Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)
Note: This document compiles all INDCs communicated by 1 October 2015. In preparing the synthesis report on the aggregate effect of INDCs, the secretariat worked strictly on the basis of information communicated by this date. Adjustments made by Parties to their INDCs after this date were not considered in the report.
Parties Albania Algeria Andorra Argentina Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belize Benin Bhutan Botswana Brazil Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Costa Rica Cote D’ivoire Central African Republic Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Democratic republic of Congo Ecuador Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea equatorial Guinea-Bissau
Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Iceland India Indonesia Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kyrgyzstan Lao Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Madagascar Malawi Maldives Mali Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia New Zealand Niger Norway Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Republic of Korea Republic of Moldova Republic of Macedonia Russian
Rwanda Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Swaziland Switzerland Senegal Tajikistan Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine Uruguay USA Vanuatu Vietnam Zambia Zimbabwe
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The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria
Intended Nationally Determined Contribution INDC-AlgeriaSeptember 3rd, 2015
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The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Intended Nationally Determined Contribution INDC-ALGERIA September 3rd, 2015
1. Preamble Algeria, a country severely affected by desertification is- like other countries in Africa and in the south of the Mediterranean- particularly vulnerable to the multiform effects of climate change that threaten to undermine its economic and social development. Respecting its contractual engagements, Algeria renews its commitments to work together with the Contracting Parties to achieve the objectives of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). To this end, it reaffirms, at the highest level, its willingness to spare no effort for the success of the twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties, to be held in Paris on December 2015. Given the climate emergency, Algeria reiterates the need for the adoption in Paris of an ambitious and durable agreement on climate change, inspired by the latest scientific findings, and centered around the principle of common but differentiated responsibility, while taking due consideration of the specific circumstances and respective capabilities of the Contracting Parties. It is in this spirit that the present provisional contribution, nationally determined, was prepared and submitted by Algeria, in accordance with the relevant provisions of decisions 1/CP 19 and 1/CP 20 of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC. This provisional contribution concerns the two equally important pillars of the UNFCCC; namely, the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and adaptation to climate change impacts. As a developing country, Algeria has no historical responsibility in terms of accumulation of greenhouse gases. Being a low GHG-emitting country, its current responsibility is very limited. In addition, country's s o c i o - e c o n o m i c a n d d e v e l o p m e n t needs are continuously increasing in order to meet the legitimate expectations of its people, especially its youth.
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The provisional contribution of Algeria is submitted under the condition of access to new external financial resources from its bilateral and multilateral partners, as well as clean technology transfer on concessional and preferential terms and strengthening its technical capabilities. This provisional contribution is designed taking into account the particularly difficult financial and economic present conditions of Algeria, due to the significant drop in oil prices. Its final contribution at the time of entry into force of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change will be adjusted accordingly. Algeria’s INDC covers the 2021-2030 period. It involves mainly the sectors of energy, industry, transport, agriculture and forestry, construction and the environment. Algeria will submit its final contribution at the time of ratification of the Paris agreement, before its intended entry into force in 2020. 2. The INDC preparation framework Following the adoption of decision 1/ CP20 on December 2014 that defined the framework of the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, Algeria launched a review of its institutional and regulatory framework in the matter of energy efficiency and the promotion of new and renewable energy adopted in 2011. On February 2015, this review has been finalized and submitted for adoption by the Council of Ministers that endorsed it at its meeting on May 24th, 2015. A working group on the INDC was established, with the participation of representatives from 14 ministries and the National Economic and Social Council, and placed under the authority of the Minister in charge of environment. The preliminary outcomes of the work of that group have been submitted f o r the consideration and decision of the Interministerial Council meeting devoted to the climate issue, held on July 7th, 2015, under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister. A National Climate Committee (NCC), placed under the authority of the Minister in charge of environment, was established. It is composed of representatives of relevant governmental departments and the National Economic and Social Council. The NCC strengthens the institutional framework to ensure coordination, monitoring and assessment of national policies and programs on climate change and proposes measures to guarantee the implementation of Algeria's commitments in relation to the UNFCCC, international institutions and /or decisions on climate change issues. At its meeting on July 26th, 2015, chaired by the Minister in charge of environment, the NCC finalized the provisional contribution of Algeria.
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The INDC of Algeria was developed in an inter-sectorial framework and has greatly benefited from the consultation process with stakeholders held at the national level. In addition, the National Dialogue Conference on Climate, organized on July 28th, 2015 was a platform for dialogue and exchanges on Algeria's climate ambitions, with the participation of institutional and socio-economic actors, local authorities and business organizations, socio-professional associations, environmental protection associations, as well as experts, scholars, and representatives of the civil society. Six ministers, four of which were represented at the NCC, as well as the President of the National Economic and Social Council, have participated in this Conference. Within the framework of public awareness chapter, media representatives took also part in this meeting, the first of its kind to be held in Algeria, and with more than 500 participants. Based on this wide consultation, a reviewed version of the Algeria’s INDC was submitted for adoption to the Interministerial Council, chaired by the Prime Minister, at its meeting on September 3rd, 2015. 3. National circumstances Algeria is an African and a Mediterranean country covering 2 381 741 km2. Like many of the countries in its region, Algeria is affected by desertification and land degradation. Most of the country is arid or semi- arid. The areas receiving more than 400 mm of rain per year are located in a narrow strip along the coast, not-exceeding 150 km large. Moreover, due to climate changes, yearly average rainfall declined by more than 30% over the past decades. Parallel to the coastline, mountains act as a barrier and accentuate the climate drought towards the south of the country. Anthropic effects aggravate those caused by geographic characteristics. Indeed, 85 % of the Algerian population lives in the northern part of the country. Moreover, land characteristics reduce the possibilities of carbon capture in Algeria, when compared to countries with a large vegetal coverage. Algeria is facing extreme climate events recrudescence, which accentuates its vulnerability. In addition, the recurrence of drought cycles, with longer durations, accelerates desertification. In fact, more than 50 million of hectares face highly deteriorated conditions. Rural population -composed mainly of farmers and breeders- is forced into exodus to large cities, for survival. This situation is the direct result of land impoverishment and the decline in water resources. Important programs were launched by public authorities since the seventies. This includes the realization of a “ great green dam”, a forest cover of 1200 km long and 20 km large, on average. This achievement constitutes today one of the great prides of our country and represents a significant carbon sink. Other big projects were also initiated, such the program of pastoral plantation covering thousands of hectares.
