... I apologize for V-ing ... I wish I had (not) V(participe passé) ... I should (not) have V(participe passé) ...
5. Interdire Stop V-ing ... I don't want you to V ... You can't / mustn't V ... It's prohibited / forbidden to V ... You're not to V ... You're not allowed / permitted to V ...
2. Reprocher You shouldn't V ... You should / could have V(participe passé)... You shouldn't have V(participe passé)... I wish you had (not) V(participe passé)... I'd rather you didn't V ...
6. Accepter
3. Se plaindre
Yes, of course ... With pleasure ... OK / All right / Sure ... I'd be pleased / happy to V ...
I'm fed up with GN / V-ing ... I'm sick / tired of GN / V-ing ... I've had enough of GN / V-ing ...
VII. Pour exprimer une influence que l’on peut exercer sur quelqu’un
7. Refuser No, thanks / thank you ... I'd rather not (V) ... Definitely / Surely not ... It's out of the question ...
1. Conseiller
8. Faire faire
How / What about V-ing? ... Why don't you V ? ... You should / shouldn't V ... You ought / oughtn't to V ... You could V ... Couldn't you V ? ... If I were you, I'd V ... You'd better (not) V ...
Formes causatives: I'll have / make GN V ... I'll have GN V(participe passé) ... I want him to V ... I'll get / force you to V ...
2. Proposer How / What about V-ing? ... Let's V ... Shall I / we V ? ... We could / Should V ... Couldn't we V ? ... Would you like to V ? ...
3. Ordonner Impératif: Stop shouting! ... I want you to V ... You have / have got to V ... 4/4
I. POUR EXPRIMER CE QUE L'ON PEUT / DOIT FAIRE ............................................................................................... 2. 1. CAPACITE.
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