Factory @ Home: The Emerging Economy of Personal Fabrication

One of a Series of Occasional Papers in Science and Technology Policy

Hod Lipson and Melba Kurman

Occasional Papers in Science and Technology Policy provides a forum for invited authors to share research and offer thoughts on issues in this field. The Science and Technology Policy Institute developed the series at the request of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, part of the Executive Office of the President. A Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC) chartered by Congress in 1991, the Science and Technology Policy Institute provides objective analyses on topics of interest to the Office of Science and Technology Policy and other Federal Government agencies, offices, and councils. The Institute is operated by the Institute for Defense Analyses, and its work for the Office of Science and Technology Policy is funded by the National Science Foundation. All papers published in this series reflect the views, opinions, and findings of the authors and do not represent the official positions of the Science and Technology Policy Institute, the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the National Science Foundation, the Institute for Defense Analyses, or any institutions with which the authors are affiliated.

̷ THEEMERGINGECONOMYOFPERSONALMANUFACTURING OVERVIEWANDRECOMMENDATIONS AreportcommissionedbytheUSOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy ‡…‡„‡”ʹͲͳͲ   HODLIPSON,CornellUniversity MELBAKURMAN,TripleHelixinnovation      (FileversionPersonalFab46.docx)



A BOUTTHE A UTHORS        



HodLipson‹•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽƬ‡”‘•’ƒ…‡ ‰‹‡‡”‹‰ƒ†‘’—–‹‰Ƭ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…‹‡…‡ƒ–‘”‡ŽŽ‹˜‡”•‹–›‹ –Šƒ…ƒǡǤ‡†‹”‡…–•–Š‡‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ›–Š‡•‹•‰”‘—’ǡ™Š‹…Šˆ‘…—•‡•‘ ‘˜‡Ž™ƒ›•ˆ‘”ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹…†‡•‹‰ǡˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ˜‹”–—ƒŽƒ† ’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ…Š‹‡•Ǥ‡…‘Ǧˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡ ƒ„̷Š‘‡’”‘Œ‡…––‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’Ž‘™ …‘•–ǡ‘’‡Ǧ•‘—”…‡͵’”‹–‡”•Ǥ‡Šƒ•Ž‡†™‘”‹ƒ”‡ƒ••—…Šƒ• ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›”‘„‘–‹…•ǡ—Ž–‹Ǧƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ”ƒ’‹†’”‘–‘–›’‹‰ǡƒ…Š‹‡ •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‘‰”ƒƒ„Ž‡•‡ŽˆǦƒ••‡„Ž›Ǥ‘–ƒ…–‘†ƒ– Š‘†ǤŽ‹’•‘̷…‘”‡ŽŽǤ‡†—







MelbaKurman‹•ƒƒƒŽ›•–ƒ†™”‹–‡”™‹–Š‘˜‡”ͳͷ›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡‹ ‹†—•–”›’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†—‹˜‡”•‹–›–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ǤŠ‡ ™”‹–‡•ƒ„‘—–‡‡”‰‹‰ǡ‰ƒ‡Ǧ…Šƒ‰‹‰—‹˜‡”•‹–›‹˜‡–‹‘•ƒ†—‹˜‡”•‹–› –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–”ƒ•ˆ‡”•–”ƒ–‡‰›ƒ†’‘Ž‹…›Ǥ‡Ž„ƒ‹•–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ”‹’Ž‡ ‡Ž‹š ‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ‹†‡’‡†‡–…‘•—Ž–‹‰ˆ‹”†‡†‹…ƒ–‡†–‘Š‡Ž’‹‰ —‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†‹†—•–”›…Ž‹‡–•„—‹Ž†„‡––‡”–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–”ƒ•ˆ‡” ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’•Ǥ‘–ƒ…–‡Ž„ƒƒ–‡Ž„ƒ̷–”‹’Ž‡Š‡Ž‹š‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ…‘

E XECUTIVE S UMMARY  Š‹•”‡’‘”–‘—–Ž‹‡•–Š‡‡‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ†‡•…”‹„‡• –Š‡‹”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡…‘‘‹…ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ„‡‡ˆ‹–•ǡƒ†”‡…‘‡†•’”‘‰”ƒ•–Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–•Š‘—Ž†…‘•‹†‡”–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‹•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǤ ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡ•‘‡–‹‡•…ƒŽŽ‡†Dzˆƒ„„‡”•ǡdzƒ”‡–Š‡’‹–Ǧ•‹œ‡†ǡ Ž‘™Ǧ…‘•–†‡•…‡†ƒ–•‘ˆˆƒ…–‘”›Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ǡƒ••ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•—•‡–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘‡–Š‘†•ƒ•–Š‡‹”Žƒ”‰‡”ǡ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ƒ…‡•–‘”•ǡ„—–ƒ”‡•ƒŽŽ‡”ǡ…Š‡ƒ’‡”ǡƒ†‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘—•‡Ǥ‘‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ• ͵’”‹–‡”•ǡŽƒ•‡”…—––‡”•ǡƒ†’”‘‰”ƒƒ„Ž‡•‡™‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡ…‘„‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ ”‹‰Š–‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…†‡•‹‰„Ž—‡’”‹–ǡ‡ƒ„Ž‡’‡‘’Ž‡–‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡ˆ—…–‹‘‹‰’”‘†—…–• ƒ–Š‘‡ǡ‘†‡ƒ†ǡƒ––Š‡’”‡••‘ˆƒ„—––‘Ǥ Œ—•–ƒˆ‡™Š‘—”•ǡ–Š‡•‡‹‹Ǧˆƒ…–‘”› ƒ…Š‹‡•…ƒ’”‘†—…‡ƒ•‹’Ž‡‘„Œ‡…–Ž‹‡ƒ–‘‘–Š„”—•Šǡ‘”ƒ‡…‘’Ž‡šƒ…Š‹‡ …‘’‘‡–•ǡƒ”–‹•ƒǦ•–›Ž‡Œ‡™‡Ž”›‘”Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†‰‘‘†•Ǥ‹–Š‹ƒˆ‡™›‡ƒ”•ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ›„‡•‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†‡‘—‰Š–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡”‡‰—Žƒ”’‡‘’Ž‡–‘ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†‘„Œ‡…–••—…Šƒ•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…†‡˜‹…‡•Ǥ —„‡”‘ˆ…‘˜‡”‰‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•ƒ”‡„”‹‰‹‰‹†—•–”‹ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡†‡•‹‰ƒ† ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•–‘ƒ–‹’’‹‰’‘‹–™Š‡”‡–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ„‡…‘‡…Š‡ƒ’ǡ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ‡ƒ•›ǡ ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‡‡‘—‰Šˆ‘”’‡”•‘ƒŽ—•‡ǤŠ‡”ƒ’‹†ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹•ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡†„›Ž‘™…‘•–ƒ…Š‹‡”›ǡƒ…–‹˜‡‘Ž‹‡—•‡”…‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ ‡ƒ•‹‡”Ǧ–‘Ǧ—•‡…‘’—–‡”ƒ‹†‡††‡•‹‰ȋȌ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡƒ‰”‘™‹‰—„‡”‘ˆ‘Ž‹‡ ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…†‡•‹‰„Ž—‡’”‹–•ǡƒ†‘”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‹ŽŽ’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž›‹’ƒ…–Š‘™™‡†‡•‹‰ǡƒ‡ǡ –”ƒ•’‘”–ǡƒ†…‘•—‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ’”‘†—…–•Ǥ•ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡ ’ƒ–Šˆ”‘ˆƒ…–‘”›–‘Š‘‡—•‡ǡŽ‹‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘’—–‡”•ǡDz’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹œ‡†dz ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•™‹ŽŽ‡ƒ„Ž‡…‘•—‡”•ǡ•…Š‘‘Ž•ƒ†„—•‹‡••‡•–‘™‘”ƒ†’Žƒ› ‹‡™™ƒ›•Ǥ‡”‰‹‰ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‹ŽŽ—•Š‡”‹ƒ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ Dz‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘dz–Šƒ–…‘„‹‡•–Š‡„‡•–‘ˆƒ••ƒ†ƒ”–‹•ƒ’”‘†—…–‹‘‘†‡Ž•ǡƒ†Šƒ• –Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›”‡˜‡”•‡–Š‡–”‡†–‘‘—–•‘—”…‹‰Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‹ŽŽ—Ž‡ƒ•ŠDzŽ‘‰–ƒ‹Ždz‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ”‡–•ˆ‘”…—•–‘‰‘‘†•ǡ™Š‘•‡•ƒŽ‡• ˜‘Ž—‡•‘ˆ™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡‡‘—‰Š–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ‹…Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǡƒ† †‡•‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•–‘ƒ‡ƒ‰‘‘†Ž‹˜‹‰Ǥ†‡”•‡”˜‡†…‘—‹–‹‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ †‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡–Š‡‹”‘™‡†‹…ƒŽ†‡˜‹…‡•ǡ–‘›•ǡƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•ƒ†‘–Š‡” –‘‘Ž•Ž‘…ƒŽŽ›ǡ—•‹‰Ž‘…ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ–•…Š‘‘Žǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•™‹ŽŽ ‡’‘™‡”ƒ‡™‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‘”•ǡƒ†•’ƒ”•–—†‡–‹–‡”‡•–‹•…‹‡…‡ǡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ƒ†ƒ–ŠȋȌ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Barriersandchallenges:—„‡”‘ˆ„ƒ””‹‡”••–ƒ†‹–Š‡™ƒ›‘ˆƒ‹•–”‡ƒ ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–Šƒ–†‹•…‘—”ƒ‰‡™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†Š‘‡ǡ •…Š‘‘Žƒ†„—•‹‡••—•‡Ǥ…Š‹‡ˆ„ƒ””‹‡”‹•–Š‡Dz…Š‹…‡ƒ†‡‰‰dz’ƒ”ƒ†‘šǡ™Š‡”‡ –‘†ƒ›ǯ•…—””‡–…‘•—‡”ƒ†‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡–•ˆ‘”’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹•–‘‘•ƒŽŽ–‘ƒ––”ƒ…––Š‡ƒ––‡–‹‘‘ˆ…‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡ†‹•…‘—”ƒ‰‹‰…‘’ƒ› ‹˜‡•–‡–‹…”‡ƒ–‹‰’”‘†—…–•ƒ†•‡”˜‹…‡•ǡŠ‡…‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹‰–‘ƒ––”ƒ…–‘”‡ …‘•—‡”•Ǥ–Š‡”„ƒ””‹‡”•ƒ”‡•ƒˆ‡–›…‘…‡”•ǡ’ƒ”–•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†˜‡”•‹‘ …‘–”‘Ž…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›‹••—‡•ƒ†ƒŽƒ…‘ˆƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•ƒˆ‡–›ƒ† ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›…‘–”‘Ž•Ǥ

Recommendations:˜‡”–Š‹”–››‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ǡ‘—”ƒ–‹‘Ž‡†–Š‡™ƒ›‹–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ …‘’—–‹‰”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ‘†ƒ›ǡ™‡‡‡†–‘‡•—”‡™‡Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡™ƒ›‹–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǤŠ‘—‰Š–ˆ—Žƒ†˜‹•‹‘ƒ”›‰‘˜‡”‡–‹˜‡•–‡–‹• ‡‡†‡†–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ‹•…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‹ƒ‡”ƒ‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ  Š‹•”‡’‘”–”‡…‘‡†•–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ…–‹‘•„‡–ƒ‡Ǥ ͳǤ —–ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Žƒ„‹‡˜‡”›•…Š‘‘Ž ʹǤ ˆˆ‡”–‡ƒ…Š‡”‡†—…ƒ–‹‘‹„ƒ•‹…†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ͵Ǥ ”‡ƒ–‡Š‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‘†—Žƒ”…—””‹…—Ž—™‹–Š‘’–‹‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ …‘’‘‡–• ͶǤ Šƒ…‡ƒˆ–‡”•…Š‘‘ŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‰–‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ͷǤ ŽŽ‘…ƒ–‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”’‹Ž‘–•’”‘‰”ƒ•–‘‹–”‘†—…‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡• ͸Ǥ ”‘‘–‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ†‘’‡Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ƒ†•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘• ͹Ǥ ‡˜‡Ž‘’•–ƒ†ƒ”†ˆ‹Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ–•ˆ‘”‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•†‡•‹‰ˆ‹Ž‡• ͺǤ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡‘ˆˆ‹Ž‡•—•‡†„›‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ‰‡…‹‡• ͻǤ ƒ†ƒ–‡‘’‡‰‡‘‡–”›Ȁ•‘—”…‡ˆ‘”—…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†‰‘˜‡”‡–•—’’Ž‹‡• ͳͲǤ •–ƒ„Ž‹•ŠƒDz †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘˜ƒ–‹‘‡•‡ƒ”…Š”‘‰”ƒdzˆ‘” ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”• ͳͳǤ ‹˜‡ ’”‹‘”‹–›–‘”—”ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•–Šƒ–—•‡’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ͳʹǤ •–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ Dzƒˆ‡ƒ”„‘”dzˆ‘”ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‘”•ƒ†‘‡Ǧ‘ˆˆ’”‘†—…‡”• ͳ͵Ǥ š’Ž‘”‡‹…”‘’ƒ–‡–•ƒ•ƒ•ƒŽŽ‡”ǡ•‹’Ž‡”ǡƒ†‘”‡ƒ‰‹Ž‡—‹–‘ˆ‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–› ͳͶǤ ‡Ǧ˜‹•‹–…‘•—‡”•ƒˆ‡–›”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ›Ǧˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡†’”‘†—…–• ͳͷǤ –”‘†—…‡ƒ‘”‡‰”ƒ—Žƒ”†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆƒDz•ƒŽŽdzƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰„—•‹‡•• ͳ͸Ǥ ƒ••–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ„ƒ„‡–™‘”…–‘ˆʹͲͳͲǡ͸ͲͲ͵ ͳ͹Ǥ DzŽ‡ƒ…‘’ƒ›dz–ƒš„‡‡ˆ‹–••Š‘—Ž†‹…Ž—†‡‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡–ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ͳͺǤ ˆˆ‡”ƒ–ƒš„”‡ƒˆ‘”’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰„—•‹‡••‡•‘”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•

ͳͻǤ —†ƒ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ†—…ƒ–‹‘•–—†›‘’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ʹͲǤ ‡ƒ”‘”‡ƒ„‘—–—•‡”ǦŽ‡†’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS  ƒ›–Šƒ•ƒ”‡†—‡–‘ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡ˆ‘”Š‡Ž’‹‰—•ƒ••‡„Ž‡–Š‹•”‡’‘”–Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡…—””‡–ƒ†ˆ‘”‡”•–—†‡–•ƒ––Š‡‘”‡ŽŽ‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ›–Š‡•‹•ƒ„ǡƒ†‹’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”–Š‘•‡‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹’”‹–‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ǡ ‡ˆˆ‡”›‹’–‘ǡ˜ƒƒŽ‘‡ǡƒ‹‡Ž‘Š‡ǡƒ† ‘ƒ–Šƒ‹ŽŽ‡”Ǥ Š‡ ƒ„̷‘‡•–—†‡––‡ƒ™Š‘…‘‡•—’™‹–Šˆ”‡•Š‹†‡ƒ•‡˜‡”›†ƒ›Ǥ ‘–Š‡ ƒ„̷…Š‘‘Ž–‡ƒǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰ Ž‡—ŽŽǡ‡‰‰›‡ƒŽ›–‡ƒ”•ǡƒ—”ƒ‘Ž‹ǡ ‘„‡”–‡””›ǡƒ‹‡Ž‹ŽŽƒǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒŒ‡ŽŽ•–”‘ǡƒ† ƒ…‹•›ǡ™Š‘ƒ”‡’‹‘‡‡”• ‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘‹‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘ ‘”‹•‡‡Ž•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•‡•–ƒˆˆǡ™Š‘Ž‡–—••‡‡ˆ‹”•–Šƒ†–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ† •Šƒ”‡–Š‡‹”‹•‹‰Š–•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ••—‰‰‡•–‹‰”‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘‘„‡”–…Š‘—™‡„—”‰ƒ†•–ƒˆˆƒ–Šƒ’‡™ƒ›•ǡˆ‘”•Š‘™‹‰—•–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ† –ƒ‹‰–Š‡–‹‡–‘–ƒŽ™‹–Š—•–‘•Šƒ”‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹•‹‰Š–•Ǥ ‘†”‹ƒ‘›‡”ǡ–Š‡’‹‘‡‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘’‡Ǧ•‘—”…‡͵’”‹–‹‰…‘—‹–›ǡˆ‘”•Šƒ”‹‰ Š‹•–Š‘—‰Š–•ƒ†•—‰‰‡•–‹‰”‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘‡‹Ž ‡”•Š‡ˆ‡Ž†ǡˆ‘—†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ„ƒ„‘˜‡‡–ƒ†ƒ…Š‹‡ˆƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡‡”‰‹‰‡…‘‘‹‡•Ǥ ‘‘‹–‡ǡ ƒ„ƒ„†‹”‡…–‘”‹–Š‡‡›ƒ ƒ„ƒ„ǡˆ‘”•Šƒ”‹‰Š‹•™‘†‡”ˆ—Ž •–‘”‹‡•ƒ†‹ƒ‰‡•Ǥ ‘–Š‘›Ž—ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡˆ‘””‡ƒ†‹‰†”ƒˆ–•‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ—•…”‹’–•ǡƒ†’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ‹˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡…‘‡–•ƒ†•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•Ǥ ‘ƒ……Š‹Ž†Š‘”‘ˆ ‘”„‡•‡”‰‹‰‡…Šƒ†—šƒ’‹–ƒŽˆ‘”Š‹•–Š‘—‰Š–ˆ—Ž ‹•‹‰Š–•Ǥ  

T ABLEOF C ONTENTS  ExecutiveSummary....................................................................................................................................3 Introductiontopersonalmanufacturing...........................................................................................9 WhatispersonalǦscalemanufacturing?...........................................................................................................................10 Themarket.....................................................................................................................................................................................25 Makers,designersandaggregators....................................................................................................................................21

Reachingthetippingpoint...................................................................................................................30 Gettingpersonal:smaller,cheaper,easierandmorefun........................................................................................35 Thebestofmassandartisanproduction.........................................................................................................................38

Theemerginglongtailofmanufacturing........................................................................................46 Ecosystemsofsmallmanufacturers...................................................................................................................................52 Longtailnichemarkets............................................................................................................................................................54 Economicemergenceofunderservedcommunities....................................................................................................54 Consumerledproductdesign................................................................................................................................................55 Masscustomizationandcrowdsourcing..........................................................................................................................56 Lessmarketresearch,moreprototypingtoolkits.........................................................................................................57 Scaleupfromone........................................................................................................................................................................59 EcoǦconscious,subsistenceǦlevelandspaceexploration...........................................................................................60 Opensourcehardware..............................................................................................................................................................60

PersonalmanufacturinginSTEMeducation..................................................................................62 Fabricationasaneducationalmedium............................................................................................................................63 Personalfabricationasaconstructionistfoundation................................................................................................65 Harnessingtheeducationalpotentialofpersonalfabrication..............................................................................72

Barriersandchallenges:Whatstandsinourway?....................................................................76 The““chickenandtheegg””paradox....................................................................................................................................76 Consumersafetyandqualitycontrol.................................................................................................................................76 HardwareǦrelatedchallenges................................................................................................................................................77 Hardwareandsoftwarestandards.....................................................................................................................................78 Versioncontrol.............................................................................................................................................................................79 IPissues...........................................................................................................................................................................................79 Educationchallenges.................................................................................................................................................................81 Businessmodelchallenges......................................................................................................................................................82

Recommendationsforgovernmentinvestment...........................................................................84 STEMeducation...........................................................................................................................................................................84 Communityoutreach.................................................................................................................................................................87 Technicalstandards...................................................................................................................................................................88 Grants&funding.........................................................................................................................................................................89 IPpolicies........................................................................................................................................................................................90 Regulatory......................................................................................................................................................................................93 Taxcredits......................................................................................................................................................................................94

Furtherexplorationandresearch.......................................................................................................................................96

Conclusion..................................................................................................................................................98 Bibliography............................................................................................................................................100