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With regard to floodings, the country is always facing this phenomenon. Several regions witnessed tragic events resulting in heavy losses human lives and considerable material damages. For example, the 2001 catastrophic floods in Algiers resulted in the death of 715 persons and thousands of disaster victims. The recurrent floods continue to adversely impact public financial resources. Therefore, Algeria is entitled to benefit from the climate international solidarity arising from the future Paris agreement. It is particularly vulnerable to greenhouse gases accumulation effects, for which it is not in any way responsible, neither in the past, nor today or in the future. Natural gas, a cleaner energy than coal, dominates Algeria’s energy mix since decades. In this respect, its proven and possible natural gas resources shall be able to assist its partners to promote the use of this clean source of energy. Algeria also faces the challenges related to food security, to its ecosystems and agriculture resilience, to major risks and to natural resources scarcity. In addition, it shall satisfy the expanding needs of its growing population, in terms of employment, education, health and housing, while the economic and financial environment is aggravated by the significant drop in oil prices. It should be noted as well that Algeria is already contributing for several decades in the mitigation efforts through its energy mix, based essentially on natural gas. The development of its electricity generation capacity is largely based on combined-cycle power plants. A hybrid power plant, combining solar energy and natural gas, is already operational. Besides, Algeria’s efforts to reduce gas flaring emissions are to be pursued and sustained. 4. Mitigation Measures Algeria’s mitigation strategy covers mainly energy, forests, housing, transport, industry and waste sectors. It is based in particular on the national programs for renewable energy and energy efficiency. This reflects its willingness to pursue its efforts in combating the adverse impacts of climate change. Such programs shall be pursued and sustained so long as Algeria benefits from international support in terms of new and external financial resources, and technology transfer, and capacity building. Algeria’s contribution i n mi t i g a t i o n i s b a s e d on the three most important gr ee nh ou s e gases: carbon dioxide gas (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). At the meeting held on May 24th, 2015, under the chairmanship of His Excellency President of the Republic Mr. Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA, the Council of Ministers adopted the new national programs for renewable energy and energy efficiency. These ambitious programs aim at reducing by 9% the global consumption of energy by 2030. It aims to engage thermal insulation of an important housing program, as well as to convert to LPG a million of light-duty vehicles and more than 20.000 buses. 5
By 2030, it aspires to the deployment, on a large scale, of photovoltaic and wind power as well as thermal solar energy, and the integration of cogeneration, biomass and geothermal energy. This program ultimately aims to reach the target that 27% of the electricity produced nationally is derived from renewable sources of energy. In fact, Algeria, being the largest country in Africa, in the Mediterranean and in the Arab world, has one of the highest solar deposits in the world, estimated to exceed five billion GWh/yr. The annual sunshine duration is estimated to be around 2 500 hours on average, and could exceed 3 600 hours in some parts of the country. In addition to its 200 thermal cities, Algeria, the tenth largest country in the world, has a geothermal reservoir composed of Albian groundwater, which extends over 700 000 km². The action plan of the government aspires also to reduce gas flaring to less than 1%, by 2030. Regarding methane emissions reduction, Algeria intends to give priority to the management of household solid waste, with the objective to achieve, by 2030, a full coverage of wastes dumps in its territory. Regarding carbon capture, the country aims to accelerate and intensify its National Reforestation Plan with a global objective of reforestation of 1 245 000 ha. The mitigation actions to be implemented by Algeria, planned for the 2021-2030 period, will lead to the following contribution:
Reduction of greenhouse gases emissions by 7% to 22%, by 2030, compared to a business as usual -BAU- scenario, conditional on external support in terms of finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity building. The 7% GHG reduction will be achieved with national means.
The Algerian contribution regarding mitigation is defined as follows: Type of INDC: Relative reduction compared to Business as usual (BAU) scenario. Implementation period: 2021-2030 Methodological approach: combined approach: Bottom-Up concerning sectors and Top-Down concerning national objectives. Sectors covered: Energy (Generation, Transport, Building and Industry); Industrial processes; Agriculture, Forests, Land use and Waste. 6
Estimating GHG emissions: Directives of IPCC -2006- and Global Warming Potential, as agreed in the IPCC 4th Assessment Report on Climate change. Coverage of Greenhouse Gases: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O). Global Warming Potential (GWP): the used GWP are those of the IPCC 4th Assessment Report: GWP (CO2) = 1, GWP (CH4)= 25, GWP (N2O)= 298. Implementation, monitoring and readjustment instruments: - National Climate Committee; - National Climate Change Agency; - National Climate Plan; - National Actions Plan for Environment and Sustainable Development ; - Legal framework; - National system of Measurement, Reporting and Verification -MRV- (2016-2020). Main planned actions: conditional on support in terms of external finance, technology development and transfer and capacity building. Operate an energy transition and an economic diversification to achieve Algeria’s sustainable development goals. Main Actions in Energy Sector: - Reach 27% of electricity generated from renewable sources of energy by 2030; - Generalize high-performance lighting; - Thermal insulation of buildings between 2021 and 2030; - Increase the share of liquefied petroleum and natural gas in the consumption of fuels between 2021 and 2030; - Reduce the volume of gas flaring to less than 1 % by 2030. Main Actions in Waste Sector: - Waste valorization ; - Composting organic waste and green waste; - Energy recovery and recycling of methane from landfill sites and waste water treatment plants. Main Actions in forestry Sector: afforestation, reforestation and prevention of forest fires as well as improving means to fight them. Awareness, Information and Education Actions: Information, awareness and communication on issues and climate change challenges and implementation of an education, training and research climate change national program.
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Considerations of fairness and ambition of the INDC based on national circumstances - Algeria, as a low GHG emitting country, has already invested heavily in adaptation to climate change impacts as well as in mitigation and intends to pursue its efforts in this regard; - Algeria has been participating since a long period of time in the greenhouse gas mitigation, by virtue of its high share of natural gas in its energy mix; - The Algerian economy is highly dependent on petroleum export revenues. This situation makes Algeria vulnerable to climate change adverse effects, as well as to the negative impacts of response measures; - Algeria faces significant and growing development and adaptation needs given its high population growth, increasing demand for energy, goods and services. How INDC will contribute to the accomplishment of article 2 of the Convention on Climate Change Through its mitigation actions for by 2030, considering its socio-economic development objectives, and taking into account its national circumstances, Algeria will contribute, on an equitable basis, to the achievement of the objective of article 2 of the Convention.
5. Adaptation Measures Algeria aims to develop a national plan of adaptation to the impacts of climate change in the context of the finalization of its contribution, and in order to promote a more c l i m a t e c h a n g e resilient economy. Priority will be given to the protection of the population and the preservation of natural resources and key infrastructure against the risks of extreme events. The objective of this national plan is: -
To reinforce the ecosystems resilience (flooding and drought) in order to curtail the risks of natural disasters related to climate change; To fight against erosion and rehabilitate its degraded lands as part of t h e e f f o r t s t o combat desertification ; To integrate the impacts of climate change into sectorial strategies, in particular for agriculture, water management, public health and transport; To integrate the impacts of climate change on political stability and national security.
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The main adaptation measures to be adopted require diversified international support, including financing, capacity-building and technology transfer. These adaptation measures mentioned in the National Climate Plan are as follows: -
Adapting the institutional and regulatory framework to climate change; Reinforcing institutional and human capacities in combating climate change; Establishing a monitoring and early warning system and capacity building with regard to extreme climate events management; Elaborating regional and local plans for adaptation to climate change.
6. Planning and Institutional Framework for Implementation The provisional intended and nationally determined contribution will be finalized between 2016 and 2020 under the authority of the National Climate Committee. It will be updated according to the outcomes of the Paris Climate Conference and will take into account the financial situation of Algeria at the moment of its finalization. It will address quantified greenhouse gas mitigation objectives for the period 20202030, using the methodology developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The contribution will be finalized and implemented with the active participation of all the actors in the society and, in particular, representatives of the civil society, economic actors, representatives of the local authorities and the scientific community. It will be accompanied by a comprehensive public awareness-raising campaign through the media, schools, companies, local collectivities and mosques. In this regard, forums on cities and climate change will be set up. Algeria’s ambition regarding mitigation and adaptation will be achieved within NorthSouth and South-South cooperation, with its bilateral and multilateral- traditional and new- partners. A group of “Friends of Algeria’s Ambition for Adaptation and Mitigation” (G5A), will be established and convene its first meeting on the sidelines of the Paris Conference. Finally, Algeria aims to establish and host a World Forum on Renewable Energy that will provide the appropriate platform for dialogue and consultation between policymakers, industry and civil society. The first session of the Forum will be held in 2016. Its outcomes will be presented at the 22nd Conference of the Parties. Conclusion The ambition of GHG mitigation- shown by Algeria in its provisional INDC- is based on four pillars: an institutional tool represented by the National Climate Change Agency, a mechanism of coordination and monitoring represented by the National Climate Committee, the climate roadmap of Algeria through the National Climate 9
Plan, and the national MRV system (Measurement, Reporting and Verification) that will be established. The climate strategy of Algeria is defined in the National Climate Plan. It aims, notably, at reinforcing water resources mobilization, controlling flood, protecting the coastline, combating drought and desertification and increasing the ecosystems and agriculture resilience and facing climate change. For that purpose, Algeria is committed to finalize and adopt its National Climate Plan before the 21st Conference of the Parties.
