Impact of light acclimation on temperate forest trees hydraulics Master 2 Biology and Environment
Directed by Aurélie Gousset 13/05/2014
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Climate changes : atmospheric pollution increases global dimming
Global irradiance (W.m²)
Irradiance decrease (W.m²) or fossil fuel increase (Gc.m².y-1) North pole 13/05/2014
Stanhill et al., 1992 ; Stanhill, 1995 ; Li et al., 1995 ; Abakumova et al., 1996 ; Liepert, 1997
Latitude (°)
South pole
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Climate changes : atmospheric pollution increases global dimming
Global irradiance (W.m²)
Reduction of global irradiance : 2.7 % / 10 years
Irradiance decrease (W.m²) or fossil fuel increase (Gc.m².y-1) North pole 13/05/2014
Main cause : aerosol and fossil fuel
Stanhill et al., 1992 ; Stanhill, 1995 ; Li et al., 1995 ; Abakumova et al., 1996 ; Liepert, 1997
Latitude (°)
South pole
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Climate changes : modifying of species distribution allows light competition 2000
IPCC
13/05/2014
2099
Fagus sylvatica
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Climate changes : modifying of species distribution allows light competition 2000
IPCC
2099
Fagus sylvatica
New interactions between species Heterogenity of light distribution 13/05/2014
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Focus on leaf water transport
Transpiration Epidermis cell Veins
Mesophyll
Stomata
13/05/2014
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Focus on leaf water transport
Transpiration Epidermis cell Veins
Mesophyll
Stomata
Major vein Minor vein
13/05/2014
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Focus on leaf water transport
Transpiration Epidermis cell Veins
Mesophyll
Stomata Apoplastic
Transcellular Cell wall
Symplastic Plasma membrane 13/05/2014
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Leaf acclimation to shade disturbes leaf functioning
Architecture
leaf area thickness : - leaf - epidermis - parenchyma stomatal density
Murphy et al., 2012
13/05/2014
Conclusions
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Leaf acclimation to shade disturbes leaf functioning
Architecture
leaf area thickness : - leaf - epidermis - parenchyma
Physiology
photosynthesis rate
saturated light
stomatal density
Murphy et al., 2012
13/05/2014
Ashton and Berlyn, 2007
Conclusions
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Leaf acclimation to shade disturbes leaf functioning
Architecture
leaf area thickness : - leaf - epidermis - parenchyma
Physiology
photosynthesis rate
Hydraulic
leaf resistance
saturated light
stomatal density
Murphy et al., 2012
13/05/2014
Ashton and Berlyn, 2007
Wyka et al., 2008
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Biomass allocation : to veins or to mesophyll ?
Veins
+
Mesophyll hydration
Mesophyll
-
Chlorophyll tissue Photosynthesis
13/05/2014
Conclusions
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Biomass allocation : to veins or to mesophyll ?
Veins
+
Mesophyll hydration
Chlorophyll tissue Photosynthesis
13/05/2014
Chlorophyll tissue Photosynthesis
Mesophyll
-
Mesophyll
Branching Mesophyll hydration
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Hypothesis Acclimated leaves to shade change their own architecture in order to optimize water flux.
Strategies are species specific. Pioneer plant acclimated to shade are more competitive than post-pioneer plant.
Goals Ecophysiologic caracterization of acclimated tree to shade. Focus on transcellular pathways. 13/05/2014
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Experimental design
Species
Populus nigra
Quercus robur
Pioneer
Post-pioneer
Light
Shade
1000
60
Treatment µmol photons/m²/s
Data
n=5 to 6
Morphologic
Physiologic
Molecular
Stomatal and vein densities
Photosynthesis
Aquaporins PIP expression
Hydraulic resistance 13/05/2014
n=10 to 12
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Shade reduces stem growth
*
Light Shade
30
3
Diameter gain (mm)
Size gain (cm)
60
*
Light Shade
2
1
0
0
P.nigra
Q.robur
P.nigra
Q.robur
Treatment affects biomass production in pioneer plant (Populus nigra) No impact on post-pioneer plant growth (Quercus robur) 13/05/2014
* p < 0.05
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Shade leaves are thinner and larger than light leaves
Leaf Mass per Area (g/m²)
60
* 40
Light Shade
20
0
Q.robur
P.nigra
* p < 0.05 To optimize photon capture Carbone allocation strategy 13/05/2014
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Primary metabolism is more efficient in trees acclimated to light
10
Light Shade P. nigra Q. robur
Net photosynthesis (µmol CO2/m²/s)
8
*
6
*
4
2
*
*
600
800
0 0 -2
200
400
1000
1200
Photon Flux Density (µmol photons/m²/s)
* p < 0.05 Saturation at high PFD in shade leaves 13/05/2014
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Primary metabolism is more efficient in trees acclimated to light
10
Light Shade P. nigra Q. robur
Net photosynthesis (µmol CO2/m²/s)
8
*
6
*
4
2
*
*
600
800
0 0 -2
200
400
1000
1200
Photon Flux Density (µmol photons/m²/s)
* p < 0.05 Saturation at high PFD in shade leaves 13/05/2014
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Primary metabolism is more efficient in trees acclimated to light
10
Light Shade P. nigra Q. robur
Net photosynthesis (µmol CO2/m²/s)
8
*
6
*
4
2
*
*
600
800
0 0 -2
200
400
1000
1200
Photon Flux Density (µmol photons/m²/s)
* p < 0.05 Saturation at high PFD in shade leaves 13/05/2014
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Primary metabolism is more efficient in trees acclimated to light
10
Light Shade P. nigra Q. robur
Net photosynthesis (µmol CO2/m²/s)
8
*
6
*
4
2
*
*
600
800
0 0 -2
200
400
1000
1200
Photon Flux Density (µmol photons/m²/s)
* p < 0.05 Saturation at high PFD in shade leaves 13/05/2014
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Light leaves transpirate more than shade leaves
2
Leaf temperature difference