I NTRODUCTIONTOPERSONAL MANUFACTURING  ‘”ƒˆ‡™–Š‘—•ƒ††‘ŽŽƒ”•ǡƒ›‘‡…ƒ„—›–Š‡‹”‘™’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡ǡ†‘™Ž‘ƒ†‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•–‘–Š‡‹”Š‘‡…‘’—–‡”ǡƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡ —‹“—‡ƒ†…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†‘„Œ‡…–•ƒ–Š‘‡Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡ‘” Dzˆƒ„„‡”•ǡdzƒ”‡–Š‡’‹–Ǧ•‹œ‡†ǡŽ‘™Ǧ…‘•–†‡•…‡†ƒ–•‘ˆƒ••ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡• —•‡†‹ˆƒ…–‘”‹‡•Ǥ‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡••—…Šƒ•͵ ’”‹–‡”•ǡŽƒ•‡”…—––‡”•ǡƒ†’”‘‰”ƒƒ„Ž‡•‡™‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡ…‘„‹‡†™‹–Šƒ ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…†‡•‹‰„Ž—‡’”‹–ǡ‡ƒ„Ž‡’‡‘’Ž‡–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘„Œ‡…–•Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡ –Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡‘•’‡…‹ƒŽ•‹ŽŽ•‘”–”ƒ‹‹‰…ƒDz”‹’ǡ‹šƒ†„—”dz’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‘„Œ‡…–••—…Šƒ• …—•–‘ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•ǡ—‹“—‡Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†‰‘‘†•ǡŒ‡™‡Ž”›ǡ–‘›•ǡƒ†ƒ›„‡•‘‡†ƒ›ǡ ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…†‡˜‹…‡•Ǥ ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹•™Š‡”‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘’—–‹‰™ƒ•‹–Š‡ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ ƒ†˜‡–‘ˆŠ‘‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡…‘’—–‡”•ƒ†…‘•—‡”•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Ǥ‡…‡–”ƒ’‹†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ†˜ƒ…‡•‹’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ…‘„‹‡†™‹–Š•Š”‹‹‰…‘•–•‘ˆ ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ†”ƒ™ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ ’Ž—•‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡•ǯ–‡†‡…›–‘…‘†—…–‘”‡†ƒ‹Ž›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‘Ž‹‡ǡƒ”‡–‹’’‹‰ ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‘ˆ Š‘„„›‹•–•ƒ†   ͵  ’‹‘‡‡”•–‘–Š‡   Ǥ       ƒ‹•–”‡ƒǤ•    …‘•—‡”•ǡ    „—•‹‡••‡•ǡƒ†    •…Š‘‘Ž•‰ƒ‹ƒ……‡••–‘      –Š‡•ƒ‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž   ǡ  †‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ†  Ǥ    ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•      Ǥ   –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‘Ž›–‘Žƒ”‰‡ …‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†ˆƒ…–‘”‹‡•ǡ™‡™‹ŽŽ™‹–‡••ƒ…ƒ•…ƒ†‡‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰ǡ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‘‘Ž•ǡ–Š‡ƒ”–•ǡ‡†‹…ƒŽ†‡˜‹…‡•ǡƒ†„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž•Ǥ Š‹•”‡’‘”–’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–‘†ƒ›ǯ•‡‡”‰‹‰’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ–Š‡‹”•‘…‹‡–ƒŽƒ†‡…‘‘‹…‹’ƒ…–ƒ†„‡‡ˆ‹–•ǡ–Š‡‹”ˆ—–—”‡ǡƒ†–Š‡‹” †ƒ‰‡”•ƒ†…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ‡‘ˆˆ‡”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡•‡

‡‡”‰‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ–Š‡‹”•‘…‹ƒŽǡ‡…‘‘‹…ǡ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǤ

   Ǧ    ǫ ‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ”‡„‡…‘‹‰ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘”‡‰—Žƒ”’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ –Š‡‹”ʹͲͲͻƒ—ƒŽ”‡’‘”–InnovationsThatCouldChangetheWayYouManufacture, –Š‡‘…‹‡–›‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‰‹‡‡”•ȋȌ•‡Ž‡…–‡†’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ•ƒ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–Šƒ–Dz…‘—Ž†…Šƒ‰‡–Š‡™ƒ›™‡†‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Ǥdzƒ•– ›‡ƒ”ǡ–Š‡Economist•ƒ‹†DzŠ‘‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ǡ‘”’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ‡™ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–‘†‡•‹‰‹‰ƒ†ƒ‹‰‘„Œ‡…–•–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ…Šƒ‰‡–Š‡™ƒ›™‡ †‡•‹‰ǡ–”ƒ•’‘”–ǡƒ†…‘•—‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ’”‘†—…–•ǡ—Ž‡ƒ•Š‹‰‡™’”‘†—…–‹†‡ƒ•ǡ‡™ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–Š‘†•ƒ†‡™„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž•Ǥͳ‡…‡–Ž›–Š‡NewYorkTimes”ƒƒ ƒ”–‹…Ž‡†‡•…”‹„‹‰–Š‡‡š’Ž‘•‹˜‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ•ƒ ‡™ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰–Šƒ–Dz…‘—Ž†”‡˜ƒ’–Š‡‡…‘‘‹…•‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ƒ†”‡˜‹˜‡‡”‹…ƒ‹†—•–”›ƒ•…”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›ƒ†‹‰‡—‹–›”‡’Žƒ…‡Žƒ„‘”…‘•–•ƒ•–Š‡ ƒ‹…‘…‡”ƒ”‘—†ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‰‘‘†•Ǥdzʹ ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•—•‡–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‡–Š‘†•ƒ•–Š‡‹” Žƒ”‰‡”‹†—•–”‹ƒŽˆ‘”„‡ƒ”‡”•–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‹†Ǧ„‘‰‰Ž‹‰˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‰‘‘†•ƒ†’”‘†—…–•Ǥ ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†—…–•™‡„—›–‘†ƒ›ƒ”‡ƒ••Ǧ’”‘†—…‡†‹ˆƒ…–‘”‹‡•„›ƒ…Š‹‡•–Šƒ– —•‡‘‡ȋ‘”•‘‡–‹‡•ƒ…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘Ȍ‘ˆ–‡…Š‹“—‡•‹™Š‹…Šƒ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹• ‡š’‘•‡†–‘ƒ…Š‹‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†…—––‹‰ǡ…ƒ”˜‹‰ǡƒ††‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ„—”‹‰ǡ”‡•Šƒ’‹‰ǡ ™‡ƒ˜‹‰ǡ‘”‹––‹‰ ƒ†•‡™‹‰Ǥ ˆƒ„„‡”†‘‡•–Š‡•ƒ‡    –Š‹‰ƒ•ƒˆƒ…–‘”›Ǧ  ͵     •…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰     ƒ…Š‹‡ǡ„—–‘ƒ    Ǥ    •ƒŽŽ‡”•…ƒŽ‡Ǥ   ̈́ʹʹǤͲͲ  

‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•  Ǥ        ‡ƒ„Ž‡’‡‘’Ž‡–Šƒ–    Ǥ    Šƒ˜‡‘•’‡…‹ƒŽ   Ǥ   –”ƒ‹‹‰‹ ™‘‘†™‘”‹‰ǡ ‡–ƒŽ•‹–Š‹‰ǡ‘” ‡„”‘‹†‡”›–‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡–Š‡‹”‘™…‘’Ž‡šǡ‘‡Ǧ‘ˆǦƒǦ‹†ƒ”–‹•ƒǦ•–›Ž‡‘„Œ‡…–•Ǥ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹•ƒ” ‡†”‹…Ǥ‡†”‹…†‡•‹‰•„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž…—•–‘‘†‡Ž–”ƒ‹’ƒ”–•Ǥ‹•†‡•‹‰•ƒ”‡   

…ƒ’–—”‡†‹•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡„Ž—‡’”‹–•ƒ†•‘Ž†‘Ž‹‡Ǥƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ•‡ŽŽ‹‰Š‹•—‹“—‡‘†‡Ž –”ƒ‹’ƒ”–†‡•‹‰•–‘Žƒ”‰‡–‘›…‘’ƒ‹‡•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒ••’”‘†—…‡–Š‡ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†ǡ ‡†”‹…–ƒ”‰‡–•Š‘„„›‹•–‘†‡Ž–”ƒ‹‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–•–Šƒ–‘™ǡ‘”Šƒ˜‡ƒ……‡••–‘–Š‡‹” ‘™•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡Ǥ‹…‡–Š‡…‘•–‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…—•–‘ –”ƒ‹’ƒ”–‘ƒ•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡͵’”‹–‡”‹•‘Ž›̈́ʹͷǡ‡†”‹…ǯ•‹…Š‡ƒ”‡–‘ˆŽ‘›ƒŽ …‘•—‡”•…ƒƒˆˆ‘”†–‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡–Š‡‹”‘™–”ƒ‹’ƒ”–•ǦǦ‘‹˜‡•–‡–‹ ˆƒ…–‘”›Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡’”‘†—…–‹‘‹•‡‡†‡†Ǥ ƒ‰‹‡‹ˆƒ‘†‡Ž–”ƒ‹‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–’—”…Šƒ•‡† ‡†”‹…ǯ•‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–ƒ†–”‹‡†–‘’”‘†—…‡–Š‡•–ƒ‹Ž‡•••–‡‡Ž–”ƒ‹ …‘™…ƒ–…Š‡”ȋ•Š‘™‹–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡Ȍ‹ƒˆƒ…–‘”›ǤŠ‡Š‹‰Š…‘•–‘ˆ•‡––‹‰—’ƒˆƒ…–‘”› ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡™‘—Ž†„‡™‡ŽŽ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡…‘•—‡”ǤŽ‡••ƒ …‘‡”…‹ƒŽ–‘›ƒ‡”™ƒ•…‘ˆ‹†‡–‡†”‹…ǯ•…—•–‘†‡•‹‰•™‘—Ž†•‡ŽŽ‹Žƒ”‰‡ —„‡”•ǡ•Š‡™‘—Ž†’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‘–‹˜‡•–‹–Š‡•‡–—’…‘•–•Ǣ–Š‡ƒ”‡–ˆ‘”…—•–‘ …‘™…ƒ–…Š‡”•‹•–‘‘•ƒŽŽ–‘™ƒ””ƒ––Š‡…‘•–•‘ˆ•‡––‹‰—’Žƒ”‰‡•…ƒŽ‡’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ ‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•ƒ”‡ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†ƒ”–‹•ƒ•ǣ–Š‡›…‘„‹‡–Š‡’‘™‡” ‘ˆ…‘’—–‡”Ǧ‰—‹†‡†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡•‹ŽŽ‡†ƒ”–‹•ƒǯ•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ …”‡ƒ–‡…—•–‘‘„Œ‡…–•ˆ‘”‹…Š‡ƒ”‡–•ǤŽ‹‡ƒ”–‹•ƒ‘”Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ˆƒ…–‘”› ’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹•ƒŽ‘™…‘•–’”‘…‡••–Šƒ–†‘‡•ǯ– ”‡“—‹”‡‹˜‡•–‡–‹ƒƒ••‡„Ž›Ž‹‡ǡ‘”ƒ•‹ŽŽ‡†ƒ”–‹•ƒǤ Šƒ–ǡ‡šƒ…–Ž›ǡƒ”‡–Š‡•‡”ƒ†‹…ƒŽ‡™ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡƒ†Š‘™†‘–Š‡›™‘”ǫ Š‡‘•–…‘‘Ž›—•‡†’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ”‡͵’”‹–‡”•ǡ†‡•–‘’ ”‘—–‹‰ƒ†‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡŽƒ•‡”…—––‡”•ǡ…‹”…—‹–ƒ‡”•ƒ†‹––‹‰ƒ†•‡™‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡•Ǥ

D ESKTOP 3D PRINTERS  ͵’”‹–‡”•ƒ”‡–Š‡ˆƒ•–‡•–‰”‘™‹‰–›’‡‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡ǡƒ† ’‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡„‡•–’—„Ž‹…‹œ‡†„›–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ”’”‡••Ǥ͵’”‹–‡”•—•‡ƒ•ƒƒ††‹–‹˜‡ ’”‘…‡••ǡ‡ƒ‹‰–Š‡›ƒ‡‘„Œ‡…–•„›•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›†‡’‘•‹–‹‰ƒ…Š‘•‡”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ‘‡™Šƒ–•‹‹Žƒ”‹…‘…‡’––‘–Šƒ–‘ˆƒ‹Œ‡–’”‹–‡”–Šƒ– ‘”…Š‡•–”ƒ–‡•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…‘Ž‘”‡†’”‹–…ƒ”–”‹†‰‡•–‘ˆ‘”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡‘–‘’ƒ’‡”ǡ–Š‡‘•– …‘‘Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†͵’”‹–‹‰’”‘…‡••‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒDz’”‹–Š‡ƒ†dz–Šƒ–™‘”•™‹–Šƒ› ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡‡š–”—†‡†ǡ‘”•“—‹”–‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ‘œœŽ‡Ǥ‘–Š‡”…‘‘–›’‡‘ˆ ͵’”‹–‡”—•‡•ƒŽƒ•‡”„‡ƒ‘”‰Ž—‡–‘•‡Ž‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ˆ—•‡’‘™†‡”‡†’Žƒ•–‹…ǡ‡–ƒŽǡ‘” …‡”ƒ‹…”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ ‡‘’Ž‡‰‡–‡š…‹–‡†ƒ„‘—–͵’”‹–‹‰ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•ǤŠƒ•–‘–Š‡‡–‹…—Ž‘—• Žƒ›‡”Ǧ„›ǦŽƒ›‡”ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••ǡ͵’”‹–‡”•ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘…‘„‹‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ† ˆ‘”•Šƒ’‡•–Šƒ–…ƒ‘–„‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡•Ǥ

͵’”‹–‡”•ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘ƒ”–‹•–•ƒ††‡•‹‰‡”••‹…‡–Š‡‹”—‹“—‡Žƒ›‡”Ǧ—’‘ǦŽƒ›‡” ’”‘†—…–‹‘’”‘…‡••‡ƒ„Ž‡•…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡’‡‘’Ž‡–‘’”‡…‹•‡Ž›ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ† ——•—ƒŽ‘„Œ‡…–•ǡƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘‡šƒ…–„Ž—‡’”‹–•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ͵’”‹–‡”•ƒ”‡…Ž‡ƒǡ ‡ƒ‹‰•‹…‡–Š‡‹”ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰’”‘…‡••†‘‡•‘–‹˜‘Ž˜‡…—––‹‰ǡ•…”ƒ’‹‰ǡ‘” „—”‹‰ƒ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ–Š‡›’”‘†—…‡˜‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰™ƒ•–‡ǡ‘”—Ǧ—•‡†„›Ǧ ’”‘†—…–Ǥ—‡–‘–Š‡‹”’”‡…‹•‹‘ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‹–›ǡ͵ ’”‹–‡”•ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹—•‡‹‹†—•–”›ˆ‘” ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‘†‡Ž‹‰ǡ’”‘†—…–‘”’ƒ”–˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ†’”‘–‘–›’‹‰Ǥ



  ͵       Dz   dz        ǡ           Ǧ       Ǥ         ̷ 

Š‡͵’”‹–‹‰’”‘…‡••™‘”•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•Ǥ…‡ –Š‡—•‡”Šƒ••‡Ž‡…–‡†ƒ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…†‡•‹‰„Ž—‡’”‹– ƒ†Ž‘ƒ†‡†—’–Š‡”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹–‘–Š‡͵ ’”‹–‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ…Š‹‡„‡‰‹•‹–•™‘”Ǥ ƒ’”‘…‡•• –Šƒ–…ƒ–ƒ‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽŠ‘—”•–‘†ƒ›•ǡ–Š‡͵’”‹– Š‡ƒ††‡’‘•‹–•Žƒ›‡”—’‘Žƒ›‡”‘ˆ–‹›†”‘’Ž‡–•‘ˆ ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–Ǥ‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡ …‘’Ž‡š‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹‰ǡ–Š‡ƒ…Š‹‡‹•ƒ„Ž‡–‘ •™‹–…Š„‡–™‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”‹–Š‡ƒ†•–‘™‘”™‹–Š —Ž–‹’Ž‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†ˆ‘”•Šƒ’‡•™‹–Šƒ—„‡” ‘ˆ…‘Ž‘”•ƒ††‹˜‡”•‡–‡š–—”‡•Ǥ˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ǡƒˆ–‡” …‘—–Ž‡••„ƒ…Ǧƒ†Ǧˆ‘”–Š•™‡‡’•ǡƒ–Š”‡‡Ǧ †‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ‘„Œ‡…–ˆ‘”•‘—–‘ˆ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ

  ǡ          ǯ  Ǥ

‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ͵’”‹–‹‰ǡ‘” Dzƒ††‹–‹˜‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰dzƒ•†‡ˆ‹‡†„›–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‹––‡‡ Ͷʹ‘††‹–‹˜‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•͵ƒ•ǡ““processofjoiningmaterialstomakeobjects from3Dmodeldata,usuallylayeruponlayer,asopposedtosubtractive manufacturingmethodologies.””

‘–‡–Š‡ƒŽŽ—•‹‘ƒ„‘˜‡–‘‡†‹…ƒŽ•…ƒ‡”•ƒ†˜‹†‡‘‰ƒ‡•ǡ™Š‹…ŠŠ‹–•ƒ––Š‡ ˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ͵’”‹–‡”•ǤŽ‘•–ƒ›’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‘„Œ‡…––Šƒ–…ƒ„‡•Ž‹…‡†‹–‘–Š‹ǡ Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ…”‘••Ǧ•‡…–‹‘•ƒ†”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹ƒ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–…ƒ„‡͵ ’”‹–‡†Ǥ‘–Š‡”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…‘ˆ͵’”‹–‡”•™Š‹…Šƒ‡•–Š‡—‹“—‡Ž›˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‡‹• –Š‡‹”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›’”‹–ǡ‹–‘ƒ•‹‰Ž‡‘„Œ‡…–ǡ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›‹…‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ

Š‡™‘”‹‰™‹–Š”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡…Š‡‹…ƒŽŽ›‹…‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡ǡ‘”–Šƒ–”‡“—‹”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•—•–™‘” ‘–Š‡‹…‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡’”‘…‡••‡•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ••‡„Ž‡–Š‡Žƒ–‡”Ǥ ‹…‡͵’”‹–‡”•ˆ‘”‘„Œ‡…–•Žƒ›‡”„›Žƒ›‡”ǡ–Š‡›ˆ—•‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”—Ž–‹’Ž‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‹–‘ƒ•‹‰Ž‡‘„Œ‡…–ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘”’”‹–‹‰Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ‹ƒ•‹‰Ž‡Dz’”‹–Œ‘„ǡdzƒ͵ ’”‹–‡”…ƒ…‘„‹‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’Š›•‹…ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•–‘’”‘†—…‡ǡˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ’Žƒ•–‹…Šƒ‹”„”—•Š™‹–Š•‘ˆ–Ǧ„”‹•–Ž‡••‡– ‹–‘Šƒ”†’Žƒ•–‹…Ǥ



  ͵   Ǥ        ǡ            Ǥ      

Š‹•Dz…‘Ǧˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘dz’”‘…‡••‹•‘–—Ž‹‡ „‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‰”‘™–Šǡ™Š‡”‡Šƒ”†ƒ†•‘ˆ––‹••—‡‹•…‘Ǧ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡†ƒ†‹–‡”–™‹‡†‹Ž‹˜‹‰„‡‹‰•‘ˆ ‹ˆ‹‹–‡…‘’Ž‡š‹–›Ǥ —–—”‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”͵ ’”‹–‹‰”‡ƒ‹ƒ•Ž‹‹–Ž‡••ƒ•–Š‡Š—ƒ ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘‡†ƒ›͵’”‹–‡”•™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ’”‹–…‘’Ž‡–‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹……‹”…—‹–•–Šƒ–…‘‡‘—–‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ…Š‹‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹•‹†‡–Š‡‹”‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ…ƒ•‹‰ǡ ™‹–Š‘Žƒ–‡”ƒ••‡„Ž›”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•‘– •—”’”‹•‹‰Ž›ǡ‰‹˜‡‘—”Ž‘˜‡ƒˆˆƒ‹”™‹–Šˆ‘‘†ǡƒ ’‘’—Žƒ”ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”͵’”‹–‡”•‹•–Šƒ–‘ˆ …—•–‘ˆ‘‘†ƒ†…ƒ†›Ǥ‹…‡‹–‹•‡–‹…—Ž‘—•ƒ† …ƒ…‘„‹‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹‡™™ƒ›•ǡƒ͵’”‹–‡” …ƒ…”‡ƒ–‡‡†‹„Ž‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†…—•–‘…‘ˆ‡…–‹‘• –Šƒ–”‹˜ƒŽǡ‘”‡˜‡‡š…‡‡†–Š‘•‡ƒ†‡„›•‹ŽŽ‡† ƒ•–‡”„ƒ‡”•Ǥ

Š‡‘•–…‘‘Ž›—•‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹͵’”‹– ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•‹•’Žƒ•–‹…ǡ„—–•‘‡Š‹‰Š‡”Ǧ‡†    Ǥ   ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘™‘”™‹–Š‡–ƒŽ•ƒ† …‡”ƒ‹…•Ǥ•–Š‡’”‹…‡‘ˆ͵’”‹–‡”••Š”‹•ǡ …‘•—‡”•ƒ”‡‡š’‡”‹‡–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘˜‡Ž”‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘•—‡” ‹–‡••—…Šƒ•Œ‡™‡Ž”›ƒ†–‘›•Ǥ ‹†—•–”›ǡ…‘’ƒ‹‡•’”‹–•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ ’ƒ”–•ˆ‘”Š‹‰Š‡†‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ†‡†‹…ƒŽ’”‘†—…–•–Šƒ–†‡ƒ†…—•–‘’”‡…‹•‹‘ǡ •—…Šƒ•†‡–ƒŽ…”‘™•ƒ†„”‹†‰‡•Ǥ˜‹„”ƒ–Š‘„„›‹•–͵’”‹–‹‰…‘—‹–› …‘–‹—‡•–‘ƒ––”ƒ…–ƒ‰”‘™‹‰—„‡”‘ˆ†‡•‹‰‡”•ǡ„—•‹‡••‡•ƒ†…‘•—‡”•Ǥ     Ǥ   

Robots printing robots Assembling electrical and mechanical parts is a costly and error-prone step in the process of making electronic devices. The Fab@Home team at Cornell is pursuing the holy grail of personal fabrication, the ability to manufacture, on a single 3D printer machine in a single ““print job,”” an object that contains a battery, actuators, sensors, and a physical ““body.”” In other words…… a robot. Today’’s 3D printers are already capable of combining and manufacturing previously incompatible materials, namely simple electrical components and mechanical parts, called electro mechanical devices. Your cell phone or laptop (or Roomba) is made of electrical and mechanical parts that were manufactured on separate, specialized machines and assembled afterwards by yet another machine, or human factory workers. To the lay person, printing an electro mechanical device on the same machine, at the same time, may not sound that revolutionary. However, when future 3D printers are able to manufacture very sophisticated devices that contain fully formed electronic circuitry, batteries, sensors inside some sort of mechanical ““body,”” we will witness the production of fully formed robots that will not require further assembly. The ability of a 3D printer to print all of a robot’’s vital parts in one fell swoop, directly from raw materials, would not only save time and effort on assembly. Printing previously incompatible materials into a single object would allow scientists and designers to explore new and more efficient structures for robotic devices. Perhaps someday the first 3D printed robot will be ““born”” from a printer, fully complete, with a full functioning electrical ““brain”” inside of its physical ““body.”” If you consider a 3D printer, plus an electronic blueprint to be a form of robot, (it’’s a bit of a stretch but who says robots have to be built like humans or R2D2?), then a 3D printer that manufactures a complete robot would qualify as ““a robot printing robots.”” Imagine an assembly line of computer-guided, 3D printers giving ““birth”” to baby robots that crawl out of the printer and wander off to a nearby nursery where they learn to use their arms and legs according to instructions already hard-wired into their electronic circuitry.