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Contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national (CPDN) de l’Andorre, concernant la décision 1/CP.19 et la décision 1/CP.20
Préambule Lors de la dix-neuvième session de la Conférence des Parties tenue à Varsovie, la décision 1/CP.19, moyens de poursuivre la mise en œuvre de la plate-forme de Durban, a été adoptée, prévoyant dans son paragraphe 2, point b, que compte tenu de sa détermination à adopter, à sa vingt et unième session (décembre 2015), un protocole, un autre instrument juridique ou un texte convenu d’un commun accord ayant valeur juridique, élaboré au titre de la Convention et applicable à toutes les Parties, et afin que cet instrument entre en vigueur et soit appliqué à compter de 2020, d’inviter toutes les Parties à engager ou amplifier les préparatifs internes de 6 leurs contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national (CPDN) , sans préjudice de la nature juridique des dites contributions, dans la perspective de l’adoption d’un protocole, d’un autre instrument juridique ou d’un texte convenu d’un commun accord ayant valeur juridique, élaboré au titre de la Convention et applicable à toutes les Parties, en vue d’atteindre l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé en son article 2, et d’en faire part bien avant la vingt et unième session de la Conférence des Parties (d’ici au premier trimestre 2015 pour les Parties qui sont prêtes à le faire) d’une manière propre à améliorer la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension des contributions prévues, sans préjudice de la nature juridique des dites contributions. Cette invitation à toutes les Parties, de communiquer leurs contributions déterminées au niveau national à l'avance de la vingt et unième session de la Conférence des Parties (pour le premier trimestre de 2015 par les Parties prêtes à le faire) d'une façon qui facilite la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension des CPDN, a été réitérée lors de la Conférence des Parties tenue à Lima, à travers le paragraphe 13 de la décision 1/CP.20. Suite à la Conférence des Parties de la Convention cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) tenue à Copenhague en Décembre 2009 (COP15), la Principauté d'Andorre a montré sa volonté d’adhérer à la Convention. Le 2 mars 2011, le pays a adhéré à la 7 Convention, en tant que Partie non visée par l'annexe I (non-Annexe I) . Dans ce sens, l’Andorre a le plaisir de communiquer les contributions prévues, déterminées au niveau national, en accord avec les décisions 1/CP.19 et 1/CP.20.
Description de l’engagement Les engagements en termes de réduction des émissions non-absorbées découlent du premier rapport bisannuel de l’Andorre à la Convention cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (Décembre 2014). Pour 2030, les contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national (CPDN) de l’Andorre sont en phase avec l’évolution de la voie représentative des concentrations RCP2.6, compatible avec le maintien de l’augmentation de la température mondiale ème siècle, par rapport aux valeurs de 1850 à 1900, et en en dessous des 2°C au cours du XXI cohérence avec un scénario avec mesures d’atténuation strictes, et le maintien des concentrations mondiales de CO2 éq. dans la fourchette 430-480 ppm. Ces engagements se concrètent par une réduction des émissions équivalentes non absorbées de 37% (193,73 Gg CO2 éq.) par rapport aux émissions non absorbées du scénario Business as usual, définies sur la base du Premier rapport bisannuel de l’Andorre à la Convention cadre de Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (Décembre 2014), d’ici 2030.
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En anglais, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) La CCNUCC est entrée en vigueur le 31 mai 2011.
Détails de l’engagement Type d’engagement Réduction absolue par rapport aux émissions non absorbées du scénario Business as usual, définies sur la base du Premier rapport bisannuel de l’Andorre à la Convention cadre de Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (2014). Référence Émissions non absorbées du scénario Business as usual (530,55 Gg CO2 éq., pour 2030), définies sur la base du Premier rapport bisannuel de l’Andorre à la Convention cadre de Nations unies sur 8 les changements climatiques (2014) . Couverture Secteurs de l’énergie et des déchets, selon les catégories d’inventaire du GIEC 2006.
Champ d’application Les gaz suivants, non réglementés par le protocole de Montréal : dioxyde de carbone (CO2), méthane (CH4), oxyde nitreux (N2O) et hexafluorure de soufre (SF6). Période d’implantation er
Du 1 janvier 2016 au 31 décembre 2030.
Niveau de réduction Réduction de 37% (193,73 Gg CO2 éq.) des émissions annuelles non absorbées par rapport au scénario Business as usual, d’ici 2030. Ce pourcentage de réduction devrait être revu dans les cas où une modification importante sur la méthodologie d’inventaire soit introduite, par rapport à celle considérée par l’inventaire des gaz à effet de serre (GES) présenté dans le Premier rapport bisannuel de l’Andorre à la Convention cadre de Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (2014).
Émissions couvertes Secteurs de l’énergie et des déchets : 98,8% des émissions totales en 1990, 98,5% en 2011.
Contribution nette des mécanismes internationaux fondés sur le marché Aucune contribution des crédits internationaux.
Processus de planification Adhésion à la convention cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques, en tant que Partie non visée par l'annexe I (non-Annexe I), le 2 mars 2011. Approbation par le Gouvernement d’Andorre de la révision du plan national des déchets (20122016), le 20 décembre 2011. Présentation par le Gouvernement d’Andorre du Livre blanc de l’énergie, le 19 juillet 2012.
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(Miquel C., Armengol J.-Ll., Dobarro J., Rovira N., 2014) Premier rapport bisannuel de l’Andorre à la Convention cadre de Nations unies sur les changements climatiques. Govern d’Andorra, Departament de Medi Ambient. Andorra la Vella, Principat d’Andorra, 134 pp.
Création de la structure et des groupes de travail pour répondre aux obligations découlant de la CCNUCC, sous la coordination du Ministère de l'Environnement, le 2 octobre 2013. Approbation par le Gouvernement d’Andorre du Premier rapport bisannuel de l’Andorre à la Convention cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (2014), le 17 décembre 2014. Approbation par le Gouvernement d’Andorre des contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national (CPDN) de l’Andorre, conformément aux décisions 1/CP.19 et 1/CP.20 de la Conférence des Parties de la convention cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques, le 22 avril 2015.
Hypothèses clés Valeurs considérées des pouvoirs de réchauffement Dans le but de rendre compréhensible et comparable l’engagement de l’Andorre, les valeurs ont été rapportées à des valeurs d’équivalent de dioxyde de carbone moyennant leur Pouvoir de Réchauffement Global (PRG). Les valeurs PRG de référence considérées sont celles du deuxième 9 rapport d’évaluation du GIEC (SAR, GWPs, 100 year time horizon) . Bien que non applicables aux Parties non visées par l’annexe I de la Convention, les valeurs proposées par la décision 24/CP.19 (révision des directives FCCC pour la notification des inventaires annuels des Parties visées à l’annexe I de la Convention) seront adoptées dans la mesure du possible. Méthode d’estimation des émissions et des absorptions a) Lignes directrices du GIEC 2006. b) Hypothèse adoptées dans l’inventaire présenté dans le premier rapport bisannuel de l’Andorre à la Convention cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (2014). Approche de comptabilisation pour l’agriculture, la foresterie et les autres utilisations des terres Les perturbations naturelles ou les évènements extraordinaires concernant les puits de carbone ne seront pas considérés pour évaluer l’atteinte des engagements (contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national, CPDN). Équitable et ambitieux L’engagement des Parties doit être conforme à leur responsabilité, à leurs capacités ainsi qu’au soutien reçu de la communauté internationale. Dans ce sens, •
L’Andorre est Partie prenante de la Convention cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques en tant que Partie non visée par l’annexe I (non-annexe I). Au niveau international, l’Andorre est responsable en 2010 d’approximativement 10 0,00112% (547,43 Gg CO2 éq.) des émissions mondiales , responsabilité qui tend à diminuer, avec une réduction entre 2000 et 2010 de 21%.