Leaf temperature (°C)
21
*
Light
Light
Shade
Shade
*
20
*
1
0
19
Q.robur 13/05/2014
P.nigra
Q.robur
P.nigra
* p < 0.05
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Water Use Efficiency is the same between treatments
Water use efficiency
Q. robur
P.nigra
80
80
40
40
Light Shade 0
0
200
-40
400
600
800
1000
0 1200 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
-40
Photon Flux Density (µmol photon/m²/s)
* p < 0.05
WUE (photosynthesis/transpiration) : in shade oaks, high transpiration, hydraulic acclimation? 13/05/2014
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Shade oaks tend to have more epidermis cells than light oaks Stomatal index = Stomata number / Epidermis cells number
Stomatal index
0.3
0.2
Light
Shade
0.1
* p < 0.05
0
Q.robur 13/05/2014
P.nigra
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Shade trees have more minor veins than light trees For major and minor veins : Contribution = Vein Lenght per Area / Total vein lenght per area P. nigra
50%
50%
40%
40% Contribution
Contribution
Q. robur
30% 20%
30% 20%
10%
10%
0%
0% 1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
Vein order
3
13/05/2014
5
Vein order
Poplar : mesophyll hydration is better with 6 order veins Oak : water spreading is better with 4 and 5 order veins
4
n=1
6
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Leaf hydraulic resistance is the same in light and shade trees
Leaf hydraulic resistance (Mpa.mmol-1.s.m2)
0.08
0.06
0.04
Light Shade
0.02
0
Q.robur
P.nigra
* p < 0.05 Hydraulic resistance seems slightly lower in poplar : hydrophilic and pioneer plant 13/05/2014
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Leaf hydraulic resistance distribution appears species specific mesophyll tissue
Q.robur
P.nigra
major veins
minor veins 19%
petiole
13%
19% 2%
Light
1% 19% 66%
61% 2%
Shade
8%
5%
5%
11%
18%
72% 13/05/2014
79%
Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Conclusions
Many PIP1 and PIP2 are down-regulated in shade leaves
Here we explore the community effects of climate .... nance codes, provenance origin (site name and country), latitude and longitude in decimal degrees, altitude (Alt), the availability of ...... Petanidou, T., A. S. Kallimanis, S. P. Sgardelis, A. D
man 1988; Tack et al. 2010). A higher ... acorns; there are no cynipid galls on female flowers in Eur- ...... Data for this study are available for download from the.
Sand erosion. Optical properties. Solid particle impact. a b s t r a c t. Sand erosion was done on soda lime glass and transparent ceramics such as alumina and ...
Page 1 ..... calculated as the percentage that the initial hydraulic conductivity was ..... determined by non-parameteric rank sum tests, between the loss of.
del from the h.a. point of view. ... vestigations, are presented in addition with a classification of trees behaviour under drought conditions. .... of sapâ (1983), whose chapter 4 is entitled âHydraulic ..... is no capacitance effect (no change
e-mail: [email protected] ... regional climate models to predict future climates at the .... covariance among populations in a generalized linear ..... Statistical modelling of provenance effects on gall abundance ... applied. Our incorporation o
this layer did not differ for sun and shade leaves (table 2). In addition .... 1997). However, Amborella does not possess leaf features that ..... 10:157â160. Kitao M ...
contributed to the characterization of the temporal variability of global-scale terrestrial ...... of dense evergreen foliage as a nitrogen reservoir in nutrient.
place to place and time to time; it is influenced by the state of the tide and by the ... second and p in kilograms per cubic metre then v will be in ... coefficient in Equation (5.1), i.e. / is in simple proportion to ..... Fortunately, the Internat
a relationship between shear stress and the strain rate. ...... theoretical result is the Buckingham-Pi theorem, which states that, for a problem involving N ...
Holding in Rush. DC voltage. Code. Power. Current. Power. Current. 12 V. K ... Manual override options. Code. Description. Signal light. Brad Harrison plug.
forest management is getting the maximum total benefit from ...... typically provided jobs for less than 1 percent ...... holidays were intended to apply for five years.
Simulations of Broadband Radio Access Systems,â in IEEE International ... 693-707. [12] J. Kermola et al, âA Stochastic MIMO Radio Spatial Channel Model.
111 119 126 132 137 141. (Approx.) Curves were ..... 89/392/EEC, as modified by EC Directives 91/368/EEC and 93/44/EEC, including CE symbol. Selected ...
where ap, b1, b2, b3 and kks are parameters to be estimated and ap is modelled as a .... cients for each of the neighbouring species (DDIC > 10 for 19 tar- get species; Table 1). ..... Keating, L.M. & Aarssen, L.W. (2009). Big plants â do they limi
Application of a positive pneumatic pressure around the trunk of a plant induced ..... on an Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) spreadsheet. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
category and then we compare them according to the accuracy of the estimated aggregates and the efficiency of the decision making process. Key words: ...
errorlessly, from one point to another on the curve, the eye would have to execute a purely .... the head, body, or limbs while wearing such ... von Hoist (1954).
sists of the country of origin, the serotype (in superscript) and a consecutive number ... cal peptides along with MHC II complexes to naive CD4+. T-cells in the ...
the faint light of astronomical sources from the sky background, which is due to a ... Since the invention of electric light and especially since World War II a steep increase of ... for ecologists involved in the conservation of biodiversity. ... po
formation of chaos. Using the methods of qualitative analysis we show how this stabilization occurs in tri-trophic foodchains. Furthermore we demonstrate that ...