 †—•–”‹ƒŽ•‹œ‡͵’”‹–‡”•…‘•–—’–‘ŠƒŽˆƒ‹ŽŽ‹‘†‘ŽŽƒ”•ǡ„—–Ž‘™‡†’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ ͵’”‹–‡”•…‘•–Ž‡••–Šƒ̈́ͳͲͲͲǤŠ‡ƒ‹†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ͵’”‹–‡”•‹•–Š‡•Ž‘™ •’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‹”—‹“—‡Žƒ›‡”Ǧ—’‘ǦŽƒ›‡”ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••Ǥ˜‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡͵ ’”‹–‡”•ƒ”‡–‘‘•Ž‘™–‘“—‹…Ž›’”‘†—…‡Žƒ”‰‡˜‘Ž—‡•ƒ––Š‡”ƒ–‡‡‡†‡†‹ƒ•• ’”‘†—…–‹‘‡˜‹”‘‡–•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ͵’”‹–‡”•”‡ƒ‹‹’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆƒ›–Š‹‰‘–Š‡”–Šƒ•ƒŽŽ„ƒ–…Š‡•‘ˆƒ‹†…—•–‘‘„Œ‡…–•ǡ…‘’Ž‡š ’”‘†—…–’”‘–‘–›’‡•‘”‘„Œ‡…–•†ǯƒ”–Ǥ

D ESKTOPROUTERSANDMILLINGMACHINES  ‡”Šƒ’•Ž‡••‡š‘–‹…ǡ„—–‘”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Šƒ͵’”‹–‡”•ƒ”‡†‡•–‘’Ǧ•‹œ‡† —‡”‹…ƒŽŽ›…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†ȋȌ”‘—–‹‰ƒ†‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ…Š‹‡•—•‡ƒ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ„Žƒ†‡–‘…—–ƒ†…ƒ”˜‡’”‡…‹•‡†‡•‹‰•‹–‘ƒ„”‘ƒ†”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ †‡”–Š‡‰—‹†ƒ…‡‘ˆƒ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…†‡•‹‰„Ž—‡’”‹–ǡƒ”‘–ƒ–‹‰‹ŽŽ„‹–ǡ•‘‡–‹‡• …ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ…—––‡”ǡ‹••’—ƒŽ‘‰„›ƒ‘–‘”…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ”‘—–‡”‘”•’‹†Ž‡Ǥ•–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹… „Ž—‡’”‹–‰—‹†‡•–Š‡…—––‡”ƒŽ‘‰šǡ›ƒ†œ…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡•ǡ–Š‡…—––‹‰–‘‘Žƒ‡• —Ž–‹’Ž‡’ƒ••‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–‘…”‡ƒ–‡’‡”ˆ‡…–Ž› …ƒ”˜‡†‡‰”ƒ˜‹‰•‘” •Šƒ’‡•Ǥ ”‘—–‡”•ƒ†‹ŽŽ‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡•™‘”™‹–Šƒ™‹†‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡˆ”‘ ™ƒš–‘™‘‘†–‘‡–ƒŽ–‘ ’‘”…‡Žƒ‹Ǥ”‘—–‡”•ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ”‡ …ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ „”‘ƒ†”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› ‘„Œ‡…–•ƒ†’ƒ”–•ǡ”ƒ‰‹‰ ˆ”‘’Žƒ•–‹…ƒ‡’Žƒ–‡• ƒ†’”‹–‡†…‹”…—‹–„‘ƒ”†•ǡ –‘…‘’Ž‡š͵‘„Œ‡…–••—…Š ƒ•ƒ‹”’Žƒ‡’ƒ”–•ƒ† ‹–…Š‡—–‡•‹Ž•Ǥ



   ȋȌ                       Ǥ   ʹͲͳͲ 

    

Š‡—’•‹†‡‘ˆ†‡•–‘’ ”‘—–‡”•ƒ†‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•‹•–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡’”‡…‹•‡ǡˆƒ•–‡”–Šƒ͵’”‹–‡”•ǡƒ† ™‘”™‹–ŠƒŽƒ”‰‡”˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‹…‡…‘’—–‡”Ǧ‰—‹†‡†”‘—–‡”•ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹‡š‹•–‡…‡‹‹†—•–”›ˆ‘”†‡…ƒ†‡•ǡ–Š‡›‡Œ‘›ƒŽƒ”‰‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘‘Ž‹‰ǡƒ†ƒ„”‘ƒ†ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†—•‡”„ƒ•‡Ǥ—‡–‘–Š‡‹” •’‡‡†ƒ†’”‡…‹•‹‘ǡ”‘—–‡”•ƒ†‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡ‡˜‡•ƒŽŽ‘‡•ǡƒ”‡‹†‡ƒŽˆ‘” …”‡ƒ–‹‰Žƒ”‰‡„ƒ–…Š‡•‘ˆ‹–‡•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›Ž‡•• ˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‡–Šƒ͵’”‹–‡”•‹–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•Šƒ’‡•–Š‡›…ƒ…”‡ƒ–‡Ǥ

D ESKTOPLASERCUTTERSANDENGRAVERS  ˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡Žƒ•‡”…—––‡”•ƒ†‡‰”ƒ˜‡”•„”‹‰‹‡•‡’‘™‡”ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‹–›–‘–Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡…‘•—‡”ǡ–‡ƒ…Š‡”‘”•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••Ǥ‹‡–Š‡‹”‹†—•–”‹ƒŽǦ•–”‡‰–Šˆ‘”„‡ƒ”•ǡ Žƒ•‡”…—––‡”•ƒ†‡‰”ƒ˜‡”•—•‡ ‹–‡•‡ǡˆ‘…—•‡†„‡ƒ•‘ˆŽ‹‰Š––‘     …—–‘—–•Šƒ’‡•ƒ†‡‰”ƒ˜‡‹ƒ‰‡•   ‘–‘ƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ    ƒ•‡”ƒ…Š‹‡•…ƒ’”‘†—…‡  ‹ƒ‰‡•ǡ–‡š–‘”†‡•‹‰•‹ƒ  ƒƒœ‹‰Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ†‡–ƒ‹Žƒ†    ’”‡…‹•‹‘Ǥƒ•‡”…—––‡”•ƒ”‡     ˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‡ƒ†…ƒ…—–ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ  Ǥ   ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ”‘™‘‘†–‘’Žƒ•–‹…•–‘  ʹͲͳͲ  Ž‡ƒ–Š‡”ǡƒ†…ƒ‡–…Š‘”‡‰”ƒ˜‡      ‡–ƒŽ•ǡ‰Žƒ••ƒ†…‡”ƒ‹…•ǤŠ‡‹” ˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‹–›ǡ•’‡‡†ƒ†’”‡…‹•‹‘  ƒ‡–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽƒ…Š‹‡•ˆ‘” •ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡•–‘…”‡ƒ–‡†‡•‹‰ ’”‘–‘–›’‡•ƒ†…—•–‘‹œ‡†…‘•—‡”’”‘†—…–•Ǥ‡›‘†‡‰”ƒ˜‹‰ǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•– …‘‘—•‡•‘ˆŠ‘‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡Žƒ•‡”…—––‡”•‹•–‘’”‡…‹•‡Ž›…—–’ƒ”–•‘—–‘ˆƒ•Š‡‡–‘ˆ ƒ…”›Ž‹…‘”™‘‘†ǤŠ‡•‡’ƒ”–•…ƒ„‡ƒ••‡„Ž‡†„›Šƒ†‹–‘…‘’Ž‡šǡ͵’”‘†—…–• •—…Šƒ•–Š‡™‘‘†‡Žƒ–‡”’‹…–—”‡†Š‡”‡Ǥ

D ESKTOPSEWINGANDEMBROIDERINGMACHINES  ‡™‹‰ǡ‹––‹‰ƒ†™‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•Šƒ˜‡Ž‘‰„‡‡‹Š‘‡—•‡Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†•‡™‹‰ǡ‹––‹‰ƒ†™‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•Šƒ˜‡—–‹Ž”‡…‡–Ž›ǡ‘Ž›„‡‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ–‡š–‹Ž‡    Ǧ   ƒ†…Ž‘–Š‹‰     ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•Ǥ   —–‘ƒ–‡†ǡ    ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡     ‡„”‘‹†‡”›     Ǥ  ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ”‡      ǡ  ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹     ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ•–‘”‡•    •—…Šƒ• ‘    Ǥ   ƒ„”‹…•Ǥ ‘     ǯ    ƒ„”‹…•…—•–‘‡”•

†‘™Ž‘ƒ†ƒ†‡•‹‰„Ž—‡’”‹–ˆ‘”ƒ…—•–‘’‹‡…‡‘ˆ‡„”‘‹†‡”›ˆ”‘–Š‡™‡„ǡ•ƒ˜‡‹– ‘–‘ƒ‡›ǡƒ†‹•‡”––Š‡‡›‹–‘–Š‡•–‘”‡ǯ•ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†‡„”‘‹†‡”› ƒ…Š‹‡ǤŠ‡ƒ…Š‹‡…—•–‘Ǧ‡„”‘‹†‡”•–Š‡‹”…—•–‘’ƒ––‡”‘–Š‡•’‘–ǡ‹–Š‡ •–‘”‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡…—•–‘‡”™ƒ‹–•Ǥ‘’—–‡”Ǧ‰—‹†‡†‡„”‘‹†‡”›ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒ• •‹ŽŽ‡†ƒ•ƒ‡š’‡”–‡‡†Ž‡™‘”‡”ƒ†…ƒˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡‘”ƒ–‡†‡•‹‰•‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰•‡˜‡”ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…‘Ž‘”•‘ˆ–Š”‡ƒ†ƒ†‹–”‹…ƒ–‡’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ ‘ˆƒ”ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡‹––‹‰ƒ†•‡™‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•…‘–‹—‡–‘„‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†ƒ† •‘Ž†„›Žƒ”‰‡ǡ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†…‘’ƒ‹‡••—…Šƒ•‹‰‡”ƒ†”‘–Š‡”Ǥ‹‰‡”ǯ•˜‡–—”‡ ‹–‘ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡•‡™‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•„‹ŽŽ•‹–•‡Žˆƒ•Dz  ̺ —–—”ƒǤ̻ Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‡™‹‰ƒ†‡„”‘‹†‡”›ƒ…Š‹‡–Šƒ–—•‡•ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘’—–‡”–‘’‘™‡”–Š‡ ‡„”‘‹†‡”›ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǤdzͶ”‘–Š‡”ǯ•‡–”›‹–‘ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†Š‘‡•‡™‹‰ƒ†‡„”‘‹†‡”› ‹•‘”‡ƒ„‹–‹‘—•Ǥ”‘–Š‡”‘ˆˆ‡”•ˆ‹˜‡‘†‡Ž•–Šƒ–ƒŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ’‘”–•‘—•‡”•…ƒ ‹’‘”–†‡•‹‰•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”…‘’—–‡”ǤŠ‡‹”‘†‡Ž•”ƒ‰‡‹’”‹…‡ˆ”‘ƒ̈́ͺͲͲ‡–”›Ǧ Ž‡˜‡Ž˜‡”•‹‘–‘–Š‡’‘™‡”ˆ—ŽDz–”‡’”‡‡—”̻Ǧ͸ͷͲǡdzƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡††‡ƒŽ‡”•ǡ™Š‹…Š„‹ŽŽ•‹–•‡Žˆƒ•DzŠ‡‡š––‡’ –ƒ”–‹‰‘—”™ „”‘‹†‡”›—•‹‡••ǤdzŽŽ”‘–Š‡”ƒ…Š‹‡•‡„”‘‹†‡”ƒ†•‡™Ǣ–Š‡–™‘‘•– ‡š’‡•‹˜‡–”‡’”‡‡—””‡•‡„Ž‡‡†‹…ƒŽƒ…Š‹‡•™‹–Šƒƒ––ƒ…Š‡†…‘’—–‡” ‘‹–‘”ǡƒ™Š‹–‡ǡ…Ž‹‹…ƒŽǦŽ‘‘‹‰†ƒ•Š„‘ƒ”†™‹–Šƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‘„•ǡƒ†‰Ž‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•–Šƒ–Š‘Ž††‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…‘Ž‘”‡†–Š”‡ƒ†•ͷǤ  D ESKTOPCIRCUIT MAKERS  ‹”…—‹–„‘ƒ”†•ǡƒŽ•‘‘™ ƒ•’”‹–‡†…‹”…—‹–„‘ƒ”†• ȋ•Ȍƒ”‡–Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ ƒŽ‘•–‡˜‡”›Žƒ’–‘’ǡ…‡ŽŽ ’Š‘‡ǡ‹ƒ†ǡ ƒ† ‡†‹…ƒŽ†‡˜‹…‡‹—•‡–‘†ƒ›Ǥ —””‡–Ž›ǡƒŽ‘•–ƒŽŽ•  ƒ”‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡† ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ„—–ƒ–ǦŠ‘‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡‘ˆ…‹”…—‹–        „‘ƒ”†•‹•ƒ”ƒ’‹†Ž›     ǡ   ‡‡”‰‹‰ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”     Ǧ     Š‘„„›‹•–•ƒ†‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…  ǡ         †‡•‹‰‡”•ǤŠ‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ  Ǥ      ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‘ˆ…‹”…—‹– „‘ƒ”†•‹•ƒ‡••›ƒ†–‘š‹… ’”‘…‡••ǡ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰•–”‘‰ƒ…‹†•ƒ†•‘Ž˜‡–•Ǥ‡•–‘’…‹”…—‹–ƒ‡”•‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ…Ž‡ƒ

ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ…Š‡‹…ƒŽǦ„ƒ•‡†’”‘…‡••‡•ǡƒ‹‰–Š‡ƒƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡–‘‘Ž ˆ‘”–Š‡…Žƒ••”‘‘ǡŽƒ„‘”Š‘‡Ǥ ‡”•‘ƒŽ•…ƒŽ‡‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•—•‡‘‡‘ˆ–™‘’”‘…‡••‡•ǡƒ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ‡–…Š‹‰ ’”‘…‡••ǡ‘”ƒ’”‘…‡••‹™Š‹…Š…‘†—…–‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡•’”ƒ›‡†‘–‘ƒ„ƒ•‡„‘ƒ”†Ǥ Š‡‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ‡–…Š‹‰’”‘…‡••‘ƒ†‡•–‘’…‹”…—‹–ƒ‡”‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒ”‘–ƒ–‹‰‹ŽŽ‹‰ „‹––Šƒ–‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽŽ›‡–…Š‡•‘—––Š‡†‡•‹”‡†…‹”…—‹–†‡•‹‰‘–‘ƒ…‘’’‡”…‹”…—‹–„‘ƒ”†Ǥ ‘–Š‡–…Š‹‰ƒ†•’”ƒ›‹‰–‡…Š‹“—‡•‡ƒ„Ž‡—•‡”•–‘…”‡ƒ–‡—Ž–‹ǦŽƒ›‡”ƒ†ˆ‹‡Ž› †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡…‹”…—‹–ƒ‡”•ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‘™…‘•–ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‡ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ǡŽ‹‡ ‘•–‘–Š‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ–‘‘•Ž‘™ˆ‘”Žƒ”‰‡„ƒ–…Š’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ• ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ‘•–—•‡”•ƒ”‡Š‘„„›‹•–•ƒ†•–—†‡–•Ǥƒ‡”•ƒ”‡ƒ…ƒ–ƒŽ›•–ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆƒ‘’‡•‘—”…‡Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡‘˜‡‡–Ǥ•ƒŽŽ„—–‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹…—•‡” …‘—‹–›‘ˆŠ‘„„›‹•–•‡š…Šƒ‰‡‘’‡•‘—”…‡Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡„Ž—‡’”‹–•ƒ†ƒ”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ‘’‡•‘—”…‡Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡Ž‹…‡•‡Ǥ

C OMPUTER Ǧ AIDEDDESIGNSOFTWARE (CAD) ƒ”†™ƒ”‡‹•‘–—•‡ˆ—Ž™‹–Š‘—–•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǤŠ‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•…‘‡•Šƒ†Ǧ‹ǦŠƒ†™‹–Š–Š‡‡‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ…Š‡ƒ’‡”ǡƒ† ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡…‘’—–‡”ƒ‹†‡††‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ȋȌǤ‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘’—–‡”• ‘ˆˆ‡”‡†Ž‹––Ž‡ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘‘Ǧ‡š’‡”–—•‡”•„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ‹–”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ ‹–—‹–‹˜‡‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ—•‡”‹–‡”ˆƒ…‡••—…Šƒ•‹†‘™•ǡ‘ˆˆ‹…‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡƒ†–Š‡™‡„Ǥ ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•‰ƒ‹‰”‡ƒ–‡”ƒ‹•–”‡ƒƒ’’‡ƒŽƒ• •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰–‘‘Ž•„‡…‘‹‰‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡–‘ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ—•‡”•Ǥ †—•–”‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”•Šƒ˜‡—•‡†•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ˆ‘”†‡…ƒ†‡•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Šƒ•„‡‡•Ž‘™–‘”‡ƒ…Š–Š‡…‘•—‡”ƒ”‡–ƒ†”‡ƒ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Žƒ•–„ƒ•–‹‘•‘ˆ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ–ƒ”‰‡–‡†–‘ǡƒ†…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›„›Š‹‰ŠǦ‡† ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ—•‡”•Ǥ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‹•‡š’‡•‹˜‡ǡ”‡“—‹”‡•ƒ…‘’—–‡”™‹–Šƒ‡š…‡ŽŽ‡– ‘‹–‘”ƒ†Ž‘–•‘ˆ‡‘”›ǡƒ†’‡”Šƒ’•‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡŠƒ•ƒŽ‘‰Ž‡ƒ”‹‰…—”˜‡ –Šƒ–†‡–‡”•…ƒ•—ƒŽ—•‡”•Ǥ ‹†—•–”›ǡ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Ž‘‰ƒ‰‘”‡’Žƒ…‡††”ƒˆ–‹‰–ƒ„Ž‡• ƒ†’ƒ’‡”„Ž—‡’”‹–•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†—‡–‘‹–•…‘•–ƒ†…‘’Ž‡š‹–›ǡ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Šƒ• ”‡ƒ‹‡†–Š‡–‘‘Ž‘ˆ–”ƒ‹‡†•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–•ƒ†’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡”•ǡ‘–Š‘‡—•‡”•Ǥ †—•–”‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡”•—•‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ‹Ž›–‘†‡•‹‰†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†͵‘†‡Ž•‘”ʹ †”ƒ™‹‰•‘ˆ…‘’‘‡–•‘”ˆŽ‘‘”’Žƒ•Ǥ”‘…‡••†‹ƒ‰”ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒ‘–Š‡”’‘’—Žƒ” ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‰‹‡‡”•”‡Ž›Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›‘•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡–‘†”ƒˆ–ƒ†ƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡‡–‹”‡ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰’”‘…‡••ˆ”‘…‘…‡’–ǡ–‘Žƒ›‘—–ǡ–‘ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ–‘†‡ˆ‹‹‰–Š‡„‡•– ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‡–Š‘†•ǤŠ‹Ž‡…”‹–‹…ƒŽ–‘–Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ǡ–Š‡•‡ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰–‘‘Ž•ǡ–Š—•ˆƒ”ǡŠƒ˜‡‘–„‡‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘‡‡†•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡…‘•—‡”ǡ•–—†‡–‘”†‡•‹‰‡”Ǥ