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Le pays a connu un essor substantiel depuis 1990, avec une croissance démographique de +56% (entre 1990 et 2010) et une croissance économique de +50% en termes de PIB réel pour la même période (+73% si l’on se réfère à 1990-2005). Cette augmentation a eu des conséquences directes sur la consommation d’énergies, notamment dans les domaines du chauffage de bâtiments -pour rappel, la température
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IPCC SAR WG1 (1996), Houghton, J.T.; Meira Filho, L.G.; Callander, B.A.; Harris, N.; Kattenberg, A., and Maskell, K., ed., Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-56433-6 10 Émissions (hors absorptions) de l’Andorre: Premier rapport bisannuel de l’Andorre à la Convention cadre de Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (2014). Émissions mondiales: 5ème rapport d’évaluation du GIEC, groupe de travail III (2014)
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moyenne de l’Andorre est de 4,9ºC (1950-2010) , avec une altitude moyenne de 2.044 mètres sur le niveau de la mer- et du transport routier -la totalité des déplacements 12 internes se réalisent moyennant le réseau routier national -. Par rapport aux émissions de 1990, l’Andorre a accru ses émissions de +28% (2011), valeur comparable à l’augmentation des émissions mondiales +29% (2010). •
Malgré ces évolutions, les émissions de l’Andorre présentent une claire tendance à la diminution depuis 2005 (-9,6% entre 2005 et 2010), au contraire de ce qui est observé au niveau mondial avec une augmentation supérieure à 4,3% pour la même période (Cf. figure 1). Les émissions relatives annuelles se situent également au-dessous de la 13 moyenne mondiale avec, pour 2010, 4,85 tonnes de CO2 éq. par habitant, et 211,11 14 tonnes de CO2 éq. par M€ (PIB réel) .
Figure 1. Contribution de l’Andorre (noir) et évolution de l’indice des émissions mondiales et du pays (bleu).
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Bien que la responsabilité de l’Andorre concernant les émissions au niveau mondial soit extrêmement limitée, les effets du changement climatique se font déjà percevoir. Le climat a déjà évolué avec une tendance des températures à la hausse d’environ +0,20ºC/décennie pour les valeurs moyennes et des précipitations annuelles qui expérimentent une baisse d’au moins 45 mm/décennie (1950-2012). Ces variations vont sans doute se traduire par des impacts sur la ressource hydrique et sur l’enneigement, base fondamentale d’un des piliers de l’économie andorrane : le tourisme lié aux sports d’hiver. Les changements climatiques auront sans doute des impacts bien au-delà de ces domaines. La santé, les risques naturels, la production hydroélectrique, l’agriculture, la biodiversité, en sont des clairs exemples de par leur vulnérabilité face au phénomène.
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Selon le Premier rapport bisannuel de l’Andorre à la Convention cadre de Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (2014), le secteur du transport routier est celui qui représente la contribution la plus importante dans l’inventaire des gaz à effet de serre de l’Andorre avec, pour l’ensemble des années d’inventaire, 49,4% des émissions et des absorptions de GES (en valeurs absolues). Les secteurs « autres secteurs, fuels liquides » (chauffage des secteurs commercial/institutionnel et résidentiel) et « terres forestières qui continuent comme terres forestières », avec respectivement 21,6 et 19,2% suivent de loin le secteur du transport. Ces trois catégories expliquent à elles seules 90,3% de l’ensemble des inventaires des années 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 et 2011.
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Les politiques de mitigation associées aux secteurs évoqués relèvent d’actions à long terme, avec des rentabilités et des résultats à court terme limités.
•
Pour 2030, les contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national (CPDN) de l’Andorre sont en phase avec l’évolution de la voie représentative des
11
Le mois de janvier est le mois le plus froid de l'année, avec une température moyenne négative de -2,1ºC. À l'autre extrême, la température moyenne du mois de juillet, mois le plus chaud, atteint les 13,8ºC. 12 À l’exception des transports d’hélicoptères, utilisés surtout pour des transports sanitaires et des travaux en montagne. 13 La valeur deviendrait 5,86 tonnes de CO2 éq./an/habitant après la révision et la purge des statistiques de recensement démographique. 14
PIB réel, base 1.521,42 M€ pour l’an 2000.
concentrations RCP2.6 du scénario avec mesures d’atténuation strictes, et le maintien des concentrations mondiales de CO2 éq. dans la fourchette 430-480 ppm (Cf. tableau 1 et figure 2), condition nécessaire pour le maintien d’une température inférieure à 2ºC au XXIème siècle (par rapport à la période 1850-1900), avec un degré de certitude probable (likely, 66%-100%). •
Au niveau mondial, les conditions nécessaires pour assurer une augmentation des températures au-dessous de la barre des 2ºC au XXIème siècle (par rapport à la période 1850-1900), seront maintenues pour 2050 si les émissions rapportées à 2010 sont 15 réduites d’entre 41 et 72%, et de 78 à 118% en 2100 .
Concentrations de CO2 éq. en 2100 (ppm)
450 (430-480)
Souscatégories
Fourchette totale
Position relative des RCPs
RCP2.6
Changement des émissions de CO2 éq. par rapport à 2010 (en %)
2030
2050
2100
-18 * (+4 à -43) *
-53 * (-41 à -72)
-104 * (-78 à 118)
Probabilité de maintenir une température endessous des 2ºC au XXIème siècle (par rapport à 1850-1900)
66-100% (likely)
Tableau 1. Scénario objectif pour maintenir une température en-dessous des 2ºC. (*, estimé sur la base des valeurs de la médiane et des percentiles 10 et 90 du nuage des 450 ppm CO2 éq. de la figure SPM.11 de l’IPCC AR5, synthesis report, SPM 8)
Figure 2. Ensemble des scenarios d’émissions de GES 2000-2100. En blanc et pointillés, estimation du scénario mondial, en transposant au niveau international l’historique et les objectifs des CPDN de l’Andorre (année de base, 2010) (modifié de l’IPCC AR5, synthesis report, SPM 8)
Soutien reçu de la communauté internationale Aucun soutien international reçu à ce jour pour la mise en place d’actions d’atténuation ou d’adaptation. L’Andorre a demandé, et a reçu en avril 2013, l’appui d’un consultant externe nommé par le Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement (UNEP) pour identifier les circonstances propres au pays, les étapes à suivre (documentation, échéances, etc.) et les possibles voies de financement. En cohérence avec cette assistance technique, début 2014, le pays a soumis un projet de financement au Global Environment Facility pour la préparation du premier rapport bisannuel (BUR1) et de la première communication nationale (NC1), qui n’a pas reçu de réponse à ce jour (mars 2015). Il faut rappeler que le paragraphe 44 de la décision 2/CP.17 prie instamment
15
IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.
le Fonds pour l'environnement mondial (GEF) de mettre à disposition des fonds pour soutenir les Parties non-Annexe I à la préparation de leurs premiers rapports bisannuels de mise à jour le plus tôt possible en 2012 et sur la base du financement intégral des coûts convenus.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC)
(NON-OFFICIAL TRANSLATION)
According to Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, and taking into account the principles, provisions and structure of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Argentine Republic is pleased to submit its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC). Introduction The impact that the planet suffers today requires taking immediate measures which imply large economic effort. Thus, countries that have not yet reached full development are those that suffer most from this phenomenon, despite not being the principal responsible. In this sense, climate change increases inequalities that already exist among different nations, creating a new barrier for the development of countries. Resolving this problem requires the initiation of concrete action in the areas of adaptation, mitigation, as well as the provision of the means of implementation; however, for this to be possible, there must exist a reference framework agreed by all the countries of the world. For the purpose of reaching an agreement among countries that are so different, it is important, in the first place, to understand the differences that separate them, not only in their historical process but also in their current and future goals. This leads to the need to avoid increasing inequalities. Thus, the respect and full application of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities is fundamental for the success of the process. In this sense, it is necessary to consider that measures taken to combat climate change, including unilateral ones, should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade. Climate change can be reverted if all countries in the world can articulate human and economic effort, without precedent in human history that can only be achieved if there exists a sincere political decision of all the world’s governments.
