18th European Congress of Lepidopterology Blagoevgrad, Bulgary, 29 July – 4 August 2013

Geographical range of Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) [Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Spilomelinae] and its recent expansion in France. Jean-Marie Ramel*, Jean-Pierre Rossi** In France, the bio-monitoring of invasive species is implemented by the NPPO following monitoring guidelines that aim at i) early detecting organisms harmful to plants and ii) set up management measures so as to eradicate or control the populations. The present study was carried out in the Plant Health Laboratory (Montpellier, France) that is a national reference in the field of plant health. We provide an update of the Box Tree Moth Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) geographic distribution in France, relevant elements of identification and its potential distribution based on species distribution modelling. Diagnosis: The box tree Diaphania perspectalis (EPPO) was placed in various genus including Palpita, Diaphania, and Glyphodes Neoglyphodes. In a recent taxonomic review, [5] proposed that it be transferred to the genus Cydalima hence named Cydalima perspectalis.

Distribution in France

2008

Typical form

Brown form Genitalia ♂ Larva

Chrysalis

Cremaster

Distribution: Native of Asia, the Box Tree Pyralid has been recorded for the first time in France in 2008. The first European record of this butterfly occurred in 2007 in the state of Baden-Wuttemberg (Germany) while the species was probably introduced in 2005. In 2008 and especially 2009, several outbreaks were recorded in Europe (2008; France mainland, Netherlands, 2009; Austria, United Kingdom). The species geographic distribution widened from 2009 on and the butterfly was recorded in Italy, Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey and Slovenia in 2011.

2008 - 2009 2010 - 2011 2012 - 2013

Potential distribution: Available data show that C. perspectalis requires a total of 573.8 degree days with a base of 10.5 °C to fully develop [6 and 8]. We used these values to determine its potential geographical distribution (area in red below) on the basis of the world map of degree days. Interestingly, some newly colonized locations are located outside this range. We further fitted a niche model using the DOMAIN algorithm, a set of occurrences corresponding to newly colonized areas (yellow dots below) and the average monthly temperatures from November to April (climate data from Atlas of the biosphere http://www.sage.wisc.edu/). The model predictions are shown in blue below.

Occurence Modele with DD Modele with occurences Congruence zone

Predicted distribution of Cydalima perspectalis Discussion: The range of the box tree pyralid has considerably increased during the last decade and it is now present in northern parts of Europe. If we consider the available data documenting its ecological requirements in terms of growing degree days, this species could potentially be distributed around the Mediterranean basin, north Africa and Persia [areas in red] but is expected to be absent from the north of Eurasia. Our second model (in blue) based on newly recorded occurrence data (i.e. recent expansion) predicts the species presence in much cooler regions. This suggests that some adaptation process might have occurred during the expansion of the box tree Pyralid leading to Eurasian populations better adapted to coldness. Such hypothesis needs additional surveys in the field, the laboratory and improved models to be explored. We need more occurrence data worldwide to improve these results and we are seeking for collaborations !!! References: [1] Delmas, S. 2013. Oreina 21:39. [2] Feldtrauer, J.-F., J.-J. Feldtrauer, and C. Brua. 2009. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de Mulhouse 65:55-58. [3] Hizal, E. 2012. Florida Entomologist 95:344-349.

[4] Klug, M. 2012. Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent. 18:207-209. [5] Mally, R. and M. Nuss. 2010. European Journal of Entomology 107:393-400 [6] Maruyama, T. and N. Shinkaji. 1987. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 31:226-232.

[7] van der Straten, M. J. and T. S. T. Muus. 2010. Proc.Neth.Entomol.Soc Meet. 21 107-111. [8] Zhou, W., C.-y. Xia, X.-q. Sun, B. Zhu, X.-p. Liu, Z.-c. Liu, and Y. Wang. 2005. Shanghai Jiaotong Daxue Xuebao Nongye Kexue Ban 23:52-56 General serial No 83.

*Jean-Marie Ramel – CBGP - ANSES - L.S.V., unité d'entomologie et plantes invasives – [email protected], **Jean-Pierre Rossi – INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), [email protected] Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France

[9] EPPO Reporting Services [10] http://sites.estvideo.net/sae/pyrale_du_buis.html