Š‡•ƒ‡ˆ‘”…‡•–Šƒ–„”‘—‰Š–—•ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ…‘•—‡”•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ”‡ „‡‰‹‹‰–‘‹’ƒ…–‡˜‡–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡŠ‡…‘•–‘ˆ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‹• †”‘’’‹‰ƒ†•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ”‡™‘”‹‰Šƒ”†–‘ƒ‡‹–‘”‡—•‡”Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž›Ǥ  ʹͲͲͺǡ ‘‘‰Ž‡‡–‡”‡†–Š‡‰ƒ‡™‹–Šƒ‘Ǧ…‘•–˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ͵‘†‡Ž‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ …ƒŽŽ‡†‡–…Š’Ǥ—””‡–Ž›ǡ‡–…Š’‹•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†‹ƒDz”‘dz˜‡”•‹‘–Šƒ–…‘•–•ƒ„‘—– ̈́ͷͲͲȋƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‹•™”‹–‹‰ȌǡƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡ƒˆ”‡‡˜‡”•‹‘ǤŠ‹‘‘ˆˆ‡”•‹†‘™•Ǧ „ƒ•‡†͵†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ˆ”‘̈́ͻͷ–‘̈́ͳͲͲͲǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ”Š‹‘͵†Ǥ…‘ȀǤ …‘’ƒ›…ƒŽŽ‡†‹Ž‘‘ˆˆ‡”•‹†‘™•ƒ†ƒ…„ƒ•‡††‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ˆ‘”̈́ͻͻƒ†̈́ͳͷͻǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‡˜‡”…‡–‡”Ǥ…‘Ȁ•‹Ž‘Ȁ



Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••„‡‰‹•™‹–Š ƒ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–ȋŽ‡ˆ–ȌǤŠ‡ˆƒ„„‡””‡ƒ†• –Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–ƒ†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•‹–• ‹•–”—…–‹‘–‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ‘„Œ‡…–ȋ”‹‰Š–Ȍˆ”‘”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ƒ‰‡ …‘—”–‡•›‹…Šƒ‡Ž‘ŽŽ‡›Ǥ

‡ƒŽ‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‘—‰Š•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ …‘–‹—‡•–‘†”‘’‹’”‹…‡ƒ†…‘’Ž‡š‹–›ǡ ‹–ǯ••–‹ŽŽ‘™Š‡”‡‡ƒ”ƒ•—•‡”Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž›ƒ• –‘†ƒ›ǯ•ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ‘ˆˆ‹…‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘–Š‡”„ƒ””‹‡”‹•–Šƒ–‡˜‡–Š‡Ž‘™Ǧ‡† •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡†‡•…”‹„‡†ƒ„‘˜‡™ƒ•‘– …”‡ƒ–‡†™‹–Š’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•‹‹†Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ–‘†ƒ›ǯ• •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡”‡ˆŽ‡…–•‹–•‹†—•–”‹ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒ…›ƒ†‹• ‹–‡†‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ˆ‘”‘†‡Ž‹‰ƒ† ˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ †‡•‹‰‹‰…‘•—‡”‰‘‘†•ƒ†ƒ…Š‹‡ ’ƒ”–•Ǥ †‡ƒŽŽ›ǡ–‘ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‘ˆ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ‹‡†ƒ––Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ”‡–ǡ†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ™‘—Ž†‡‡†–‘„‡‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘—•‡ƒ† ‘’–‹‹œ‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡—‹“—‡…‘•–”ƒ‹–•ƒ† …ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ’”‘…‡••Ǥ

A foundation on university technologies  Today’’s lowest cost 3D printers have their roots in university research projects. The two leading consumer-level 3D printer platforms originated from university research labs at Bath University in England, and Cornell University in the United States. The University of Bath’’s 3D printer is called RepRap and Cornell’’s is called Fab@Home. Perhaps because of their university origins, the machine blueprints for both RepRap and Fab@Home are freely available to anyone who wants to build their own machine, or to

improve upon the existing designs. Not only do Cornell and the University of Bath openly publish their machine design blueprints, they permit commercial companies to develop and sell their own versions based off of the designs of the original university machines. In contrast, commercial-scale 3D printers are developed commercially and their product designs are proprietary and not shared publicly.

RepRap (short for Replicating Rapid-prototyper). Bath University in England Dr. Adrian Bowyer and his graduate student, Ed Sells, created RepRap in 2004 with the goal of making a low cost 3D printer, but also one that could print its own parts. Darwin, an open-source 3D printer, was made available in 2007. Today a number of commercial kit makers sell versions of the RepRap, including Ponoko in New Zealand, Bits From Bytes (UK), MakerBot (U.S.) and Shapercube (Germany). MakerBot sells their entry level Cupcake machine for about $9506. In 2009, Bowyer and team introduced the secondgeneration RepRap machine, Mendel.

Fab@Home. Cornell University in Ithaca, NY, USA. Fab@Home is an open source 3D printing platform that was developed at Cornell University. In 2006, graduate student Evan Malone and Professor Hod Lipson created the Fab@Home personal 3D printer. Fab@Home was designed to be versatile and works with almost any material that can be extruded through a plastic syringe and nozzle. Though more expensive than other entry level 3D printers, Fab@Home can produce objects from a wide range of materials such as silicon, wiring, even food and has a variety of digital manufacturing tools for extruding, cutting, milling and assembling various materials7. The parts for Fab@Home, as well as complete machines are sold online by a variety of vendors and hobbyists. The cost of an unassembled machine kit is about $1,600.



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    ““Economically——weareseeingtheearlybeginningsofapowerfulMakerinnovation ecosystem.NewproductsandserviceswillallowindividualstonotonlyDesignitYourself,but MakeitYourselfandSellitYourself.Forexample,TechShopsareprovidingaccessto21st centurymachinetools,inthesamewaythatKinkosgavemillionsofsmallandhomeǦbased businessaccesstocopying,printing,andshipping.”” ––ThomasKalil.RemarksonInnovation,Education,andtheMakerMovement NewYorkHallofScience,September29,2010

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M AKERS  ‡™„”‡‡†‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”‹•‡‡”‰‹‰ǡ†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ––Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ”‡—•‡†„›‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŠ‘„„›‹•–•ȋ™Š‘ ƒ”‡–‘‘ƒ›–‘Ž‹•–ȌǤ‡Ž‘™™‡’”‘˜‹†‡„”‹‡ˆ†‡•…”‹’–‹‘•‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†‹‰’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡ•‘‡–‹‡•…ƒŽŽ‡†Dzƒ‡”•Ǥdz ‹‰Ž—‡ƒ™Ǥ‹‡‡ƒ…Š‹‡Š‘’ǡ‹‰Ž—‡ƒ™‘ˆˆ‡”•—•‡”•‹–•‘™–‘‘Ž••‘–Š‡› …ƒ†‡•‹‰™‘‘†ǡˆƒ„”‹…ǡ‡–ƒŽ‘”’Žƒ•–‹…’ƒ”–•ˆ‘”’”‘–‘–›’‡•ƒ†•ƒŽŽ’”‘Œ‡…–ǤŠ‡‹” ™‡„•‹–‡†‡•…”‹„‡•–Š‡’”‘…‡••ƒ•ǣͳȌ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ†‡•‹‰—•‹‰–Š‡‹‰Ž—‡ƒ™‡•‹‰‡” ‘”›‘—”ˆƒ˜‘”‹–‡†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǤʹȌ’Ž‘ƒ†›‘—”†‡•‹‰–‘‘—”™‡„•‹–‡–‘‰‡–ƒ ‹•–ƒ–’”‹…‡“—‘–‡ƒ†–‘‘”†‡”Ǥ͵Ȍ‡™‹ŽŽ•Š‹’›‘—›‘—”…—•–‘‡–ƒŽǡ’Žƒ•–‹…ǡ ™‘‘†ǡ‘”ˆƒ„”‹…‘„Œ‡…–ǡ–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š‹͵„—•‹‡••†ƒ›•Ǥ ‡ƒ…Š‹‡Š‘’’”‘˜‹†‡•’”‘˜‹†‡‡ƒ•›ǡ…‘˜‡‹‡–ƒ†Ž‘™Ǧ…‘•–ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…—•–‘ ’ƒ”–•˜‹ƒ–Š‡™‡„Ǥ—•–‘‡”•…ƒ†‡•‹‰™Šƒ–‡˜‡”’ƒ”––Š‡›‡‡†—•‹‰ ‡ƒ…Š‹‡•Š‘’ǯ•–‘‘Ž•Ǥ…‡–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–‹•…‘’Ž‡–‡ǡ—•‡”•‰‡–ƒ ‹•–ƒ–“—‘–‡ƒ†…ƒ‘”†‡”–Š‡’ƒ”––‘„‡ƒ†‡‹–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”…Š‘‹…‡Ǥ•‡”• Šƒ˜‡‘”†‡”‡†–‘›•ǡ…ƒ”’ƒ”–•ǡ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…†‡˜‹…‡•ǡ‰ƒ‡•ƒ†‘”‡Ǥ †—•–”‹ƒŽƒ…Š‹‡ ’ƒ”–•ƒ”‡•‘Ž†ƒ–‡ƒ…Š‹‡•Š‘’Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‡ƒ…Š‹‡•Š‘’Ǥ…‘Ȁ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•‡‹•ƒ‡Ž‰‹—Ǧ„ƒ•‡†…‘’ƒ›–Šƒ–†‡•‹‰•ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡•Š‹‰Š‡†ƒ”–ǡ Š‘—•‡™ƒ”‡•ǡŒ‡™‡Ž”›ƒ†‘–Š‡”Ž—š—”›‹–‡•‹ǦŠ‘—•‡Ǥƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•‡Š‹”‡•’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ

†‡•‹‰‡”•–‘…”‡ƒ–‡„Ž—‡’”‹–•‘ˆ•–—‹‰—•ƒ„Ž‡‘„Œ‡…–•–Šƒ–—•‡”•’—”…Šƒ•‡ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹”™‡„•‹–‡Ǣ‹ˆ…—•–‘‹œƒ–‹‘‹•†‡•‹”‡†ǡ…—•–‘‡”•™‘”™‹–Š–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ †‡•‹‰‡”–‘ƒŽ–‡”„ƒ•‹…†‡•‹‰’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”••—…Šƒ•–Š‡•‹œ‡‘”…‘Ž‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–Ǥ ‹Ǥƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•‡‹•ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ•’‹Ǧ‘ˆˆˆ”‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•‡Ǥ‹Ǥƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•‡‹•ƒ‘ǦŽ‹‡ •‡”˜‹…‡–Šƒ–‘ˆˆ‡”•͵’”‹–‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•‘ˆ…—•–‘†‡•‹‰•ƒ†‡„›…‘•—‡”•Ǥ ‘•—‡”•ˆ‹”•–ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡–Š‡‹”‘™†‡•‹‰•—•‹‰ ‘‘‰Ž‡‡–…Š—’ǤŠ‡›‰‡–ƒ ƒ……‘—–‘‹Ǥƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡•–‡’•–‘–—”–Š‡‹”‡Ž‡…–”‘‹… „Ž—‡’”‹–•‹–‘”‡ƒŽ‹–›—•‹‰–Š‡•‹–‡ǯ•‡ƒ•›’—ŽŽǦ†‘™‡—•‡Ž‡…–‹‘‘ˆ•—”ˆƒ…‡ –‡š–—”‡•ǡ…‘Ž‘”•ƒ†‘–Š‡”†‡•‹‰ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǥˆ–‡”…—•–‘‡”••‡Ž‡…––Š‡‹”†‡•‹‰ǡ ‹Ǥƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡•–Š‡‹”†‡•‹‰—•‹‰͵’”‹–‡”•Ǥ ”‹–ʹ͵Ȃ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒǡǤ”‹–ʹ͵‘ˆˆ‡”•͵’”‹–‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•ˆ‘” ‘”–—‡ͷͲͲ …‘’ƒ‹‡•–‘”‡‰—Žƒ”’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘Šƒ˜‡†‡•‹‰•–Š‡›ǯ†Ž‹‡–‘–”›‘—–Ǥ•ƒŽŽ ’”‹–Œ‘„…‘•–•ƒ„‘—–̈́ͷͲ™Š‹Ž‡ƒˆ‹˜‡‘”•‹š‹…Š•“—ƒ”‡‘„Œ‡…–ƒ›…‘•–ƒ„‘—–̈́ͶͲͲ–‘ ͵’”‹–Ǥ”‹–ʹ͵ǯ•ˆ‘…—•‹•‘‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ†ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•ǡ‘–…‘•—‡”•ƒ† ’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰•Ǥ

A GGREGATORS  ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‘”•ƒ”‡…‘’ƒ‹‡•–Šƒ–Š‘•–‘Ž‹‡…ƒ–ƒŽ‘‰•‘ˆ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…†‡•‹‰„Ž—‡’”‹–• ˆ‘”ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡’”‘†—…–•ǡƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•ƒ†‘–Š‡”‘„Œ‡…–•Ǥ‹‡ƒƒœ‘Ǥ…‘‘”‡ƒ›ǡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‘”•‘ˆˆ‡”•–‘”‡ˆ”‘–•ˆ‘”–Š‹”†’ƒ”–›‡”…Šƒ–••—…Šƒ•†‡•‹‰‡”•Ǥ‘‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‘”•Ž‹‡•Šƒ’‡™ƒ›•Ǥ…‘ƒŽ•‘‘ˆˆ‡”ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘•‡”˜‹…‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡”•‘ˆˆ‡” •ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡”•ǡ•—…Šƒ•‘‘‘ǡƒ…–ƒ•„”‘‡”• „‡–™‡‡…‘•—‡”•ǡ†‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ†ƒ‡”•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡‡™ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‘”•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡˜‡”›™‡‡ǡ–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‹‘‡‡”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ”‡ Šƒ’‡™ƒ›•ƒ†‘‘‘Ǥ ‘‘‘Ȃ‘…ƒ–‹‘ǣ‡™‡ƒŽƒ†Ǥ‘‘‘ǯ•™‡„•‹–‡ǡ…‘•—‡”•ǡ†‡•‹‰‡”•ǡ ƒ‡”•ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ••—’’Ž‹‡”•”‡‰‹•–‡”ˆ‘”ƒ……‘—–•ƒ†…‘‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘•—‡”•…ƒ†‡•‹‰–Š‡‹”‘™’”‘†—…–—•‹‰‘‘‘ǯ••–ƒ”–‡”‹–†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ƒ†ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”…Š‘•‡’”‘†—…––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ‘–Š‡‹”‘™ˆƒ„„‡”Ǥ”ǡ…‘•—‡”• …ƒ†‘™Ž‘ƒ†ˆ”‡‡ƒ†’—”…Šƒ•ƒ„Ž‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰„Ž—‡’”‹–•ǡƒ†‹ˆ–Š‡›†‘ǯ–Šƒ˜‡ ƒ……‡••–‘–Š‡‹”‘™Š‘‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡ǡ…ƒ’‘•–ƒ”‡“—‡•–˜‹ƒƒ‘Ž‹‡ ˆ‘”–‘–ƒ’‹–‘‘‘‘ǯ•Dzƒ‹‰Š—„•dz–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡ƒ”„›ƒ‡”‡ƒ”„›†‘–Š‡ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘‘‘ǯ•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ••—’’Ž‹‡”••‡ŽŽ’ƒ’‡”ǡˆƒ„”‹…ǡ‡–ƒŽǡ”—„„‡”ƒ†™‘‘† ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡•‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡…‘’‘‡–••—…Šƒ•ƒ……‡Ž‡”‘‡–‡”•ǡ•‡•‘”•ǡ  ƒ†™‹”‡Ž‡••ƒ–‡ƒ•Ǥ Šƒ’‡™ƒ›•Ȃ‘…ƒ–‹‘ǣŠ‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ƒ†‡™‘”ǤŠƒ’‡™ƒ›•‹•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‘”™‹–ŠƒŽƒ”‰‡‘Ž‹‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ•‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡††‡•‹‰•–Šƒ–”ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘–‘›•

–‘ƒ”––‘ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•ǤŠƒ’‡™ƒ›•Šƒ•ƒƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰•’ƒ…‡–Šƒ–…‘–ƒ‹••‡˜‡”ƒŽ ͵’”‹–‡”•–Šƒ–ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡…—•–‘‡”†‡•‹‰•Ǥ”‘†—…–•ƒ”‡•‘Ž†˜‹ƒƒ—„‡”‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–‘”‡ˆ”‘–•–Šƒ–‡ƒ…Šˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡•‹‰‡”Ǥ‘•—‡”••‡Ž‡…–ƒ†‡•‹‰ ˆ”‘ƒ†‡•‹‰‡”™Š‘”—•–Š‡‹”‘™‘Ž‹‡•–‘”‡ˆ”‘–‘”…‘•—‡”•…ƒƒ‡–Š‡‹” ‘™†‡•‹‰—•‹‰Šƒ’‡™ƒ›ǯ•’”‘’”‹‡–ƒ”›†‡•‹‰–‘‘Ž•ǤŠƒ’‡™ƒ›•‡’Ž‘›‡‡•‘ˆˆ‡” —•‡”•—’’‘”–ƒ††‡•‹‰ƒ†˜‹…‡ǡ‹ˆ‡‡†‡†Ǥ‘•—‡”•ƒ††‡•‹‰‡”•‹–‡”ƒ…–†‹”‡…–Ž› ‹ˆ–Š‡—•‡”Šƒ•ƒ•’‡…‹ƒŽ”‡“—‡•–ǤŠ‡‘”‡ƒ…–‹˜‡†‡•‹‰‡”•‘Šƒ’‡™ƒ›•‡ƒ” •‡˜‡”ƒŽ–Š‘—•ƒ†‡—”‘ƒ‘–Šˆ”‘•‡ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡‹”†‡•‹‰•Ǥ

D ESIGNERS  ‡•‹‰‡”•–Šƒ–…”‡ƒ–‡‘„Œ‡…–•ˆ‘”’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•”—–Š‡‰ƒ—– ˆ”‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ˆ‹”•–‘’ƒ”–Ǧ–‹‡Š‘„„›‹•–•Ǥ‡•‹‰‡”•–Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ƒ……‡••–‘’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•…ƒ–‹‡”™‹–Š”‹•‹‡”†‡•‹‰• ƒ†‡‘ˆ——•—ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ–ƒ—…ŠŽ‘™‡”…‘•––Šƒ…—””‡–Ž›’‘••‹„Ž‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡ †‡•‹‰‡”•…”‡ƒ–‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹… „Ž—‡’”‹–•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ–›’‡•‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ”‘—–‡”•ǡŽƒ•‡”…—––‡”•ǡ•‡™‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡•Ȍǡ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ†‡•‹‰‡”• ˆ‘…—•‘͵’”‹–‡†‘„Œ‡…–•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‰”‘™•‡˜‡”›†ƒ›ǡ ƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡…‘—–Ž‡••–ƒŽ‡–‡† †‡•‹‰‡”•‘–Ž‹•–‡†„‡Ž‘™Ǥ ˆ‘Ž††‡•‹‰•–—†‹‘•Ǥ‘…ƒ–‹‘ǣ ‡Ž‰‹—Ǥˆ‘Ž†•–—†‹‘•™ƒ• ˆ‘—†‡†‹ʹͲͲʹ„›Žƒ‹”‡ƒ”‹‡” ƒ†”‹‡•‡”„”—‰‰‡ǤŠ‡›†‡•‹‰  ƒ†•‡ŽŽƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ …‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›…—•–‘Ǧ†‡•‹‰‡†ƒ†          ƒ†‡ˆ—”‹–—”‡ǡŠ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†‰‘‘†•          Ǥ     ͵  ƒ†Œ‡™‡Ž”›Ǥ   Ǣ    ‡”˜‘—•›•–‡Ǥ‘…ƒ–‹‘ǣ   Ǥ   ƒ••ƒ…Š—•‡––•ǡ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Ǥ     ‡”˜‘—•›•–‡™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†‹      ʹͲͲ͹„› ‡••‹…ƒ‘•‡”ƒ–œƒ†   Ǥ      