National Circumstances The Argentine Republic is located in the Southern and Western hemisphere. Its territory extends both in the American continent as in Antarctica, including the South Orkney Islands, other southern islands, and the Malvinas Islands. Argentina is composed of 23 provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, and includes the Malvinas Islands, the South Georgia Islands, the South Sandwich Islands, as well as the surrounding maritime space, which are an integral part of Argentina’s national territory. The islands are illegally occupied by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and are the object of a sovereignty dispute between the two countries, recognized by the United Nations General Assembly, the United Nations Decolonization Committee, and other international organizations. With a total of 40,117,096 inhabitants, about 90% of the country’s population lives in urban areas. Buenos Aires province has the largest percentage of the population (39% of the total), followed by the provinces of Córdoba, Santa Fe and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Some 31.92% of the population is concentrated in Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area, which comprises the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and 26 municipal jurisdictions of Buenos Aires Province, in an area that is 0.50% of the national total. Argentina has a very significant biodiversity resulting from the vast territory with a large range of latitudes and altitudes with different geomorphologic, climatic and edaphological characteristics, resulting from the presence of 18 eco-regions (15 continental, 2 marine y 1 in Antarctica). Since 2003 Argentina has adopted an economic model which has allowed the virtuous articulation of economic growth and social inclusion. With the State active in the promotion of economic development, in supporting and creating jobs, and in income distribution, the majority of social indicators have evolved positively. In this sense, some of the achievements include: the creation of over 6 million jobs, the reduction of unemployment from 20.4% in 2003 to 6.6% 2015; increase in GDP dedicated to national social investment from 7.2% in 2004 to 13.9% in 2014; increase in GDP dedicated to retirement pensions from 3.4% in 2004 to 6.7% in 2014; increase in the rate of retirement pension coverage to above 96% of all retirement-age people; the creating of 16 new
National Universities; a 33% increase the number of university students between 2001 and 2014; and a reduction in the Gini coefficient from 0.534 in 2003 to 0.410 in 2015. Vulnerability and impact of climate change The geographic position of the country and its socioeconomic characteristics lead to a territory that is vulnerable to climate change and climate variability, a situation which has become evident in recent years as a consequence of repeated and growing extreme climate events, as well as in gradual changes that affected various regions of the country. Studies undertaken by Argentine researchers show that in the period 1960-2010 there was an increase in the average temperature in most of Argentina, of about 0.5 °C, exceeding 1 °C in some parts of Patagonia; there was also an increase in the number of days with heat waves and a decrease in the number of frost days. Large increases in precipitation were observed in the East of the country causing floods with large socio-economic impact. There was a reduction in precipitation in semi-arid zones, specifically in the Andean region and a reduction in the stream flows of rivers in the Cuyo region. With respect to the potential impact of climate change for the rest of the XXI Century, it is worth noting that an increase in average temperature of 0.5 to 1 °C is projected for almost all of the country by the middle of the current century; this implies an acceleration of warming compared to the last 50 years. With respect to average precipitation, the changes in the next decades are not important, although an increase in the frequency of intense precipitation events are projected. The vulnerability to climate change is important considering that agriculture and animal husbandry occupy an important place in the country’s economy. This fact becomes even more relevant considering that Argentina is a major global player in food production and supply, playing a fundamental role in global food security. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions profile In analyzing the country’s GHG emissions profile, one should consider the following: a) The high energy consumption related to transport in a country which has a large territory; b) The sustained increase in energy consumption in the residential sector is a consequence of a general policy of social inclusion, one of whose aspects is to guarantee universal access to energy under equitable conditions, as a determining element in the quality of life of its inhabitants;
c) The sustained increase in energy consumption in productive sectors as an undeniable strategic input for economic development and job creation; d) Food production to satisfy the growing world demand, contributing to guarantee global food security. According to the results of Argentina’s Third National Communication on Climate Change, GHG emissions are estimated to be of the order of 429 M ton CO2-eq for the last national inventory of greenhouse gas emissions. The emissions distribution in the different sectors is shown below: Distribution of GHG emissions, by sector Land use change and forsestry 21%
Waste 5%
Agriculture and animal husbandry 28%
Energy 43%
Industrial processes 3%
Adaptation and mitigation efforts realized Argentina has participated actively in the process of generation and development of the international climate regime, specifically with respect to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. Moreover, Buenos Aires City hosted two Conferences of the Parties: COP 4 in 1998 and COP 10 in 2004. Since then, the country has implemented voluntary national actions in mitigation and adaptation in different sectors. Nevertheless, with the objective of facing the challenge of climate change in the most efficient and articulated manner, Argentina designed the “National Strategy on Climate Change” and, within this institutional framework, a coordinating entity, “Governmental Committee on Climate Change” was created, for the participation of national and provincial state representatives. In the energy sector two central policy objectives were defined: the diversification of the energy matrix and the promotion of rational and efficient use of energy. In this sense, the country has a
regulatory structure with strategic long-term plans that promote, among other measures, a larger participation of non-conventional renewable sources, hydroelectricity, nuclear power, and the replacement of fossil fuels by biofuels. Moreover, a set of programs and actions intended to reduce energy consumption intensity has been established. In the transport sector, the optimization of rail transport system is conceived in a search for sustainability linked to climate change mitigation actions. In this sense, Law No. 27,132 constitutes an important regulatory framework that declares railways to be of national public interest and a priority objective for Argentina, comprising the reactivation of passenger and cargo railways, the renewal and improvement rail infrastructure and incorporation of technologies and services that contribute to the modernization and efficiency of the rail public transport system. In the sector of agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU), among other measures, Law No. 26,331 for the Environmental Protection of Native Forests established minimum budgets for environmental protection for the enrichment, restoration, conservation, harvesting and sustainable management of native forests, and for the environmental services that these provide to society. This institutional framework permitted the provinces to develop the process of land management of existing native forests according to sustainability criteria and establishing different conservation categories as a function of the environmental value of different native forest units and the environmental services they provide. Within this framework, the National Fund for the Enrichment and Conservation of Native Forests was created as a means to implement mechanisms for compensating the private sector with the objective of enriching, conserving, restoring, and promoting the sustainable management of these forests. A variety of initiatives have been adopted in the same sector to allow an increase in food production, reducing environmental impact, including the development of varieties that allow a decrease in the use of pesticides, resistance to water stress, introduction of changes in sowing dates, and the development of irrigation systems to compensate for periods of water shortage, the introduction of land cover practices as well as early warning systems. Moreover, no-till agriculture, combined with adequate fertilization and crop rotation proved central to the strategy to face climate change, through measures that have allowed soil moisture retention and improved soil structure and fertility. Other measures incorporated to the practices are precision agriculture, development of biomass energy, promotion of organic agriculture, as well as the planting and sustainable management of forest plantations.