‡••‡‘—‹•Ǧ‘•‡„‡”‰Ǥ‡”˜‘—•     Ǥ ›•–‡͵’”‹–•…‘’—–‡” ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡††‡•‹‰•–‘’”‘†—…‡ ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡ƒ”–ǡŒ‡™‡Ž”›ǡƒ†Š‘—•‡™ƒ”‡•Ǥ

ƒ–Š•Š‡„ƒǣ‘…ƒ–‹‘ǣƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǡ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Ǥƒ–Š•Š‡„ƒ ”‘••ƒ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǯ•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰͵’”‹–‹‰†‡•‹‰‡”•ǤŠ‡…”‡ƒ–‡••…—Ž’–—”‡•ƒ†ƒ–Š‘†‡Ž•ǡ™Šƒ– •Š‡…ƒŽŽ•DzŠƒ†Š‡Ž†‰‡‘‡–”›dz‘—–‘ˆ͵’”‹–‡†‡–ƒŽǤ

M ACHINEBUILDERS  ‡Ž‘™ƒ”‡ƒˆ‡™•ƒŽŽƒ…Š‹‡„—‹Ž†‡”•–Šƒ–ˆ‘…—•‡š…Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›‘–Š‡•ƒŽ‡‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ •…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•Ǥ ƒ‡”‘–ǣ‘…ƒ–‹‘ǣ‡™‘”ǡ‡™‘”Ǥƒ‡”‘–ƒ‡•ƒ†•‡ŽŽ•ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡͵ ’”‹–‡”•–Šƒ–’”‹–’Žƒ•–‹…•ǤŠ‡‹”Ž‡ƒ†‹‰͵’”‹–‡”‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†—’ƒ‡™Š‹…Š™ƒ• Šƒ•‹–•–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ”‘‘–•‹ƒ‘’‡•‘—”…‡Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ‘†‡Ž‘ˆ͵ ’”‹–‡”…ƒŽŽ‡†‡’ƒ’–Šƒ–™ƒ•‹˜‡–‡†ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ–ŠǤƒ…Š‹‡„Ž—‡’”‹–• ˆ‘”—’ƒ‡…ƒ„‡ˆ”‡‡Ž›†‘™Ž‘ƒ†‡†ǤŠ‡—’ƒ‡‹•—‹“—‡‹–Šƒ–‹–…ƒ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡ ‹–•‘™’ƒ”–•Ǥ•‡”•’—”…Šƒ•‡ƒ…Š‹‡‹–•‘Ž‹‡ƒ†ƒ••‡„Ž‡–Š‡ƒ–Š‘‡Ǥ – –ƒ‡•–™‘•‹ŽŽ‡†’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ„‘—––™‘†ƒ›•–‘ƒ••‡„Ž‡ƒ—’ƒ‡Ǥƒ‡”‘–•ƒŽ‡•ƒ”‡ •–”‘‰Ǥ –„‡‰ƒ–‘•‡ŽŽ‹–•‹’”‹ŽǡʹͲͲͻǤ ƒ”…ŠǡʹͲͳͲǡͳͳ‘–Š•Žƒ–‡”ǡ–Š‡ …‘’ƒ›”‡’‘”–‡†‹–Šƒ†•‘Ž†͸ͻͷ‹–•Error!Bookmarknotdefined.Ǥ —‡Žƒ„‹…”‘Ǥ‘…ƒ–‹‘ǣŠ‡ ‹–‡†‹‰†‘Ǥ—‡ƒ„•‡ŽŽ• —Ž–‹’—”’‘•‡ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡ‡ƒ‹‰–Š‡‹” ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ…Š‹‡•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘—•‡ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –‘‘Ž‹‰•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰͵’”‹–‹‰ǡ͵ ‹ŽŽ‹‰ǡƒ†’”‡…‹•‹‘Ǧ‡‰”ƒ˜‹‰Ǥ —‡ƒ„ǯ•–™‘ƒ…Š‹‡‘†‡Ž•ƒ”‡ BruceKramer,NSFProgramdirector –Š‡‹…”‘˜͵–Šƒ–ǯ•ƒ„‘—–ͳͲ„›ͳʹ ‹…Š‡•‹•‹œ‡ƒ†…‘•–•̈́ͳʹͻͶǡƒ†–Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡”ʹˆ‘”̈́ͳ͹ͻͻǡ™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ„‘—–ͳͻ‹…Š‡••“—ƒ”‡Ǥ

"Americanculturepresentsaverylowpenaltyfor tryingandfailing.Thismaybethelasttrueglobal competitiveadvantagewehaveandputtingthe maximumrangeofcapabilitiesinthehandsofthe averagecitizenǦdesigner/entrepreneurwillhelp leveragethisadvantage."

‹–• ”‘›–‡•ǡ–…Ǥ‘…ƒ–‹‘ǣ‹–‡†‹‰…‘Ǥ‹–• ”‘›–‡••‡ŽŽ•‹–•ˆ‘”͵ ’”‹–‡”•ˆ‘”Š‘‡ǡ…Žƒ••”‘‘ƒ†•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••—•‡Ǥ‹–• ”‘›–‡•™ƒ•”‡…‡–Ž› ƒ…“—‹”‡†„›ƒŽƒ”‰‡”͵ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡…‘’ƒ›…ƒŽŽ‡†͵›•–‡•Ǥ‹–• ”‘›–‡•’Žƒ•–‘…‘–‹—‡–‘•‡ŽŽ–Š‡‹”Ž‘™Ǧ‡†͵’”‹–‡”•ǤŠ‡‹” ͵ͲͲ•‡ŽŽ•ˆ‘” ʹͲͲͲ‡—”‘ƒ†…ƒ’”‹–ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡‹”͵’”‹–‡”•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ „ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ƒ’ƒ’ƒ”™‹‘’‡•‘—”…‡ƒ…Š‹‡…”‡ƒ–‡†„›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒ–ƒ–Š ‹˜‡”•‹–›‹‰Žƒ†Ǥ•‘ˆƒ”…ŠǡʹͲͳͲǡ‹–•ˆ”‘›–‡•™ƒ••Š‹’’‹‰ƒ„‘—–ʹͲͲ ‹–•ƒ‘–ŠError!Bookmarknotdefined.Ǥƒ…Š‹–…‘•–•ƒ„‘—–̈́ͳǡͳͲͲƒ†‹• ƒ••‡„Ž‡†„›‹–•„—›‡”Ǥ

   Justasthedemocratizationofinformationthroughpersonalcomputerswasakey advanceofthe20thcentury,thedemocratizationofproductionthrough improvementsinfabricationtechnologieswillbeapivotaldevelopmentinthe21st century.”” ––SimonBradshaw,AdrianBowyerandPatrickHaufe  ‡ǯ˜‡…‘˜‡”‡†–Š‡‡‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†‹‰’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ† Šƒ˜‡’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹‡”™‘”‹‰•ǡ„—–Š‘™ƒ›…‘•—‡”•ǡ „—•‹‡••‡•ƒ†•…Š‘‘Ž•ƒ”‡„—›‹‰–Š‡ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡƒ†™Šƒ–ƒ”‡…‘•—‡”•—•‹‰–Š‡ ƒ…Š‹‡•ˆ‘”ǫˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡŠƒ”†ƒ”‡–†ƒ–ƒƒ„‘—–…‘•—‡”ƒ†‹†—•–”›—•‡‘ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹••…ƒ”…‡Ǥ ‘”–Š‡…‘•—‡”ƒ”‡–ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡ ‘Ž›‡•–‹ƒ–‡•ƒ†ƒ‡…†‘–ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒƒ„‘—––Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡•‹—•‡–‘†ƒ›ǡƒ†™Šƒ––›’‡‘ˆ‘„Œ‡…–•’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹‡–‘ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡Ǥ‘”‡†ƒ–ƒ ‡š‹•–•‘‹†—•–”›Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡͵’”‹–‡”•Ǥ Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ˆ‘”‡˜‡”›†ƒ›…‘•—‡”—•‡‹• †”‹˜‡„›ƒ•ƒŽŽ„—–‰”‘™‹‰ ™‘”Ž†™‹†‡…‘—‹–›‘ˆ 2.50% Dz’‘™‡”—•‡”•ǡdz•‡ŽˆǦ•‡Ž‡…–‡†ǡ 4.80% Š‹‰ŠŽ›•‹ŽŽ‡†‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–•Ǥ 17.50% Motorvehicles 6.50% ‘™‡”—•‡”•…ƒ„‡–‹‡”‡”•ǡ Aerospace ‹‘˜ƒ–‘”•ǡ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ǡ Industrial/businessmachines 8.60% Consumerproducts/electronics –‡ƒ…Š‡”•ǡ„—•‹‡••’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ 9.60% Medical/dental ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•ƒ†Š‘„„›‹•–•Ǥ AcademicInstitutions 14.70% ‘™‡”—•‡”•–‡†–‘…‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‡ Government/military 11.70% ‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‘Ž‹‡ ArchitecturalandGIS Other …‘—‹–‹‡•‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽ 24.10% ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–•‹‰Ž‡  ‘•‹–‡••—…Šƒ•Make ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡ǯ•…‘—‹–›ˆ‘”— (Make‹•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰     ͵      Ǥ  ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†„›ǯ‡‹ŽŽ›   ǣ  ǡ  ʹͲͳͲ ‡†‹ƒǡ …ǤȌǡƒ†•™ƒ’†‡•‹‰• ‘ ‘‘‰Ž‡ǯ•͵ƒ”‡Š‘—•‡ƒ† Šƒ’‡™ƒ›ǯ•‘Ž‹‡ƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡ǤŠ‡•‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡—•‡”…‘—‹–‹‡•‹•†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž––‘ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡•‹…‡–Š‡‘™‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡™‡„•‹–‡•†‘‘–•Šƒ”‡Š‘™ƒ›ƒ…–‹˜‡—•‡”•–Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ǡ‘”‹•‹–’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘‰‡–ƒ…‘—–‘ˆ

Š‘™ƒ›‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•ƒ”‡„‡‹‰—’Ž‘ƒ†‡†ƒ††‘™Ž‘ƒ†‡†Ǥ—””‡–Ž›ǡ –Š‡”‡ǯ•‘ƒ”‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‹”–Šƒ––”ƒ…•…‘•—‡”ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒŽ‡•ǡ‘”–Š‡—„‡” ‘ˆ‹•–ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡ‘”™Šƒ––›’‡•‘ˆ•‡”˜‹…‡•ƒ†’”‘†—…–•–Š‡ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ”‡„‡‹‰ —•‡†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡Ǥ‹‡–Š‡ƒ”‡–ˆ‘”‡ƒ”Ž›Š‘„„›‹•–’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘’—–‡”•ǡ–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ”‡–‹•Šƒ”†–‘“—ƒ–‹ˆ›†—‡–‘–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–‡š’‡”–—•‡”•–‡†–‘ „—‹Ž†–Š‡‹”‘™’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ˆ”‘–‘‘Ž‹–•‘”ˆ”‘•’ƒ”‡’ƒ”–• –Š‡›ǯ˜‡•ƒŽ˜ƒ‰‡†ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•Ǥ ‡Šƒ˜‡•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›„‡––‡”†ƒ–ƒƒ„‘—–’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹–Š‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ•’ƒ…‡ǡ„—–ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ‹–ǯ•‹…‘’Ž‡–‡ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ—•‹‡••‡•–Šƒ–—•‡ •ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ”‡—†‡”–Š‡ƒ”‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š”ƒ†ƒ”ˆ‘””‡ƒ•‘• •‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‘•‡‘ˆ…‘•—‡”Š‘„„›‹•–•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡƒ—„‡”‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ”‡‹—•‡–‘†ƒ›Ǣ™Š‹Ž‡‹–ǯ•Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–ƒ› …‘’ƒ‹‡•—•‡•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡”‘—–‹‰ƒ†‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡ‘”Šƒ˜‡ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ •…ƒŽ‡Žƒ•‡”…—––‡”‘•‹–‡ǡ–Š‡•‡ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ”‡—Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡…‘—–‡†‘”‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”Žƒ”‰‡”ǡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡…‘—–‡”’ƒ”–•Ǥ Š‡…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ͵’”‹–‡” •’ƒ…‡‘ˆˆ‡”•–Š‡‘•–•‘Ž‹† ƒ”‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š†ƒ–ƒ–Šƒ•–‘ –Š‡‡–‹…—Ž‘—•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š …‘†—…–‡†„›‡””›‘ŠŽ‡”•ƒ† …‘’‹Ž‡†‹–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽWohlers Report,–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ”‡– ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡͵ ’”‹–‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‡Wohlers Report–”ƒ…••ƒŽ‡•ǡƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ƒ†‘–Š‡”‡™•‘ˆ͵’”‹–‹‰  •‡”˜‹…‡’”‘˜‹†‡”•ƒ†ƒ…Š‹‡ ƒ‡”•Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡      WohlersReportǡ–Š‡‹†—•–”‹‡•   ͵       Ǥ    ǣ  –Šƒ–‘•–…‘‘Ž›”‡“—‡•–͵  ǡ  ʹͲͳͲ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•ƒ”‡ …‘•—‡”’”‘†—…–•Ȁ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…•ǡ …ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡‡†‹…ƒŽ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒ†…‘’ƒ‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ†„—•‹‡•• ƒ…Š‹‡•ǤŠ‡͵’”‹–‡†‘„Œ‡…–•‘•–…‘‘Ž›”‡“—‡•–‡†„›–Š‡•‡‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ”‡ ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•ǡƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•ǡ˜‹•—ƒŽƒ‹†•ƒ†’ƒ––‡”•ˆ‘”’”‘–‘–›’‡–‘‘Ž‹‰ǤŠ‡ ‘ŠŽ‡”•‡’‘”–†ƒ–ƒ•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–…‘•—‡”…‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–‘‹†—•–”›ǡƒ† •’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†’ƒ”–•…‘’ƒ‹‡•…‘—Ž†•‘‡†ƒ›’”‘˜‹†‡ƒˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ‡™

ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‡…‘•›•–‡ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ͵’”‹–‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•’”‘˜‹†‡”•–Šƒ–•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡‹ ”ƒ’‹†’”‘–‘–›’‹‰ƒ†‘Ǧ–Š‡ǦˆŽ›ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–’”‘†—…–‹‘•‡”˜‹…‡•Ǥ ˜‡‰‹˜‡–Š‡Ž‹‹–‡††ƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡͵’”‹–‹‰‹†—•–”›ǡ‹–ǯ•…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–‹–‡”•‘ˆ ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒŽ‡•ǡ…‘‡”…‹ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–›ƒ†•‡”˜‹…‡•”‡˜‡—‡ǡ–Š‡͵’”‹–‹‰ƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡ •–‹ŽŽ„‡Ž‘‰•–‘‹†—•–”‹ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ǡ‘–’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ…Š‹‡•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘ŠŽ‡”•ǯ ƒ”‡–†ƒ–ƒ‘ˆˆ‡”•Š‹–•–Šƒ––Š‹•ƒ›„‡…Šƒ‰‹‰Ǥ ʹͲͲͻǡ–Š‡„‹‰‰‡•–…‘’ƒ‹‡• –Šƒ–ƒ†‡ƒ†•‘Ž†͵’”‹–‡”•–‘‰‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡†ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆƒ„‘—–̈́͵ͳʹ‹ŽŽ‹‘‹ ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒŽ‡•ͻǤƒ”‡–†‡ƒ†ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ›„‡•Š‹ˆ–‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•Ž‘™Ǧ‡†͵ …‘‡”…‹ƒŽ’”‹–‡”•Ǥƒ•–›‡ƒ”ǡ”‡˜‡—‡ƒ…”‘••ƒŽŽ”‡’‘”–‹‰͵’”‹–‡”…‘’ƒ‹‡• ‹†‹…ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–͵’”‹–‡”•ƒŽ‡•‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†–Š‡‹”ˆ‹”•–Ǧ‡˜‡”†‡…Ž‹‡ǡ†”‘’’‹‰ͳ͵Ψ ˆ”‘–Š‡›‡ƒ”„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥͻ –Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ˆ”ƒ‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽȗ—„‡”ȗ‘ˆ͵ ’”‹–‡”••‘Ž†‹…”‡ƒ•‡†„›ƒŽ‘•–ʹͲΨǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡–‘–ƒŽ•ƒŽ‡•”‡˜‡—‡ ‡ƒ”‡†„›͵’”‹–‡”Ǧƒ‡”•†‡…Ž‹‡†ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ—‹–••‘Ž†‘ˆŽ‘™Ǧ…‘•–͵ ’”‹–‡”•increased•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›Ǥ‘ŠŽ‡”•ǯ†ƒ–ƒ…‘—Ž†•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ–͵’”‹–‡”•ƒ”‡‘ –Š‡‹”™ƒ›–‘„‡…‘‹‰ƒ…‘‘†‹–›‹–‡ǡŽ‹‡Žƒ’–‘’•ƒ†‘–Š‡”…‘’—–‹‰Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡Ǥ –ǯ•’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–ƒ•ƒ”‡–†‡ƒ†‹…”‡ƒ•‡•ˆ‘”•ƒŽŽ‡”ǡ…Š‡ƒ’‡”‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ͵ ’”‹–‡”•ƒ†–Š‡…‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‹–‡”•…‘–‹—‡•–‘†”‘’ǡƒ…Š‹‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•™‹ŽŽ •‡ŽŽŠ‹‰Š‡”˜‘Ž—‡•‘ˆŽ‘™‡”Ǧ…‘•–’”‹–‡”•–‘…‘’‡•ƒ–‡ˆ‘”•Š”‹‹‰’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ”‰‹•Ǥ ‘ŠŽ‡”•ǯ”‡˜‡—‡†ƒ–ƒ‘•ƒŽ‡•‘ˆ͵ ’”‹–‡”•‹•‘––Š‡‘Ž›‹†‹…ƒ–‘”–Šƒ– ““Ourintentionistoexpanduseof3Dprintingin …‘‡”…‹ƒŽ͵’”‹–‡”ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”• currentmarkets,whicharemanufacturingand ƒ›„‡‡›‡‹‰–Š‡Ž‘™Ǧ‡†•’ƒ…‡Ǥ educationsegments.Weareexploringhowtoexpand ‡…‡–Ž›ǡƒŽ‡ƒ†‹‰Š‘‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡͵ toadjacentmarkets,suchasarchitecture,whichis ’”‹–‡”…‘’ƒ›ǡ‹–•ˆ”‘›–‡•ǡ™ƒ• currentlyusingitinamarginalway.Wearetryingto ƒ…“—‹”‡†„›͵›•–‡•ǡƒ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† understandtheneedsthatcustomershave,from ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ͵’”‹–‡”ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”Ǥ whichwecanthendefinefutureproducts.8”” ͵›•–‡•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†”ƒ™–‘ ––EmilioJuarez,HP'sworldwide3Dprintingmanager –Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ʹͲͳͲ ‘ŠŽ‡”•‡’‘”–ǡ‹‹–•ˆ‹”•–›‡ƒ”‘ˆ onHPsrecententryinto3Dprinting –”ƒ…‡†…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ•ƒŽ‡•ǡ‹–•ˆ”‘ ›–‡•‘—–•‘Ž†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ͵ ’”‹–‡”…‘’ƒ‹‡•Ǥ ‹–•ˆ‹”•–›‡ƒ”‘ˆ•‡ŽŽ‹‰͵’”‹–‡”•…‘‡”…‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–• ”‘ ›–‡••‘Ž†ͳ͹Ψ‘ˆƒŽŽ͵’”‹–‡”—‹–•™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ǡ’Žƒ…‹‰–Š‡•‡…‘†‹͵’”‹–‡” •Š‹’‡–•ǤŠ‡‹”ˆ‹”•–Ǧ›‡ƒ”•ƒŽ‡•ƒ”‡‡˜‡‘”‡’Š‡‘‡ƒŽ™Š‡‘‡…‘•‹†‡”•–Šƒ– ‹–•ˆ”‘›–‡••‡ŽŽ•͵’”‹–‡”•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›–‘–Š‡‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Š‘„„›‹•–ƒ”‡–•ǡ ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡͵’”‹–‡”•ƒ†‡ƒ†•‘Ž†„›‹–•ˆ”‘›–‡•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹””‘‘–•‹–Š‡ ‘’‡•‘—”…‡‡’ƒ’’”‘Œ‡…–ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ–ŠǤ ˆ–”‡†•‹–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ”‡–•ˆ‘”͵’”‹–‡”•ƒ”‡ƒ›‹†‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ…‘’ƒ‹‡•–Šƒ– •‡ŽŽŽƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ›•‘‘ˆƒ…‡–Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‘”ǯ•†‹Ž‡ƒǤ 

Š‹•Š—‰‡Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ„‘‘–Š‡Innovator’’sDilemmaǡŽƒ›Š”‹•–‡•‡†‡•…”‹„‡•–Š‡ …›…Ž‹…ƒŽ”‹•‡ƒ†ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆƒ–—”‡ǡ‹†—•–”›ǦŽ‡ƒ†‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ–ˆ‹”•–ǡ‡Œ‘›ƒ”‡– †‘‹ƒ…‡ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ‰ƒ‹ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡˆƒŽŽ‹–‘•—††‡‘„•‘Ž‡•…‡…‡ǤͳͲŠ‡ˆ‘”…‡–Šƒ– ’—ŽŽ•’‘™‡”ˆ—Žǡ™‡ŽŽǦƒƒ‰‡†…‘’ƒ‹‡•–‘–Š‡‹”‡‡•‹•‘–ǡƒ•–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†ǡ ’‘‘”ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘”„”ƒ‹†”ƒ‹Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ’‘™‡”ˆ—Žƒ”‡–ǦŽ‡ƒ†‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•ˆƒŽ–‡” „‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‘”ǯ•†‹Ž‡ƒǣ•ƒŽ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘…‡…—––‹‰Ǧ ‡†‰‡ǡˆ‡ƒ–—”‡Ǧ”‹…Šǡƒ”‡–ǦŽ‡ƒ†‹‰‹…—„‡–’”‘†—…–ƒ”‡…ƒ‹„ƒŽ‹œ‡†„›…Š‡ƒ’‡” •‹’Ž‡”’”‘†—…–•™Š‹…ŠŠ”‹•–‡•‡…ƒŽŽ•Dz†‹•”—’–‹˜‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥdz †‹•”—’–‹˜‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•‘––Š‡‘•–•‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†‘”Š‹‰Š‡•–’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡƒ†‹•”—’–‹˜‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•ƒŽ‘™‡”Ǧ…‘•–’”‘†—…–ǡ‘”…‘‘†‹–› ’”‘†—…–ǡ–Šƒ–Šƒ•ˆ‡™‡”ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•„—–‹•…Š‡ƒ’ƒ†…‘•‹†‡”‡†Dz‰‘‘†‡‘—‰Šdz„›ƒ– ˆ‹”•–ǡˆ”‹‰‡—•‡”•ǡƒ†‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ǡ„›ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ—•‡”•ǤŠ‡Ž‹ˆ‡…›…Ž‡‘ˆ…‘’ƒ‹‡• ˆ‡ŽŽ‡†„›–Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‘”ǯ•†‹Ž‡ƒ‹•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣƒ–‡…Š…‘’ƒ›’ƒ‹•–ƒ‹‰Ž› †‡˜‡Ž‘’•ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡•–Š‡‹”’”‘†—…–ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘‘‰‘‹‰ˆ‡‡†„ƒ…ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”‘•– Ž—…”ƒ–‹˜‡…—•–‘‡”•ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‹…—„‡–…‘’ƒ›†‘‡•‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰”‹‰Š– ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ„—•‹‡••™‹•†‘ǡ‹–•ƒ”‡–†‘‹ƒ…‡…ƒǯ–Žƒ•–ˆ‘”‡˜‡”Ǥ ˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ•ƒŽŽ…‘’ƒ›ƒ’’‡ƒ”•‘–Š‡•…‡‡–Šƒ–’”‡•‡–•ƒ†‹•”—’–‹˜‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–‘–Š‡ƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡ǤŠ‡†‹•”—’–‹˜‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ–ˆ‹”•–ǡƒ’’‡ƒŽ•‘Ž›–‘ •ƒŽŽ‡”…—•–‘‡”•™Š‘…ƒǯ–’ƒ›ˆ‘”ǡ‘”†‘ǯ–‡‡†–Š‡‹…—„‡–…‘’ƒ›ǯ• ‡š’‡•‹˜‡ǡˆ‡ƒ–—”‡Ǧ”‹…Š’”‘†—…–Ǥ Š‡—†‡”†‘‰„—•‹‡•••‡ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡‹”†‹•”—’–‹˜‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›…‘–‹—‡•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹–• ’”‘†—…–ƒ†‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›‘˜‡•—’ƒ”‡–ƒ•–Š‡‹”Ž‘™Ǧ‡†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹’”‘˜‡•–‘–Š‡ ’‘‹–‘ˆ„‡‹‰Dz‰‘‘†‡‘—‰Šdzˆ‘”ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ—•‡ǡ›‡–‹••‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›…Š‡ƒ’‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ ‹…—„‡––‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡†‹•”—’–‹˜‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›…ƒ‹„ƒŽ‹œ‡•–Š‡ƒ”‡– ˆ”‘–Š‡‹…—„‡––‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ’—––‹‰–Š‡’—––‹‰ˆ‘”‡”Ž›Ž‡ƒ†‹‰‹…—„‡– …‘’ƒ›‘—–‘ˆ„—•‹‡••Ǥ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‹”†‡‹•‡ǡ‹…—„‡–…‘’ƒ‹‡• ˆƒ…‹‰–Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‘”ǯ•†‹Ž‡ƒƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ…‘‘†‹–›ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž…‘’‡–‹–‘”•Ǥ  Š”‹•–‡•‡ǯ•ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡’Š‡‘‡‘‘ˆ†‹•”—’–‹˜‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ–Š‡‹…—„‡– …‘’ƒ‹‡•ͳȌƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡™ƒ„‘—––Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–Šƒ–‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›—†‡”…—––Š‡›‡– ʹȌ…Š‘•‡–‘‘–†‘ƒ›–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—–‹–†—‡–‘–Š‡•ƒŽŽƒ”‡–•‹œ‡‘ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ …—•–‘‡”•ƒ†ˆ‡ƒ”‘ˆ…ƒ‹„ƒŽ‹œ‹‰•ƒŽ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹…—„‡–’”‘†—…–Ǥ ƒ•‡•‡ǡ ‹…—„‡–…‘’ƒ‹‡•…‘—Ž†„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ˜‹…–‹‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘™•—……‡••Ǥ ‡‡–‹‘Š”‹•–‡•‡ǯ•™‘”Š‡”‡–‘…ƒŽŽƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–Šƒ–’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘†‹•”—’––Š‡†‘‹ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹” Žƒ”‰‡”ǡ‘”‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ…‘—•‹•‹–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡ƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡Ǥ Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•‡ŽŽ‹‰’”‹…‡‘ˆƒ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡͵’”‹–‡”…‘–‹—‡•–‘†”‘’Ǥ ʹͲͲ͹ǡ –Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡…‘•–‘ˆƒ…‘‡”…‹ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡͵’”‹–‡”™ƒ•̈́͹͹ǡͲͲͲǢ‹ʹͲͲͺǡ–Š‡…‘•–™ƒ• ̈́͹ͲǡͲͲͲ‹ʹͲͲͺǢ‹ʹͲͲͻǡ–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡’”‹…‡†”‘’’‡†ˆ—”–Š‡”ǡ–‘̈́ͷʹǡͲͲͲͻǤ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹–Š‡…‘–‡š–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘’—–‡”…Š‹’   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒʹͺ 

‹†—•–”›ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•†‡•…”‹„‡†„›Š”‹•–‡•‡ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰…Š‹’…‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ †‹Ž‹‰‡–ƒ”‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†…—•–‘‡”†‡ƒ†ǡ™‡–‘—–‘ˆ„—•‹‡••„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡› …‘–‹—‡†–‘‡Šƒ…‡–Š‡‹”‡š‹•–‹‰‹…—„‡–’”‘†—…–Ž‹‡ǡ‹‰‘”‹‰•ƒŽŽ‡”ǡ …Š‡ƒ’‡”ǡŽ‘™‡”Ǧ‡†•‘Ž—–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‡†–‘‹…Š‡…—•–‘‡”•™Š‘Šƒ†Ž‡••‘‡› ƒ†•‹’Ž‡”‡‡†•Ǥ –ǯ••–‹ŽŽ˜‡”›‡ƒ”Ž›‹–Š‡‰ƒ‡–‘’”‡†‹…–™Š‡–Š‡”…‘’ƒ‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ‡‡š’‡•‹˜‡ǡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽǦ•–”‡‰–Šƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•™‹ŽŽˆƒ…‡–Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‘”ǯ•†‹Ž‡ƒǤ– –Š‹•–‹‡ǡŽƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•”‡ƒ‹–Š‡‹…—„‡– –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‘†ƒ›ǯ•’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•…ƒ‘–‘ˆˆ‡”Žƒ”‰‡•…ƒŽ‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•–Š‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ƒ†’‘™‡”–Š‡›‡‡†–‘”ƒ’‹†Ž›ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡Š—‰‡˜‘Ž—‡•‘ˆ ƒƒ••’”‘†—…‡†’”‘†—…–Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ‘•–’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ”‡ •‘Ž†‹–‘–Š‡Š‘„„›‹•–•’ƒ…‡ǡƒƒ”‡––Šƒ–…—””‡–Ž›‹•–‘‘•ƒŽŽ–‘ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘ …‘’ƒ‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ‡ƒ†•‡ŽŽŽƒ”‰‡ƒ†…‘•–Ž›ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡” ‹…—„‡–…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ›ˆ‹†–Šƒ–Ž‘™Ǧ…‘•–ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ”‡‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ–ƒ‹‰‘˜‡”–ƒ••–Šƒ–—•‡†–‘„‡–Š‡†‘ƒ‹ ‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡”ǡ‘”‡‡š’‡•‹˜‡ƒ…Š‹‡•Ǥ‘‡†ƒ›ǡ‹ˆŠ‘‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•…‘–‹—‡–‘‹’”‘˜‡ƒ––Š‡‹”…—””‡–’ƒ…‡ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‹ŽŽ…”‡‡’—’ƒ”‡–ǡ†‹•”—’–‹‰–Š‡†‘‹ƒ…‡‘ˆ…‘•–Ž›ǡˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ǦŽƒ†‡ǡ ˆƒ…–‘”›Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒʹͻ 

R EACHINGTHETIPPINGPOINT  "Thereisnoreasonanyonewouldwantacomputerintheirhome."

KenOlson,president,chairmanandfounderofDEC  —„‡”‘ˆ…‘˜‡”‰‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•™‹ŽŽ’”‘‘–‡’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ˆ”‘ƒˆ”‹‰‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›—•‡†„›’‹‘‡‡”•ƒ†Š‘„„›‹•–•ǡ–‘ƒ‡˜‡”›†ƒ›–‘‘Žˆ‘”ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ …‘•—‡”•ƒ†„—•‹‡••‡•Ǥ‹–Š‹ƒˆ‡™›‡ƒ”•ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ™‹ŽŽ„‡…‘‘’Žƒ…‡‹•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡•ƒ†•…Š‘‘Ž•Ǥ‹–Š‹ƒ†‡…ƒ†‡‘”–™‘ǡ‡˜‡”› Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†ƒ†‘ˆˆ‹…‡™‹ŽŽ‘™–Š‡‹”‘™ƒ…Š‹‡Ǥ‹–Š‹ƒ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ›‘—™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ ƒŠƒ”†–‹‡‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰–‘›‘—”‰”ƒ†…Š‹Ž†”‡Š‘™›‘—™‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘Ž‹˜‡™‹–Š‘—–›‘—” ‘™ˆƒ„„‡”ǡ™Š‡›‘—ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›Šƒ†–‘„—›”‡ƒ†›ƒ†‡–Š‹‰•‘Ž‹‡ǡƒ†™ƒ‹–ƒŽ‘‰ ʹͶŠ‘—”•„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡›•Š‘™‡†—’‹›‘—”ƒ‹Ž„‘šǤ

Customizationisinandconsumerswanttobeunique: –Š‹•‡”ƒ‘ˆƒ•• ’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ–‘†ƒ›ǯ••–ƒ–—••›„‘Ž•ƒ”‡–Š‡‰‘‘†•ƒ†’”‘†—…–•–Šƒ–‘‘‡‡Ž•‡Šƒ•Ǥ ‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•„”‹‰‘‡Ǧ‘ˆǦƒǦ‹†’”‘†—…–•‹–‘–Š‡”‡ƒ…Š‘ˆ ‹††Ž‡Ǧ…Žƒ••„—†‰‡–•Ǥ‘›‘—Šƒ˜‡ƒ—‹“—‡”‹‰–‘‡–Šƒ–‘‘‡‡Ž•‡Šƒ•ǫ‘™›‘— …ƒŠƒ˜‡ƒ—‹“—‡•Š‘‡–‘‘Ǥ

Rip,mixandburn……physicalobjects:Dz‘‡…”‡ƒ–‘”•dzƒ‡–Š‡‹”‘™‘˜‹‡• ƒ†…—•–‘—•‹…’Žƒ›Ž‹•–•Ǥƒ†–Š‡•ƒ‡‡–ƒŽ‹–›‹•‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡–‘„—›ƒ ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ…Š‹‡ƒ†•‡–—’ƒŠ‘‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ‹–Š‡‹”‰ƒ”ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘†ƒ›ǯ•…‘•—‡”•ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž››‘—‰…‘•—‡”•ǡ‡š’‡…––‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ‡–Š‡‹” ‘™†‹‰‹–ƒŽ‰‘‘†•ƒ†’”‘†—…–•Ǥ‘‘–Š‡›™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–Š‡–‘‘Ž•–‘ƒ‡–Š‡‹”‘™ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‰‘‘†•ƒ†’”‘†—…–•Ǥ

Cheaphardware:‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•‰”‘™Ž‡••‡š’‡•‹˜‡‡˜‡”› ›‡ƒ”–Šƒ•–‘…Š‡ƒ’Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡…‘’‘‡–•ǤŠ‡Ž‘™‡•–…‘•–͵’”‹–‡”•‘–Š‡ …‘•—‡”ƒ”‡––‘†ƒ›…‘•–ƒ„‘—–̈́ͳͲͲͲǤ

Accessibledesignsoftware:‘’—–‡”Ǧƒ‹†‡††‡•‹‰ȋȌ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Šƒ• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›„‡‡‡š’‡•‹˜‡ƒ†Šƒ”†–‘—•‡Ǥ••‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡–‘‘Ž•„‡…‘‡•‹’Ž‡”ƒ† ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‡‘—‰Šˆ‘”•‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡††‡•‹‰–ƒ••ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘…‘•—‡”•–Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡‘•’‡…‹ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•™‹ŽŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡ †‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡ‰‹˜‹‰”‡‰—Žƒ”’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†…Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ……‡••–‘’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‘†‡Ž‹‰ƒ† ’”‘–‘–›’‹‰–‘‘Ž•Ǥ   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͵Ͳ 



 Electronicblueprints:Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ†‡•‹‰•ˆ‘”‹–‡•–‘ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡ǡ –Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ‰”‘™‹‰—„‡”‘ˆ ™‡„•‹–‡•…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‘”•Š‘•–‘Ž‹‡„Ž—‡’”‹–•ˆ‘”…‘•—‡”‰‘‘†•ƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ƒ…Š‹‹‰’ƒ”–•Ǥ‘‡„Ž—‡’”‹–•ƒ”‡…”‡ƒ–‡†„›•‹ŽŽ‡††‡•‹‰‡”•ˆ‘”…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ •ƒŽ‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡”„Ž—‡’”‹–•ƒ”‡…”‡ƒ–‡†„›„—††‹‰Š‘„„›‹•–•ƒ†‘ˆˆ‡”‡†‘Ž‹‡ˆ”‡‡ ˆ‘”’—”’‘•‡•‘ˆ”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ

Provenecommerceretailmodel: ““Aconvergenceofseveraltrendsareenabling the"DIYrevolution":Thegrowingonline learningresourcesanddigitallyǦfacilitated distancecollaboration,theincreasing affordabilityofadvancedtoolsandtechnology, andtheexpandingreachofonlinemarketplaces toeasilybuysuppliesandsellgoodstodispersed setofcustomers”” ZackSchildhorn,contributingeditorofForbes EmergingTechReport

‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‘”•ǡ †‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ†ƒ‡”•†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡–‘„”‡ƒ ‡™‰”‘—†–‘…‘†—…––Š‡‹”„—•‹‡•• –”ƒ•ƒ…–‹‘•‘Ž‹‡ǤŠƒ•–‘™‡ŽŽǦ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‘Ž‹‡‡Ǧ…‘‡”…‡•‹–‡•ǡ …‘•—‡”•ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›…‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡„—›‹‰ †‡•‹‰•‘Ž‹‡ˆ”‘‡”…Šƒ–•–Š‡›†‘‘– ‘™ǡ‘”•‡‡‹’‡”•‘ǤǦ…‘‡”…‡–‘‘Ž• •—…Šƒ••‡ƒ”…Š–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ’”‘†—…–ƒ† †‡•‹‰‡””‡˜‹‡™•ƒ†‡”…Šƒ–”ƒ‹‰• Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘„‡…‘‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”–‘‘•– …‘•—‡”•Ǥ

Provenecommerceoperationalmodel:Ž‹‡”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ˆ‹‰—”‡† ‘—–‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•–‘Šƒ†Ž‡–Š‡•Š‹’’‹‰ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‘„Œ‡…–• ‘”†‡”‡†‘Ž‹‡Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ…‘’ƒ‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡ƒ†•Š‹’…—•–‘Ǧ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†’”‘†—…–•™‘ǯ–Šƒ˜‡–‘”‡’‡ƒ––Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰…—”˜‡ǡ‘”™‹ŽŽ–Š‡›‡‡†–‘ …‘˜‹…‡…‘•—‡”•–Šƒ––Š‡‹”‘„Œ‡…–™‹ŽŽƒ””‹˜‡—„”‘‡ƒ†‹‰‘‘†…‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ

Socialnetworkinginmakercommunities:‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‘Ž‹‡…‘—‹–‹‡•‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘…”‡ƒ–‡ ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•ǡ–Š‘•‡™Š‘„—‹Ž†ƒ†ˆ‹šƒ…Š‹‡•ǡƒ†…‘•—‡”•Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”–‘ –Š‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›™‡ŽŽǦ‘™‘Ž‹‡…‘—‹–›‘ˆ‘’‡•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–•ǡ …‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒ…”‹–‹…ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘•‹…‡Ž‹––Ž‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†–‡…Š•—’’‘”–‡š‹•–•ǤŽ‹‡…‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•‘ˆˆ‡”‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”Š‡Ž’ǡ –‡ƒ™‘”ƒ†‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ

Availablerawmaterials:‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•ƒ”‡‘ˆ‘—•‡™‹–Š‘—–‡ƒ•› ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤŠƒ•–‘–Š‡ƒ†˜‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”‡–ǡ”ƒ’‹††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ •‡”˜‹…‡••—…Šƒ• ‡†šǡƒ‰”‘™‹‰—„‡”‘ˆŠ‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‘Ǧ–‘š‹…’Žƒ•–‹…•ƒ†   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͵ͳ 

…‡”ƒ‹…ǡƒ†ƒ‰”‘™‹‰…‘•—‡”„ƒ•‡ǡŠ‘‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡ „‡…‘‹‰‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘Ž‘…ƒ–‡ƒ†„—›Ǥ

EducatorswanttoservedifferentlearningstylesandofferhandsǦon learning:‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž••‡”˜‡–‘†ƒ›ǯ•‡†—…ƒ–‘”ǯ•‰”‘™‹‰ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…‘•–”—…–‹‘‹•–‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–Š‡‘”›Ǥƒ‹•–”‡ƒ‡†—…ƒ–‘”•‘™–Šƒ– –Š‡”‡‹•‘Dz‘‡•‹œ‡ˆ‹–•ƒŽŽdz™Š‡‹–…‘‡•–‘…Žƒ••”‘‘Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•‘ˆˆ‡”•–—†‡–•ƒ†–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‡š‡”…‹•‡•ƒ†–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ƒ‹†•Ǥ ‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘ˆˆ‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•ǣ x