With the objective of reducing the risks from the impact of climate change, Argentina analyzed climate model runs in order to project changes in its territory over the next 100 years. In the same sense, complex tools such as “Hydraulic Infrastructure Trust”, “National Glacier Inventory”, as well as the aforementioned ”National Fund for the Enrichment and Conservation of Native Forests”, and “National Biodiversity Strategy”, among others, were established. Spaces for interinstitutional articulation to promote reduced disaster risks, such as the “National Platform for the Reduction of Disaster Risks” and the “Risk Management Study Commission” were also created. Finally, given that social vulnerability is a determining risk factor for climate change impact, policies for improving people’s living conditions, undertaken within a framework of growth with social inclusion, would strengthen their capacity for adaptation. Process for the preparation of the national contribution The national contribution presented here is the result of a technical and political process initiated within the framework of the Governmental Committee and the National Strategy on Climate Change. An essential input to the process were the studies prepared within the framework of the Third National Communication which included an updated national GHG inventory, the identification of national mitigation potential, the development of climate change scenarios, the identification of the impact and vulnerability to climate change, and adaptation measures to face them. Both the Third National Communication as well as the National Contribution are the result of a participative process, which included the vision, opinions, and proposals of public, private, and scientific and technical sectors, and civil society organizations, through numerous meetings, workshops and surveys. The consultative process with different actors permitted the analysis of mitigation and adaptation measures identified in the Third National Communication and thereby, to determine the mitigation potential, as well as adaptation measures. Fair and Ambitious The national contribution is fair and ambitious, it is based on a process that took years, and that has implied the development of knowledge, institutional framework and specific measures. The priority of the Argentine Republic is to continue in the path of development with social inclusion that would allow improved well-being for all sectors of the population, especially those most
vulnerable. The contribution was determined through the identification of mitigation and adaptation measures that are linked to this objective. Moreover, Argentina’s current share of global emissions and its contribution to global food security have been considered. Argentina has identified a mitigation potential that would allow it to contribute to combating climate change. A part of this potential can be achieved with great economic and social effort from all Argentines, but in order to reach the full potential, means of implementation should be available.
Unconditional Goal
Argentina’s goal is to reduce GHG emissions by 15% in 2030 with respect to projected BAU emissions for that year. The goal includes, inter alia, actions linked to: the promotion of sustainable forest management, energy efficiency, biofuels, nuclear power, renewable energy, and transport modal shift. The criteria for selecting the actions include the potential for reducing /capturing GHG emissions and associate co-benefits, as well as the possibility of applying nationally developed technologies.
Conditional Goal
Argentina could increase its reduction goal under the following conditions: a) Adequate and predictable international financing; b) support for transfer, innovation and technology development; c) support for capacity building. In this case, a reduction of 30% GHG emissions could be achieved by 2030 compared to projected BAU emissions in the same year. The goal contemplates both the increase of the scope of measures in progress, as well as the implementation of new measures. In most cases, the costs and benefits of the measures have been analyzed. The criteria for selecting the actions include the potential for reducing /capturing GHG emissions and associate co-benefits, as well as the possibility of applying nationally development technologies.
700
650
BAU emissions (M ton CO2-eq)
600
550 Emissions for Scenario with Unconditional Contributions (M ton CO2-eq)
500
450 Emissions for Scenarios with Conditional and Unconditional Contributions (M ton CO2-eq)
400
350
300
Type of goal
Percentage reduction in absolute emissions with respect to a “Business as usual” (BAU) trend scenario.
Goal Period
2030
Baseline
The baseline “Business as usual” (BAU) scenario was built from a projection of economic growth in the absence of climate change mitigation policies. The projection starts in year 2005 with GHG emissions of 670 M ton CO2-eq in year 2030.
Scope and Coverage Sectors
The entire national territory is considered, including the following sectors: Energy; Agriculture; Waste; Industrial Processes; Land use change and forestry.
GHG
The contribution contemplates six greenhouse gases: Carbon dioxide (СО2); Methane (СН4); Nitrous oxide (N2O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC); Perfluorocarbons (PFC); and Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6).
Methodology
Inventories according to IPCC (1996) Guidelines. Global Warming Potential (GWP) values according to the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR).
Adaptación Needs
Argentina considers that adaptation to climate change is its principal priority, taking into account that the adverse effects of this phenomenon are already suffered in the national territory. In this context, it has implemented, with its own resources, a set of actions in this area. Nevertheless, and depending on the support received in the form of
international finance, technology development and transfer and capacity building, it could extend and deepen its adaptation actions, inter alia, in the following areas: a) The intensification and increase in early warning systems for intense rains, floods, heat waves, and systems for response to and recovery from climate disasters; b) The enrichment, conservation, restoration, improvement, and sustainable management of native forests; c) The increase in irrigated crop area and improvement in water resource management; d) The improvement in decision making on crop management; e) The reduction in vulnerability and strengthening of processes in health management related to the direct and indirect impact of climate change; f) The implementation of structural and non structural measures to face extreme events; and g) The promotion of biodiversity conservation and Adaptation based on Ecosystems. In most of these cases, the measures have been identified with cost/benefit analyses undertaken. Disclaimer Nothing in this contribution can be interpreted as Argentina is making commitments that are not included in the objective, principles and provisions of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, especially with regard to food security and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. Depending on the outcome of negotiations on climate change aimed to adopt a new agreement at COP 21, Argentina reserves the right to make revisions to this intended nationally determined contribution.
Protocol Decision No 41, 10 September, 2015 Government of the Republic of Armenia
On approving the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions of the Republic of Armenia under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
To approve Intended Nationally Determined Contributions of the Republic of Armenia under the UNFCCC according to the following Annex.
Annex
Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Armenia under the UN Climate Change Framework Convention The Republic of Armenia ratified the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in May 1993 as a developing country not included in Annex I to the Convention. In December 2002, Armenia ratified the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol. 2. The geographical location of the Republic of Armenia (landlocked mountainous country with vulnerable ecosystems), and the country’s need to ensure its national security, necessitates the prioritization of climate change adaptation. 3. The Republic of Armenia stated its position on the limitation of greenhouse gas emissions in subsequent national communications to the UNFCCC and in the Republic of Armenia’s Statement on Association with Copenhagen Accords: 1) In relation to low carbon developmentArmenia describes the term ‘fairness’ by applying the UNFCCC definition of ‘common, but differentiated responsibility’, which considers the different levels of historical responsibility among countries in contributing to the increase of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere, leading to climate change. 2) The climate change mitigation actions should not reverse the social and economic trends, but contribute to the socioeconomic development of the Republic of Armenia. These actions must be based on an ‘ecosystem approach’, which is preferred by the Republic of Armenia, since it allows to maximize the synergies between mitigation and adaptation actions in most sectors of the economy, facilitating fair regional cooperation and contributing to solidarity. 4. Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC): 1.
1.
INDC underlying principles
1) Limit global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to such a level that the global average temperature does not exceed 20C, 2) Ensure distribution of the GHG emissions limitation burden between countries based on the principle of equity, taking into account the rights of present and future generations to use resources, and the equal rights of humans to impact the climatic system. 3) Apply an ecosystem-based approach to mitigation andadaptation actions, giving preference to balanced and combined actions. 4) The Republic of Armenia stays in the status of non–Annex I developing country under UNFCCC, andis prepared to undertakecertain quantitative contribution to limit its GHG emissions growth based on the above mentioned principle of equity, and subject to adequate financial, technological and technical support. 5) The INDC shall be based on the principle of ‘Green economy’ and be compatible with the social and economic development goals of the Republic of Armenia. 1
2.
Mitigation of climate change
1) Applieddefinitions a. GHG emissions limiting volume - the total volume of GHG emissions, which ensures the limitation of an increase in the average global atmosphere temperature to below 20C, according to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report this is equal to 1.000 giga tons (Gt) carbon dioxide equivalent. b. GHG neutral emissions volume - the total annual volume of GHG emissions, which can be fully absorbed by the earth's ecosystems (ocean, land vegetation, soil) and be irreversibly accumulated in the ecosystems (around 11 Gt/year) carbon dioxide equivalent. 2) Calculation basis a. The ‘GHG limitation quantitativeindicator’ is calculatedbased on the per capita emissions of the global population, b. For global population consider the fixed estimate as of 1990, equal to 5.3 billion people (3.35 million was the Republic of Armenia’s population in 1990), c. The per capita emissions limiting volume on the global level equals to 189 tons/per capita (1.000 Gt/5.3 billion people), d. To set the total aggregate quantitative contribution of the Republic of Armenia under INDC equal to633 million tons carbon dioxide equivalent(189 tons per capita x 3.35 millionpeople)fortheperiodof2015-2050 or an annual average of 5.4 tons per capita. In 2010, Armenia’s GHG emissions comprised 2.14 tons per capita. The Republic of Armenia strives to achieve ecosystem neutral GHG emissions in 2050 (2.07 tons/per capita annual) with the support of adequate (necessary and sufficient) international financial, technological and capacity building assistance. In case of non-exceeding its total emissions quota (633 million tons) set for the period of 2015-2050 Armenia can credit non-utilized reduction to ‘carbon market’, or transfer it to the balance of emissions limitation envisaged for the period of 2050-2100. 3) Timeframe The timeframe for the INDC is 2015-2030, including: a) 2015-2019 – the period of voluntary preparatory contributions. Accept those contributions, beyond the INDC start date in 2020, as «ambitious actions» in accordance with the development index of the Republic of Armenia, stated by forecast "mitigation measures" scenario of the Third National Communication to UNFCCC”. The scenario includes commitments undertaken by the city authorities of the country under the Covenant of Mayors. b) 2020-2050 – the period of contribution under the new 2
UNFCCC agreement. c) 2030 - interim review of the mitigation regime, taking into account possible changes of indexes mentioned under Para 2, points 2) a and b. 4) The main sectors included in the mitigation contribution are: a. b. c. d.