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Betterprototypingquality.Š‡ƒƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”Šƒ•–Š‡Ž—š—”›‘ˆ”—‹‰‘ˆˆ †‡•‹‰•‘˜‡”‹‰Š–‘”ˆƒ•–‡”ǡ•Š‡…ƒ”—‘”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒǤ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•ƒ††‡•‹‰‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ‘™‡”…‘•–™ƒ›–‘–‹‡”™‹–Š†‡•‹‰ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ‡–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ’”‘–‘–›’‡‹•”‹‰Š–Ǥ Canrespondtoshorterproductlifecycles.˜‡–Š‘—‰Š‹’”‘˜‡†“—ƒŽ‹–›™‹ŽŽ ƒ‡ƒ’”‘†—…–ƒ„Ž‡–‘Žƒ•–Ž‘‰‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‹–‡”ƒ–‡ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡—’‘ ’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰•‰‘‡•‘…‘–‹—‘—•Ž›Ǥ‘–‹—‘—•’”‘†—…–‹’”‘˜‡‡–ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™‹ŽŽ„”‹‰…—•–‘‡”•„ƒ…ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–˜‡”•‹‘•‘ˆ’”‘†—…–•Ǥ Recyclability.Š‡…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹’”‘˜‡†“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†•Š‘”–‡”Ž‹ˆ‡…›…Ž‡• …”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‹–Š‡‹†‘ˆ–Š‡…—•–‘‡”Ǥ‡‘”•Š‡†‘‡•ǯ–™ƒ––‘–Š”‘™ ƒ™ƒ›ƒ’‡”ˆ‡…–Ž›‰‘‘†’”‘†—…––Šƒ–ǯ•‘Ž›ƒˆ‡™‘–Š•‘Ž†ǡ„—–•Š‡†‘‡•™ƒ– –‘‰‡––Š‡Žƒ–‡•–˜‡”•‹‘ǤŠ‡ƒ•™‡”–‘–Š‹•†‹Ž‡ƒ‹•–‘…‘•—‡–Š‡‘Ž† ’”‘†—…–‹ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–Š‡‡™‘‡ǤŠ‹•Šƒ•„‡‡‰‘‹‰‘ˆ‘”›‡ƒ”•‹–Š‡ ƒ—–‘‘–‹˜‡’ƒ”–•‹†—•–”›ǡ™Š‡”‡ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ…—•–‘‡”•‰‡–ƒ†‹•…‘—–‘ „”ƒ‡•Š‘‡•‹ˆ–Š‡›„”‹‰‹–Š‡‹”‘Ž†‘‡•ˆ‘””‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Ǥ Lesswasteandcleaner.‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›͵ ’”‹–‡”•ǡƒ”‡‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡–Ǣ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡›’”‘†—…‡˜‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡Ž‡ˆ–Ǧ‘˜‡”™ƒ•–‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ Lowcostproductprototypingandcustomization.‹…‡–Š‡›†‡ƒ†Ž‡•• ‹–‡•‹˜‡ƒ†•‡–—’–‹‡…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡ –‹‡”‹‰ƒ†”‡˜‹•‹‰ƒ’”‘–‘–›’‡…‘•–•Ž‡••‘ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‘”Ǥ Regional/local/homeproduction––lessshipping.Ǧ•‹–‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‘ˆ ‰‘‘†•‡ƒ•–Š‡›…ƒ„‡ƒ†‡Ž‘…ƒŽŽ›ƒ††‘‘–‡‡†–‘„‡•Š‹’’‡†Ǥ Noinventory––productionondemand.‹”–—ƒŽ•–‘”‡ˆ”‘–•ƒ†•ƒŽŽ „—•‹‡••‡•–Šƒ–…—•–‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡ƒ†•‡ŽŽ’”‘†—…–•ƒ†‰‘‘†•†‘‘–‡‡†–‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡—’ˆ”‘–Ǣƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡›…ƒ•–ƒ”––Š‡‹”„—•‹‡••‘ƒ •ƒŽŽ„—†‰‡–ƒ†•…ƒŽ‡—’‘Ž›ƒ•’”‘†—…–•ƒŽ‡•‰”‘™Ǥ Productlifetimesaving.Š‡’”‘†—…–•ƒ”‡‘’–‹‹œ‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”–ƒ”‰‡–—•‡ǡ –Š‡›‘ˆ–‡”‡•—Ž–‹”‡†—…‡†Ž‹ˆ‡–‹‡…‘•–•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹ˆƒ‘–‘”…›…Ž‡‹•

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͵ʹ 

–ƒ‹Ž‘”‡†–‘–Š‡—‹“—‡•‹œ‡ƒ†”‹†‹‰Šƒ„‹–•‘ˆ‹–•‘™ǡ‹–…ƒ„‡™‡‹‰ŠŽ‡••–Šƒ ƒ‰‡‡”‹…‘–‘”…›…Ž‡ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡…‘•—‡Ž‡••‡‡”‰›‘˜‡”‹–•‡–‹”‡Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥͳͳ Š‡†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ x

Reliabilityandqualityassurance.‘‡Ǧƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†–‘›•ǡƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–• ƒ†‘–Š‡”‘„Œ‡…–•ƒ›•—ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘ƒŽƒ…‘ˆ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›‘˜‡”•‹‰Š–ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–› …‘–”‘ŽǤ

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Liabilitychallenges. ˆƒ…‘•—‡”‹•Šƒ”‡†„›ƒŠ‘‡Ǧ’”‘†—…‡†‘„Œ‡…–ǡ‹–ǯ• ‘–…Ž‡ƒ”™Š‘™‹ŽŽ ““Akeytotheeffectiveness isa[personal ƒ••—‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ǣ fabricationlab]isthatstudentsdon'tneedto –Š‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰‡”ǡ imagineoutcomes.Whentheycanseeandfeel –Š‡ƒ‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• themwiththeirowneyesandhands,theirability ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”ǡ‡–…Ǥ toanalyzeandunderstandisrapidly Noversioncontrol. accelerated.Couplethiswithfeedbackfrom ‡…ƒ—•‡ƒ›–Š‹‰…ƒ„‡ experiencedmentors,andyouhavean ƒ†‡ƒ›™Š‡”‡ǡ‹–ǯ• unsurpassedlearningmodel." †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž––‘–”ƒ… ”‡˜‹•‹‘•ƒ†•‘—”…‡•Ǥ WillOber,Sr.InstructionalDesigner,K12,Inc ‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰•ˆ‘” Commentingonthevalueof3DprintersasaSTEM ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•‘” instructionaltool. ‡†‹…ƒŽ’ƒ”–•†‘‘– Šƒ˜‡ƒ˜‡”•‹‘…‘–”‘Ž•›•–‡–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ–…‘•—‡”•’—”…Šƒ•‡’ƒ”–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ –Š‡…‘””‡…–ƒ†‘•–…—””‡–˜‡”•‹‘Ǥ Consumerprotection.‹…‡…‘•—‡”•—•‡’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ–Š‘‡ǡ…‘•—‡”’”‘–‡…–‹‘‹•†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž––‘‡ˆ‘”…‡‹ˆ–‘š‹…ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡—•‡†‘” –Š‡ƒ…Š‹‡ƒŽˆ—…–‹‘•ƒ†Šƒ”••‘‡„‘†›Ǥ Intellectualpropertychallenges. ‹••—‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹‰…‘…‡”‘ˆ…‘’ƒ‹‡• –Šƒ–™‘”™‹–Š’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ™Š‘™‘—Ž†‰‡– •—‡†‹ˆƒ…‘•—‡”’”‹–‡†ƒ†•‘Ž†ƒ‹…‡›Ǧ‘—•‡–‘›ˆ”‘•‘‡‘‡‡Ž•‡ǯ• †‘™Ž‘ƒ†‡†‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•ǫŠ‡†‡•‹‰‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‘”ǡ–Š‡…‘•—‡”ǡ ‘”ƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡ǫ Noformalstandards.ƒ…Š’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‘”—•‡•‹–•‘™•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ† Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǡƒ‹‰‹–‡”‘’‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘•†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–Ǥ Nokillerapp.ƒ‹•–”‡ƒƒ†‘’–‹‘‹••–›‹‡†„›ƒDz…Š‹…‡ƒ†‡‰‰dz’”‘„Ž‡ •‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›†ƒ›•‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘’—–‹‰Ǥ‹–Š‘—–ƒƒ‹•–”‡ƒ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ…‘•—‡”•™‹ŽŽ‘–’—”…Šƒ•‡–Š‡‹”‘™’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‘”Ǥ ‹–Š‘—–‡‘—‰Š‘ˆƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…‘•—‡”ƒ”‡–ǡ…‘’ƒ‹‡•™‹ŽŽ‘–‹˜‡•–‹ …”‡ƒ–‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰•ǡ‹˜‡–‹‰‘˜‡Žƒ†‹’”‘˜‡†”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ Notyetcheapenough.‘•–•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡••–‹ŽŽ…‘•–™‡ŽŽ ‘˜‡”̈́ʹͲͲͲǡ‘—–‘ˆ”ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”‘•–Š‘„„›‹•–„—†‰‡–•Ǥ

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Primitive.‘•–ƒ…Š‹‡•–‘†ƒ›…ƒ‘Ž›™‘”™‹–Šƒ•‹‰Ž‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ–ƒ–‹‡Ǥ

•–Š‡›ƒ–—”‡ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ’”‘ˆ‘—†‹’ƒ…–‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘—”Ž‹˜‡•Ǥ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›’”‘‹•‹‰ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ•ƒ‹•–”—…–‹‘ƒŽ –‘‘Žˆ‘”‘—”ƒ–‹‘ǯ•ˆƒŽ–‡”‹‰•…‹‡…‡ǡ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ƒ†ƒ–ŠȋȌ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ•–Š‡ǤǤ•–”—‰‰Ž‡•–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹–• •–ƒ–—•ƒ•ƒ™‘”Ž†•—’‡”Ǧ’‘™‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡ǯ•‰”‘™‹‰ …‘…‡”–Šƒ–Ǧͳʹ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘‹ǤǤ’—„Ž‹… •…Š‘‘Ž•‹•ˆƒ‹Ž‹‰–‘‡š…‹–‡ƒ†’”‡’ƒ”‡–‘†ƒ›ǯ• …Š‹Ž†”‡–‘‡–‡”‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ•…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒ†ƒ–ŠǦ ‘”‹‡–‡†ˆ‹‡Ž†•Ǥ‹–Š‘—–‡‘—‰Š•‹ŽŽ‡†‡‰‹‡‡”• ƒ†•…‹‡–‹•–•ǡ‘—”ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž––‹‡ ƒ‹‰–Š‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǡ–‘ƒ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‡…‘‘›Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†—…ƒ–‘”• –Š‡Š‘’‡–Šƒ–‹ˆ•–—†‡–•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›  –‘†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡–Š‡‹”‘™‹†‡ƒ•ǡ•–—†‡–• …ƒ’—–ƒ„•–”ƒ…–•…‹‡–‹ˆ‹……‘…‡’–•‹–‘’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǡ ”‹–‹‰ˆ‘‘†ǣ͵†’”‹–‡”•…ƒ’”‘†—…‡ƒ Š‘’‡ˆ—ŽŽ›•’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡‹”‹–‡”‡•–‹ƒ–Šƒ† ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆˆ‘‘†–›’‡•ˆ”‘…‘‘‹‡• •…‹‡…‡Ǥ ‘”•–—†‡–•ǡ–Š‡•‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ ™‹–Š‡„‡††‡†˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ–‡š––‘…Š‘…‘Žƒ–‡Ǥ …Šƒ‡Ž–‘‡š…Šƒ‰‡ƒ†…‘Ǧ†‡•‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹… ›–Š‹‰–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡•“—‹”–‡†…ƒ„‡—•‡† „Ž—‡’”‹–•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”…Žƒ••ƒ–‡•ƒ†•…Š‘‘Ž…Š‹Ž†”‡ ƒ•ƒ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡͵†’”‹–‡”Ǥ ‘” ‹†‹•–ƒ–…‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ‡ƒ…Š‡”•™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ •‘‡ǡˆ‘‘†ƒ›„‡ƒ…‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ† –Š‡‹”‘™Š‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹˜‡•–Šƒ– †‹•ƒ”‹‰ƒ˜‡—‡–‘‹–”‘†—…‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ”‡†‹”‡…–Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‹”‘™—‹“—‡…‘—”•‡ ƒ†•–‡Ǥ ƒ‰‡…‘—”–‡•› ƒ„̷‘‡ …—””‹…—Ž—Ǥ ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•…‘–‹—‡–Š‡‹” •Ž‘™…”‡‡’‹–‘‡˜‡”›†ƒ›Ž‹ˆ‡ǤŠ‡ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‘ˆ—‡š’Ž‘”‡†ƒ˜‡—‡•‘ˆ†‡•‹‰ƒ† …”‡ƒ–‹‘…‘–‹—‡–‘ƒ––”ƒ…–‡™—•‡”•ǡ‡˜‡‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰•–—†‡–•™Š‘—•‡†–Š‡‹” Žƒ„ǯ•͵’”‹–‡”–‘„‡…‘‡•‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†„ƒ‡”•Ǥ–‘”‡ŽŽǡ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰•–—†‡–•–Šƒ– Šƒ†‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ…—Ž‹ƒ”›–”ƒ‹‹‰ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ…—•–‘Ǧ†‡•‹‰‡†…ƒ‡•‘ –Š‡‹”Žƒ„ǯ•͵’”‹–‡”ǤŠ‡•‡…—•–‘Ǧ…ƒ‡•ǡ™Š‡…—–‘’‡ǡ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†ƒŽ‡––‡”Dzǡdzƒ ˆ‡ƒ––Šƒ–‡˜‡•‹ŽŽ‡†„ƒ‡”•…ƒǯ–ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡•‹…‡…ƒ‡„ƒ––‡”…ƒ‘–„‡ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‡†–‘ „ƒ‡‹–‘’”‡…‹•‡˜‡”–‹…ƒŽŽ›…—”˜‡†•Šƒ’‡•ǤŠ‡‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰•–—†‡–•†‡•‹‰‡†–Š‡ ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•ˆ‘”–Š‡•’‡…‹ƒŽ…ƒ‡ǡƒ†•–—†‡–•ˆ”‘‘”‡ŽŽǯ•Š‘–‡Ž•…Š‘‘Ž ƒ†‡”‡†ƒ†™Š‹–‡…ƒ‡„ƒ––‡”ƒ†…ƒ””‹‡†‹–‘˜‡”–‘–Š‡Žƒ„Ǥ•‹‰–Š‡Žƒ„ǯ•͵ ’”‹–‡”ǡ–Š‡•–—†‡–•’”‹–‡†…ƒ‡’”‘–‘–›’‡ƒˆ–‡”’”‘–‘–›’‡ǡ—–‹Žƒ’ƒ”–›Ǧ“—ƒŽ‹–›…ƒ‡ …‘–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡’‡”ˆ‡…–˜‡”–‹…ƒŽŽ›ǦƒŽ‹‰‡†Dzdz‹•‹†‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†Ǥ…‡ƒ”‹‘••—…Šƒ•–Š‡•‡ǡ ™Š‡”‡—•‹ŽŽ‡†’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†‹–‘†‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ†•‹ŽŽ‡†…”‡ƒ–‘”•ǡƒ”‡ Šƒ’’‡‹‰–‘†ƒ›‹’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•Š‘‡•ǡ‹–…Š‡•ǡƒ†„—•‹‡••‡•Ǥ   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͵Ͷ 

‘„„›‹•–‹–‡”‡•–‹’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•…‘–‹—‡•–‘‰”‘™Ǥ––Š‡ʹͲͳͲ ƒ‡” ƒ‹”‡‹—‡‡•ǡ‡™‘”ǡƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‡šŠ‹„‹–‘”•†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†–Š‡‹”’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰„—•‹‡••‡•ƒ†’”‘Œ‡…–•ǤŠ‡—‡‡‘ˆ†‘Ǧ‹–Ǧ›‘—”•‡Žˆȋ Ȍǡƒ”–Šƒ –‡™ƒ”–ǡ™ƒ•ƒ‡†‹ƒ•’‘•‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‡–.‘–ƒŽŽŠ‘„„›‹•–•‡‡†–‘‹˜‡•–‹–Š‡‹” ‘™’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ†‡“—‹’‡–Ǥ”‘—†–Š‡…‘—–”›ǡ„—›‹‰ƒ ‡„‡”•Š‹’‹ƒ…Šƒ‹‘ˆ‡…ŠŠ‘’•’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒƒ™ƒ›Ǧˆ”‘ǦŠ‘‡™‘”•Š‘’ˆ‘” ’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘Ž‘˜‡–‘ƒ‡–Š‹‰•ǡ•‘‡™Šƒ–Ž‹‡ƒˆ‹–‡••…‡–‡”Ǥ‡…ŠŠ‘’•Ž‡–• ‡„‡”•‡š‡”…‹•‡–Š‡‹”…”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‹”—•…Ž‡•ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰‡„‡”• ƒ……‡••–‘ƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ…Š‹‡”›ƒ†–‘‘Ž•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰‹ŽŽ‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ†Žƒ–Š‡•ǡ™‡Ž†‹‰•–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ’Žƒ•ƒ…—––‡”ǡ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ•‡™‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡƒͶ̵šͺ̵Š‘’‘–”‘—–‡”ǡ’‹Ž‘‰Žƒ•‡”…—––‡”•ǡƒ†ƒ‹‡•‹‘͵Ǧ ’”‹–‡”Ǥ—””‡–Ž›–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡…ŠŠ‘’•‹ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǡ‹…Š‹‰ƒǡ”‡‰‘ƒ† ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǤ‹‹Žƒ”Š‘‡Ǧƒ™ƒ›Ǧˆ”‘ǦŠ‘‡™‘”•Š‘’•–Šƒ–’”‘˜‹†‡Ž‘…ƒŽ Š‘„„›‹•–•™‹–Šƒ……‡••–‘™‹–Š’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•ƒ”‡•’”‘—–‹‰—’‹…‹–‹‡• ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ǤǤ

   ǣ  ǡ  ǡ      ““RecentdevelopmentsinproducingaffordableandhobbyistǦfriendlyprintersthatcan reproducethreeǦdimensionalratherthanjustflatobjectsmaymeanthatprintinga toastǦrackoracombbecomesaseasyasprintingabirthdaycard.”” ––SimonBradshaw,AdrianBowyerandPatrickHaufe  ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›„‡…‘‡•Dz’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹œ‡†dz™Š‡‹–„‡…‘‡•…Š‡ƒ’ǡ•ƒŽŽǡƒ† ‡ƒ•›‡‘—‰Šˆ‘”ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ…‘•—‡”•–‘—•‡™‹–Š‘—–‡š–‡•‹˜‡–”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ˜‹”–—‘—• …›…Ž‡‡•—‡•ƒ•ƒ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›…”‡‡’•‹–‘Š‘‡•ƒ†‘ˆˆ‹…‡•ǡ…ƒ–ƒŽ›œ‹‰‡™ ƒ”‡–•ˆ‘”…‘’ƒ‹‡•–Šƒ–…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡”‡„›ƒ––”ƒ…–‹‰›‡–‘”‡ …‘•—‡”•ǡƒ†ƒ‡˜‡„‹‰‰‡”ƒ”‡–ˆ‘”ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡‡‘—‰Šƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ‡š‹•––Šƒ––Š‡ˆ‘”‡”Ž›‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›„‡…‘‡•ƒƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘‘Ž ˆ‘”‡˜‡”›†ƒ›—•‡ǡ–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Šƒ•„‡…‘‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ”‘„ƒ„Ž›–Š‡„‡•–‘™ ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆƒDz’‡”•‘ƒŽdz–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘’—–‡”Ǥ Ž›ƒˆ‡™†‡…ƒ†‡•ƒ‰‘ǡ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ…‘’—–‹‰™ƒ•ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ›•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†ˆ‹‡Ž†–Šƒ– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‡š’‡•‹˜‡ƒ‹ˆ”ƒ‡•–Š‡•‹œ‡‘ˆƒ•ƒŽŽ”‘‘†‘‹‰’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ† ’ƒ›”‘ŽŽ…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘†ƒ›ǡ–Šƒ•–‘”ƒ’‹†ǡ –‡”‡–Ǧˆ—‡Ž‡†‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ‘Ž‹‡ •Š‘’’‹‰ǡ„ƒ‹‰ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ǡ–Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆ‡˜‡”›†ƒ›„—•‹‡•••‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡƒ†–Š‡   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͵ͷ 

ƒ†˜‡–‘ˆ†‹‰‹–‹œ‡†‡†‹ƒǡ‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡–‘†ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ…‘’—–‡”‹–Š‡‹”Š‘‡Ǥ˜‡ ‘Ǧ•‹ŽŽ‡†—•‡”•…‘†—…–ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”†ƒ‹Ž›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‘Ž‹‡Ǥ

Converging forces that are ““personalizing”” manufacturing technologies Personalfabricators

IndustrialǦscalemanufacturing machines

ƒ…Š‹‡ •‹œ‡

‹–‘ƒ†‡•–‘’‘”‹–…Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡

”‡–Š‡•‹œ‡‘ˆƒ…ƒ”‰‘˜ƒ‘”—…Šǡ —…ŠŽƒ”‰‡”

•‡”•ƒˆ‡–›

•‡„—‹Ž–‹ˆ‹Ž–‡”•ƒ†•‡•‘”•–‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡‘Ǧ‡š’‡”–—•‡”•™‹–Š •ƒˆ‡–›‡…Šƒ‹••

‡“—‹”‡‘‹–‘”‹‰ƒ†…ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž …‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡›‡‡– ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•

•‡‘†—Žƒ””ƒ™‹‰”‡†‹‡–•–Šƒ– ƒ”‡’ƒ…ƒ‰‡†–‘„‡Dz’Ž—‰ƒ†’Žƒ›ǡdz ƒ††‘‘–”‡“—‹”‡’”‘…‡••‹‰‘” •’‡…‹ƒŽŠƒ†Ž‹‰Ǥ