Energy (including renewable energy and energy efficiency Transport (including development of electrical transport) Urban development (including buildings and construction); Industrial processes (construction materials and chemical production) e. Waste management; (solid waste, waste water, agricultural waste), f. Land use and Forestry (afforestation, forest protection, carbon storage in soil) Consider 20.1 per cent as an optimal forest cover indicator of the territory of the Republic of Armenia according to the Armenia`s First National Communication to UNFCCC (1998) and Government Decision No 1232 of 21 July 2005 “On Adoption of the National Forest Program of the Republic of Armenia”. To achieve that indicator by 2050 and consider the obtained organic carbon absorptions and accumulations in the INDC and expand the impact period up that measure till 2100. Ensure organic carbon conservation, accumulation and storage in all categories of lands through comprehensive measures and include achieved balance in the INDC. Apply the Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) format: as well as national and international Measuring Reporting and Verification (MRV) system for implementation of INDC mitigation component. 5) Greenhouse gases considered: Define that considered greenhouse gases are: a. Carbon dioxide (CO 2), b. Methane (CH 4), c. Nitrous oxide (N 2 O), d. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) The emissions and absorption of mentioned gases are calculated in CO 2 equivalent, according to the “global warming potential” defined by IPCC Second Assessment Report ".
3
3.
Adaptation to climate change
Basis and approaches to adaptation: 1) Adaptation strategy and contributions are based on the requirement of the UNFCCC Article 2 “Objective”, which stipulates to restrain climate change within timeframe sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change. Thus, the natural ecosystems adaptation approach in INDC is considered pivotal for Armenia’s adaptation strategy and actions (contributions), and a basis for the development of the national adaptation plan. 2) The Republic of Armenia embraces the ecosystem approach for adapting to climate change. The approach is in harmony with the environmental policy of the country, can ensure synergy with other international environmental conventions and treaties, will lay the ground for inter-sectoral coordination, and will support establishment of cross-border cooperation and solidarity environment. 3) Adaptation activities will be prioritized based on the most vulnerable sectors to climate change: a. Natural ecosystems (aquatic and terrestrial, including forest ecosystems, biodiversity and land cover) b. Human health c. Water resource management d. Agriculture, including fishery and forests e. Energy f. Human settlements and infrastructures g. Tourism
4.
Technology transfer
5.
Capacity strengthening Strengthen the operations of Intergovernmental Council on Climate Change, established by the Decision No 955 of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia of 02 October 2012 and its Working Group. Establish consistent process for professional training and education on climate change-related issues, as well as enhance cooperation at the international and regional levels. Finance Develop an appropriate legislative and institutional framework for adequate financial assistance. For this purpose a targeted financial mechanism consisting of two components should be created to
6.
Ensure adequate technological assistance and create a favorable environment for technology development and transfer. Establish institutional mechanisms to overcome barriers for the introduction of innovative technologies for climate change mitigation and adaptation, including strengthening the system of legal protection of intellectual property right. Ensure an open and transparent system of technology introduction and transfer as a contribution to the INDC, such as through the cooperation and experience exchange with "Climate Technology Center and Network" (CTCN) and through the establishment of a similar mechanism in the country (ArmCTCN).
4
finance climate change mitigation and adaptation projects: 1) The first – internal (domestic) climate revolving civil fund, to be replenished on permanent base by allocations from environmental fees, ecosystem service fees, including "carbon taxing". 2) The second –external (international) financial mechanisms with resource provision following the principle of additionality, such as the Green Climate Fund, the Adaptation Fund, the Global Environmental Facility, bilateral and multilateral funds, and other sources. The emerging financial mechanism will: a. Create realistic and operational grounds for establishment and development of the reliable public- private partnership (PPP), b. Ensure the right of future generations to ‘use climate resources’. 7.
Transparency
Transparency of mitigation and adaptation actions will be ensured through: 1) The introduction of national and international MRV system, 2) Open and accessible information system, participatory process. The open and transparent cooperation between public service providing bodies and civil society organizations ensured through establishing and strengthening effective legal incentives.
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AUSTRALIA Australia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to a new Climate Change Agreement | August 2015
I. Australia’s commitment Australia wants the United Nations climate change conference in Paris to deliver a strong and effective new global climate change agreement, applicable to all UNFCCC Parties. Australia has a strong record of meeting our commitments, and we are on track to meet our 2020 target. Our direct action policy, including the Emissions Reduction Fund, is supporting businesses and the community to reduce emissions, while improving productivity and sustaining economic growth. Australia will continue to play our part in an effective global response to climate change. Under a Paris Agreement applicable to all, Australia will implement an economy-wide target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 26 to 28 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030. The details of Australia’s contribution are set out in the attachment to aid transparency, clarity and understanding. Australia’s target is unconditional based on assumptions set out in the attachment. We will implement the 28 per cent target should circumstances allow, taking into account opportunities to reduce emissions and factors such as the costs of technology. Australia reserves the right to adjust our target and its parameters before it is finalised under a new global agreement should the rules and other underpinning arrangements of the agreement differ in a way that materially impacts the definition of our target. II. A fair and ambitious contribution to deliver the Convention’s objective Australia’s intended nationally determined contribution is an ambitious, fair and responsible contribution to global efforts toward meeting the objective of the UNFCCC with the goal of limiting global average temperature rise to below two degrees Celsius. The target is a significant progression beyond Australia’s 2020 commitment to cut emissions by five per cent below 2000 levels (equivalent to 13 per cent below 2005 levels). The target approximately doubles Australia’s rate of emissions reductions, and significantly reduces emissions per capita and per unit of GDP, when compared to the 2020 target. Across a range of metrics, Australia’s target is comparable to the targets of other advanced economies. Against 2005 levels, Australia’s target represents projected cuts of 50 to 52 per cent in emissions per capita by 2030 and 64 to 65 per cent per unit of GDP by 2030. The target represents serious and ambitious effort for Australia. This effort takes account of Australia’s unique national circumstances, including a growing population and economy, role as a leading global resources provider, our current energy infrastructure, and higher than average abatement costs. The target places Australia on a stable pathway towards longer term emissions reductions in the context of future global action and technological innovation.
III. Planning processes towards achieving Australia’s target Australia’s Emissions Reduction Fund supports Australian businesses to reduce emissions while improving productivity. The first auction under the Fund was held in April 2015, and successfully purchased over 47 million tonnes of abatement at an average price of AU$13.95. The Government is finalising a safeguard mechanism to ensure emissions reductions purchased under the Fund are not offset by significant rises in emissions elsewhere in the economy. Australia has additional policy measures in place to promote the deployment of renewable energy and improve energy efficiency. Under Australia’s Renewable Energy Target scheme, over 23 per cent of Australia’s electricity will come from renewable sources by 2020. The Australian Government is working to build climate resilience and support adaptation to climate change. Australia will develop a National Climate Resilience and Adaptation Strategy during 2015. The Australian Government is commencing the development of a range of policies that will reduce emissions into the post-2020 period, including a National Energy Productivity Plan with a National Energy Productivity Target of a 40 per cent improvement between 2015 and 2030, the investigation of opportunities to improve the efficiency of light and heavy vehicles, and the enhanced management of synthetic greenhouse gas emissions under ozone protection laws and the Montreal Protocol. Building from these measures, the Australian Government will in 2017-2018 undertake consultation to determine further post-2020 domestic emissions reduction policies. The Government will ensure that policies used in the post-2020 period are efficient and complementary with one another, and are appropriately calibrated towards achieving Australia’s 2030 target. As a part of this process, the Government will consider a potential long term emissions reduction goal for Australia, beyond 2030, taking into account international trends and technology developments.
Attachment: Australia’s intended nationally determined contribution Target: 26 to 28 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030 Reference point Base year
2005
Time frames Period covered
2021 – 2030
Scope and Coverage Target type
Absolute economy-wide emissions reduction by 2030, to be developed into an emissions budget covering the period 2021-2030
Gases covered
Carbon dioxide (CO2); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N2O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6); Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)
Sectors covered
Energy; Industrial processes and product use; Agriculture; Land-use, land-use change and forestry; Waste
% of base year emissions covered
100 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions and removals in Australia’s national greenhouse gas inventory
Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting Metrics
Australia intends to apply 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in inventory reporting guidelines, currently IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 100 year GWPs, or as otherwise agreed.
Emissions estimation methodology
Australia intends to apply the IPCC 2006 Guidelines and IPCC 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods, or as otherwise agreed.
Accounting approach
Australia intends to account based on UNFCCC inventory reporting categories using a net-net approach. Australia will apply IPCC guidance for treatment of natural disturbance and variation. Australia’s INDC assumes that accounting provisions under the Paris agreement will: -
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Preserve the integrity of the agreement by ensuring claimed emissions reductions are genuine and are not double counted; and Recognise emissions reductions from all sectors.
Australia reserves the right to adjust our target and its parameters before it is finalised under a new global agreement should the rules and other underpinning arrangements of the agreement differ in a way that materially impacts the definition of our target.
INFORMATION to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of the Republic of Azerbaijan
As a developing country, Republic of Azerbaijan believes that the climate change is a potential threat for humanity and supports the adoption of a new Global Agreement on climate change to be applied to all Parties in the 21st Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC to be held in Paris late 2015. By 2030 the Republic of Azerbaijan targets 35% reduction in the level of greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990/base year as its contribution to the global climate change efforts. Approaches and principles applied for defining the contributions: Compliance with national conditions and historical responsibility By communicating its INDC to the UNFCCC, Azerbaijan confirms the importance of a new agreement in the field of climate change and expresses its solidarity with the countries that are most vulnerable to climate change. Azerbaijan believes that the exchange of information between the Parties on the INDC will assist in streamlining joint efforts aimed at the prevention of global temperature increase above 2°C as it is stated in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), as well as further promote the principles of justice by taking into account the potential and national circumstances of the Parties and their capacity. When Azerbaijan was part of the former Soviet Union environmental concerns were neglected for the sake of industrial development. The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict resulted in the occupation of 20% of the territory of Azerbaijan by Armenia and the inflow of a million refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). In addition, the conflict inflicted heavy damage on the environment of Azerbaijan. 1.7 million hectares of land that currently remain under Armenian occupation are comprised of 595.6 thousand hectares of agricultural land, 247.4 thousand hectares of forest area and 10.1 thousand hectares of farmland. 247.352 hectares of forest area, including 13197.5 hectares of rare and valuable forests, 152 natural monuments and 5 geological objects located in the occupied territories have been destroyed. Large scale arsons regularly committed by the Armenian military forces in the occupied territories seriously damage environment and livelihoods in adjacent districts as well as in the entire region. The inflicted damage amounts to billions of US dollars. The principle of justice and ambition, obstacles and risks As a developing country Azerbaijan is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. National greenhouse gas emissions account for only 0.1% of global emissions, while per capita gas emissions for 2010 equal 5.4 tons of CO2 equivalent. Despite the existing challenges, as a developing country Azerbaijan, has already provided its contribution to the global efforts to cope with climate change and has chosen its development direction towards low emission development that requires more financial resources. Therefore, the submitted INDC presents a highly ambitious commitment. The increase of the population of Azerbaijan by approximately 1.1% or 100 thousand people per year projected in the official national statistics will increase the demand for energy and other natural resources. This represents one of the main challenges for the reduction of GHG emissions.
In addition, constraints for the implementation of the present INDC and specific risks for the country could be listed as follows: -
The remaining occupation of the 20 % of the territory of Azerbaijan and consequently problems of one million refugees and IDPs, massive plunder of natural resources and other wealth, as well as extermination of flora and fauna in the occupied territories;
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Declining prices of oil in the global markets.
The Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Azerbaijan Base year
1990
Emissions per base year
Total emission 73.331 Gg CO2 equivalent (excluding LULUCF); Net emission 69.641 Gg CO2 equivalent (including LULUCF)
Time framework
2030
Covered sectors
Energy, agriculture, waste, LULUCF
Covered gases
CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, CF4
Considered emissions reduction
35% reduction at total emissions level compared to the base year. Total emissions reduction for 2030 compared to the base year: 25.666 Gg CO2 equivalent (excluding LULUCF) 24.374 Gg CO2 equivalent (including LULUCF )
Methodology inventory
used
Adaptation element
for
GHG
In the course of GHG inventory, the revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories were used. In order to reduce vulnerability of Azerbaijan towards climate change impacts, it is considered to develop relevant adaptation measures for decreasing or minimizing the losses that may occur at national, local and community levels per sector.
Mitigation Energy sector Development of legislative acts and regulatory documents on energy, the implementation of awareness activities on energy efficiency, the replacement of existing technologies in electricity and thermal energy production with modern technologies, the reconstruction of the distribution networks and transmission lines, the implementation of isolation works and application of modern lighting systems. Oil and gas sector - Application of new and modern environmental-friendly technologies in the oil and gas processing, production of fuel in line with EURO-5 standards in a new refinery complex by 2019 and strengthening the capacity of the staff; - Modernization of gas pipelines, gas distribution system and other measures to decrease losses up to 1% by 2020 and ensure the volume of reduction in compliance with international standards by 2050;
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- Based on adopted strategy, accumulation of gases emitted to the atmosphere during oil-gas production, prevention of gas leakages during oil-gas processing and at distribution networks. Residential and Commercial Sectors Massive use of control and measurement devices in electrical, heat energy and natural gas systems, application of energy-efficient bulbs, use of modern energy-saving technologies in heating systems, as well organization of public awareness programs on energy use. The use of alternative and renewable energy sources Development and application of technical and normative legal documents on the use of alternative and renewable energy sources based on conducted assessment, acceleration of works to supply of renewable energy for the heating system for the population, enhancement of use of innovative technologies, construction of small hydro power plants (HPPs) on small rivers, irrigation canals and water basins, as well as, use of biomass, solar power, electric and heat energy, wind power, heat pumps and geothermal energy in all sectors of economy. Transport sector Use of environmentally friendly forms of transport, enhancement of the use of electric vehicles at public transportation, electrification of railway lines and the transition to alternative current system in traction, improvement and expansion of the scope of intellectual transport management system, development of metro transport and increase of a number of metro stations, elimination of traffic jams due to the construction of road junctions and underground and surface pedestrian crossings. Agricultural sector Collect methane gas from manure of livestock and poultry, use of alternative sources of energy and modern technologies. Waste sector Develop modern solid waste management system at big cities of the country. Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) sector Plant new forest areas, water and land protecting forest strips (windbreaks), urban and roadside greenery as well as further improve the management of pastures and agricultural lands.
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