‡‡†”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–Šƒ–…‘‡•ˆ”‘ƒ —„‡”‘ˆ•—’’Ž‹‡”•ƒ†‹•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› –‘š‹…ƒ†”‡“—‹”‡••’‡…‹ƒŽŠƒ†Ž‹‰

”‡’”‡…‹•‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡…”‡ƒ–‡˜‡”› Ž‹––Ž‡Ž‡ˆ–‘˜‡”™ƒ•–‡ǡ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ …Ž‡ƒ‡”ƒ†‘”‡‡…‘Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž› ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰’”‘…‡••

•‡™ƒ•–‡ˆ—Žǡƒ••’”‘†—…–‹‘ –‡…Š‹“—‡•–Šƒ–…”‡ƒ–‡Žƒ”‰‡ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ–‘š‹…™ƒ•–‡ƒ†——•ƒ„Ž‡•…”ƒ’ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•

‘•–ƒ„‘—–̈́ͳͲͲͲˆ‘”–Š‡…Š‡ƒ’‡•–ǡ Ž‘™‡†͵’”‹–‡”•ǡŽƒ•‡”…—––‡”• ƒ†ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†•‡™‹‰ƒ† ‡„”‘‹†‡”›ƒ…Š‹‡•

‘•–—’–‘–‡•‘”–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ†‘ŽŽƒ”• ˆ‘”ƒ„ƒ•‹…‹ŽŽ‘”Žƒ•‡”…—––‡”Ǣ•‘‡ ƒ••’”‘†—…–‹‘‹Œ‡…–‹‘‘Ž†‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡•…‘•–Š—†”‡†•‘ˆ–Š‘—•ƒ†• ‘ˆ†‘ŽŽƒ”•

”‡‰”‡‡‡”ƒ†—•‡Ž‡••’‘™‡” –Šƒ–Š‡‹”‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ•–”‡‰–Š …‘—–‡”’ƒ”–•

‘•—‡‡‘”‘—•ƒ‘—–•‘ˆ’‘™‡”

”‡ƒ–‡Ž‘™Ǧ…‘•–’”‘–‘–›’‡•ǡ ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰†‡•‹‰‡”•–‘‡š’‡”‹‡– ™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ††‡•‹‰• ƒ–ƒ˜‡”›Ž‘™…‘•–

‘‘– ‘ˆˆ‡”…Š‡ƒ’’”‘–‘–›’‹‰‘”Ž‘™Ǧ …‘•–ǡ•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ…—•–‘ ‘„Œ‡…–•ǡ•‹…‡ƒ…Š‹‡•‡–—’…‘•–• —•–„‡ƒ‘”–‹œ‡†„›ƒ‹‰ƒ† •‡ŽŽ‹‰Žƒ”‰‡˜‘Ž—‡•

‡“—‹”‡˜‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡—•‡”–”ƒ‹‹‰

‡“—‹”‡•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†–”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ† …‡”–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ…Š‹‡‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•

”‡•—’’‘”–‡†„›‘Ž‹‡ …‘—‹–‹‡•

ƒ‡‹–…‘•–Ž›ˆ‘””‡‰—Žƒ”’‡‘’Ž‡–‘ „‡…‘‡•‹ŽŽ‡†‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•†—‡–‘ ’”‘’”‹‡–ƒ”›ƒ…Š‹‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ† …‘•–Ž›ǡ”‡“—‹”‡†…‡”–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘

‡‡ˆ‹–ˆ”‘ –‡”‡–”‡–ƒ‹Žƒ†

‡Ž›‘ƒ••‹˜‡•—’’Ž›…Šƒ‹•ƒ†

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ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͵͸ 

‘Ž‹‡•–‘”‡ˆ”‘–•–Šƒ–•‡ŽŽ…—•–‘ „Ž—‡’”‹–†‡•‹‰•ƒ†‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ”‡ƒ†›Ǧ ƒ†‡ƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡–‘•‡ŽŽ…—•–‘ ‘„Œ‡…–•

Žƒ”‰‡†‹•–”‹„—–‘”•‘””‡–ƒ‹Ž…Šƒ‹•

‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‹–› —‘…—•–‘‹œƒ„Ž‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹… „Ž—‡’”‹–•–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡†‘™Ž‘ƒ†‡† ˆ”‘–Š‡ –‡”‡–ˆ”‘ƒ›™Š‡”‡‹ –Š‡™‘”Ž†

•‡’”‘’”‹‡–ƒ”›ǡ…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†ƒ† ‡š’‡•‹˜‡†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ† ƒ…Š‹‡ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹‘

ƒ„‡ƒ†‡ˆ”‘Ž‘™…‘•–‹–•„› ‘†‡”ƒ–‡Ž›•‹ŽŽ‡†—•‡”•

ƒ„‡’—”…Šƒ•‡†‘Ž›„›–Š‘•‡™Š‘ …ƒƒˆˆ‘”†Žƒ”‰‡ƒ†…‘•–Ž›ƒ…Š‹‡• –Šƒ–”‡“—‹”‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‡š’‡•‹˜‡—’‡‡’ ƒ†ƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡

•‡ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•ƒ”‡ „ƒ•‡†‘ ‡Ž›‘‡š’‡•‹˜‡ǡ•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†ǡ ‘’‡•‘—”…‡Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰•ǡ ’ƒ–‡–‡†’ƒ”–•–Šƒ–…ƒǯ–„‡†—’Ž‹…ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ‹‰ƒ›„‘†›…ƒ—•‡ƒ† ƒ†ƒ”‡‡š’‡•‹˜‡–‘’—”…Šƒ•‡Ǥ …—•–‘‹œ‡–Š‡‹”ˆƒ„„‡”™‹–Š‘—– ™‘””›‹‰ƒ„‘—–’ƒ–‡–•‘” ‹••—‡• ‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›

•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‹•‰”‘™‹‰‘”‡ •‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†ƒ†‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘—•‡ƒ† …Š‡ƒ’‡”

‘”‘Ž›™‹–Š‡š’‡•‹˜‡ǡ’”‘’”‹‡–ƒ”› •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡–Šƒ–”‡“—‹”‡•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ —•‡”–”ƒ‹‹‰

”‘™‹‰—„‡”‘ˆ†‡•‹‰ „Ž—‡’”‹–•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘Ž‹‡ˆ‘”•ƒŽ‡ ƒ†•™ƒ’

Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–• ƒ”‡‘–ˆ”‡‡Ž› ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ••’”‘†—…‡†’”‘†—…–• ƒ†ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•Ǣƒ›’”‘†—…–•ƒ”‡ ’”‘–‡…–‡†„›…‘’›”‹‰Š–•ƒ†’ƒ–‡–•ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡—•ƒ„Ž‡‘Ž›ˆ‘”ƒˆ‡‡

 Š‡•ƒ‡ˆ‘”…‡•–Šƒ––”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‹ŽŽ‹–”‘†—…‡–Š‡ †‡•…‡†‡–•‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ††‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‹–‘‘—” †ƒ‹Ž›Ž‹˜‡•Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽ‹œ‡††‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ‡ƒ…‹’ƒ–‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ…”‡ƒ–‹‰ˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡–‘™‘”ƒ†’Žƒ›‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›‹™ƒ›•–Šƒ– ™‡”‡’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›”‡•–”‹…–‡†–‘ƒ‡Ž‹–‡ˆ‡™Ǥͳʹ……‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ—”•ǡ’”‡˜‹‘—• ‡ƒ…‹’ƒ–‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹Š—ƒŠ‹•–‘”›™‡”‡–Š‡„‘‘ȋ‡ƒ„Ž‡†„›–Š‡‹˜‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡’”‹–‹‰’”‡••Ȍǡ…ƒ”•ȋ‡ƒ„Ž‡†„›‡™”‘ƒ†•ƒ†‰ƒ••–ƒ–‹‘•Ȍƒ†‘™’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ȋ‡ƒ„Ž‡†„›͵†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ȌǤŠƒ––Š‹•”ƒ†‘…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Šƒ•‹…‘‘‹•–Šƒ––Š‡›‡–‡”‡†–Š‡Ž‹˜‡•‘ˆ‡˜‡”›†ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡‹ƒ ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ™ƒ›ƒ•–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›†”‘’’‡†‹’”‹…‡ǡ„‡…ƒ‡‡ƒ•›–‘—•‡ǡƒ†ƒ……——Žƒ–‡† ƒ…”‹–‹…ƒŽƒ••‘ˆƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡˆ‡ŽŽ‘™—•‡”•ǡ‘”•—’’‘”–‹˜‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡•—…Šƒ•”‘ƒ†• ‘”Š‹‰Š•’‡‡† –‡”‡–ǤŠ‹Ž‡ƒ‹•–”‡ƒƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹•ƒˆ‡™†‡…ƒ†‡•ƒ™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹†—•–”›™‹ŽŽ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡–Š‡ •ƒ‡ˆ‘”…‡•–Šƒ–„”‘—‰Š–—•‘——„‡ǡŽƒ’–‘’•ǡ‘„‹Ž‡’Š‘‡•ƒ†‘Ž‹‡”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”•Ǥ   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͵͹ 

Š‹Ž‡‹ŽŽ—‹ƒ–‹‰ǡ–Š‡ƒƒŽ‘‰›‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘’—–‹‰–‘’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹• …‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ––Š‡‡†”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǡ”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ•…ƒŽ‡ǡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‘„Œ‡…–•ǤŠ‹Ž‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ†Š‹‰Š‡††‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Šƒ˜‡•–ƒ”–‡†–Š‡‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž‡•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ•–‡’•–Šƒ–„”‘—‰Š– …‘’—–‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ‹ˆ”ƒ‡–‘–Š‡…‘•—‡”’‘…‡–ǡ–Š‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ™‘”Ž†‘ˆƒ‹‰ ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‰‘„Œ‡…–•™‹ŽŽ„‡•Ž‘™‡”–‘†‹‰‹–‹œ‡Ǥ ˆƒ…‘•—‡”ˆ‹†•ƒ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹… „Ž—‡’”‹–‘Ž‹‡ǡ–Šƒ–ǯ•‘––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ•ƒ…–‹‘ǤŠ‡—•–’”‘…—”‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡Š‡”…—•–‘‘„Œ‡…–ǡƒ†ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘…‡••ǡ‹ˆ•Š‡ ™ƒ–•–‘•‡ŽŽŠ‡”’”‘†—…–ǡ–ƒ’‹–‘ƒ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘…Šƒ‡ŽǤ ‡••‡…‡ǡŠ‡” †‡•‹”‡†‘„Œ‡…–—•–„‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†ˆ”‘‘Ž‹‡„‹–•–‘’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ–‘•Ǥ”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰ „‹–•–‘ƒ–‘•”‡“—‹”‡•ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‘”–ƒ†‹˜‘Ž˜‡•‘”‡’Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ …‘–”ƒ•–ǡ—•‹…ǡ ˜‹†‡‘ǡ†ƒ–ƒƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǦǦ–Š‡…ƒ–ƒŽ›•–•ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ—•‡”Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž› •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡–Šƒ–ƒ†‡…‘’—–‡”•ƒŠ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†‹–‡ǦǦ•–”‡ƒ‡ˆˆ‘”–Ž‡••Ž›ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ –‡”‡–Ǥ ‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘’—–‡”•ƒ†–Š‡ –‡”‡–…ƒ‘–›‡––”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‘„Œ‡…–ˆ”‘‘‡ ’Žƒ…‡–‘–Š‡‡š–Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–—„„‘”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ–‘•–‘‘”’Šǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•– –‡’‘”ƒ”‹Ž›ǡ‹–‘†‹‰‹–ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ–ˆ‘”†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡ–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǡ–Š—•ˆƒ”ǡ Šƒ•”‡•‹•–‡†’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡Œ‘—”‡›–‘ˆ”‘‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ–‘’‡”•‘ƒŽ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› …ƒ„‡Ž‘‰ƒ†…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†ǡ„—–‹–™‹ŽŽ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›Šƒ’’‡ǡ‡˜‡‹–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ •’ƒ…‡Ǥ‘•‹†‡”–Šƒ–‹–Š‡ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ǡ•‡’–‹…•‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘’—–‹‰†‹†‘–‡˜‹•‹‘ –Šƒ–ƒ‹ˆ”ƒ‡ƒ†‹‹…‘’—–‡”•ǡǡ‘”‘„‹Ž‡’Š‘‡•…‘—Ž†„‡—•‡†ˆ‘” ƒ›–Š‹‰„‡›‘†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ†‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Šƒ•–‘‘‘”‡ǯ• ƒ™ǡˆƒŽŽ‹‰Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡…‘•–•ǡƒ†–Š‡‡˜‡”Ǧ…‡ƒ•‹‰Ž—”‡‘ˆ‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ •‡”˜‹…‡•ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•‘Ž‹‡ǡ…‘’—–‡”•ƒ†…‡ŽŽ’Š‘‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡…‘‡ …‘‘’Žƒ…‡…‘‘†‹–›‹–‡•ǡƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–…Š—‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ• ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹œ‹‰’”‘…‡••‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰™‹ŽŽˆƒ…‡‹–•‘™—‹“—‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ›‡–ˆƒ„„‡”•ƒ”‡–ƒ‹‰–Š‡‹”ˆ‹”•–•–‡’•–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ…‘•—‡”—•‡Ǥ

      ThesenewartisansrepresentthemassiveinnovationpotentialofatechǦsavvy publicthatcantapintoportable,digitaldesignsandtheaccuracyofcomputerǦ controlledfabricationsystemstoovercomethelackofstandardizationthat handicappedcottageindustriesofold.”” ––EvanMalone,NextFabOrganizationandFab@HomecoǦfounder 

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͵ͺ 

‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•’”‡•‡–ƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”‘—”ƒ–‹‘–‘…‘–‹—‡ –‘Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǡ„—–‹ƒ‡™™ƒ›Ǥ‹…‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•”‡‘˜‡–Š‡„ƒ””‹‡”•‘ˆ‹˜‡•–‡–‹Š‡ƒ˜›ƒ…Š‹‡”›ƒ† •’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•‹ŽŽǡ…‘•—‡”•ǡˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡•‹…‡–Š‡‡”ƒ‘ˆƒ”–‹•ƒ…”ƒˆ– ’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†–Š‡†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘ˆˆ‡”—•ƒ•‡…‘†…Šƒ…‡–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‡™”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡…‘•›•–‡ƒ† ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‡…‘‘›‹–Š‡ǤǤ•‘™‡…ƒ…‘–‹—‡–‘Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹ ’”‘†—…–‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Ǥ‡Š—†”‡†ƒ†ˆ‹ˆ–››‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ˆ‹”•– ǤǤ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ™‡ƒ”‡ƒ––Š‡†ƒ™‘ˆƒ‡™ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡƒ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽȗ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ȗ–Šƒ–…‘„‹‡•–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‘ˆƒ”–‹•ƒ’”‘†—…–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡’‘™‡”ǡ ’”‡…‹•‹‘ǡ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘ǡŽ‘™…‘•–ƒ†‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ”‡–•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Šˆƒ…–‘”›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ•• ’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ˆ‹”•–„‹‰™ƒ˜‡‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡•‡…‘†ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻ–Š…‡–—”›ˆ‘”‡˜‡” …Šƒ‰‡†–Š‡ǤǤ‡…‘‘›ƒ†–Š‡™ƒ›…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡†ǡƒ†‡ǡ•‘Ž†ǡƒ† •Š‹’’‡†’”‘†—…–•ǤŠ‡ͳͻ–Š…‡–—”› Twocrucialelementscombinedtofostertherapid ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘™ƒ•…ƒ–ƒŽ›œ‡†„› expansionofindustrialization:anarmyoffreshly –Š‡…‘˜‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ‡™–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• mintedentrepreneursandastunningarrayofnew •—…Šƒ•”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•ǡ•–‡ƒ‡‰‹‡•ǡƒ† technologiesthatliterallychangedthefaceof ’—…ŠǦ…ƒ”†’”‘‰”ƒƒ„Ž‡™‡ƒ˜‹‰ America. ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡƒ†ƒ‹†‡†„›…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ––MauryKleininTheGenesisofIndustrialAmerica,1870 –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡••—…Šƒ•‡™•’ƒ’‡”•ǡ ––1920. ’‘•–ƒŽƒ‹Žƒ†–Š‡–‡Ž‡‰”ƒ’ŠǤ• ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰„‡…ƒ‡‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ƒ…Š‹‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ•‘ˆ’”‘†—…–‹‘•Š‹ˆ–‡†ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆŽ‘…ƒŽƒ”–‹•ƒ• ƒ†‹–‘–Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ™‡ƒŽ–Š›‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–•ƒ†ˆƒ…–‘”›‘™‡”•Ǥ ‡Š—†”‡†ƒ†ˆ‹ˆ–››‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ǡ–Š‡–Š‡Ǧ‡™ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹–”‘†—…‡† ˆƒ…–‘”›ƒ…Š‹‡•ˆ‡†„›…‘ƒŽƒ†•–‡ƒ–Šƒ–ƒ••Ǧ’”‘†—…‡†Žƒ”‰‡—„‡”•‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹…ƒŽ‘„Œ‡…–•ʹͶŠ‘—”•ƒ†ƒ›ǡ•‡˜‡†ƒ›•ƒ™‡‡Ǥ ‘”‡”ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ™‘”‡”•ǡ ƒ”–‹•ƒ•ƒ†‹‹‰”ƒ–•ˆŽ‘‘†‡†‡”‹…ƒǯ•‰”‘™‹‰…‹–‹‡•–‘™‘”‹–Š‡„‘‘‹‰ •–‡‡Žǡ–‡š–‹Ž‡ǡƒ†”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†‹†—•–”‹‡•ǤŠ‡…‘•–‘ˆ•–‡‡Ž’Ž—‡–‡†Ǥ ”‡•ŠŽ›Žƒ‹† ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†–”ƒ…ƒ†‡‹–’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘–”ƒ•’‘”–‰‘‘†•ˆ”‘…‘ƒ•––‘…‘ƒ•–‹ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–‹‡•‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•…‘—Ž†•‡–—’‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽŽ›†‹•’‡”•‡† „—–‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡–•—’’Ž›…Šƒ‹•ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‡–™‘”•Ǥ›–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻ–Š…‡–—”›ǡ ‘—”—”„ƒŽƒ†•…ƒ’‡…‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆˆƒ…–‘”‹‡•™‹–Š‰‹‰ƒ–‹…•‘‡•–ƒ…•‹•‹†‡™Š‹…Š Š—†”‡†•‘ˆ‹–‡”…Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡™‘”‡”•–‘‹Ž‡†‘ƒ••‡„Ž›Ž‹‡•–‘–—”—™‹‡Ž†›ǡ–‘š‹… ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹–‘•‡ŽŽƒ„Ž‡‰‘‘†•Ǥƒ••’”‘†—…–‹‘Šƒ†„‡…‘‡–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–ˆ‘”‘ˆ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Ǥͳ͵ ’”‘˜‡†…Šƒ‡Ž•‘ˆ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‡™–‘‘Ž•‘ˆ’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†ƒˆƒ•–ǡ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡—•Š‡”‡†‹–Š‡ͳͻ–Š   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͵ͻ 

…‡–—”›‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ‘†ƒ›ǯ•†ƒ™‹‰‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Dz‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘dz ™‹ŽŽ”‡’Žƒ…‡–”ƒ‹•ǡ•–‡ƒ‡‰‹‡•ǡ–Š‡–‡Ž‡‰”ƒ’Š›ƒ†ˆƒ…–‘”‹‡•™‹–Š‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…†‡•‹‰ „Ž—‡’”‹–•ǡ‘Ž‹‡…‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†•–‘”‡ˆ”‘–•ǡƒ†…Š‡ƒ’ǡ’‘™‡”ˆ—Žƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡••ƒŽŽ‡‘—‰Šˆ‘”Š‘‡—•‡Ǥ 

Comparing the U.S. 19th century industrial revolution to today’’s personal manufacturing industrial ““evolution””  



Industrialrevolution

‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•  

‡Ž‡‰”ƒ’Šǡ–‡Ž‡’Š‘‡ǡ‹’”‘˜‡† …‘‡”…‹ƒŽ’”‹–‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•

‘™‡” 

–‡ƒǡ…‘ƒŽǡ‡Ž‡…–”‹…‹–›

ƒ…Š‹‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› 

–‡ƒ‡‰‹‡•ǡ…‘ƒŽ„—”‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡŽ‘‘•ǡƒ—–‘ƒ–‡† ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•  ƒ…–‘”›Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ•• ’”‘†—…‡†•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†‘„Œ‡…–• ˜‡”›“—‹…Ž›

‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡ 

ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•ǡ‹’”‘˜‡†”‘ƒ†•ǡ–Š‡ ’‘•–ƒŽ•›•–‡ 

‘•—‡”•

‡”‰‹‰…‘•—‡”ƒ”‡–• ‡ƒ‰‡”Ž›’—”…Šƒ•‡†Ž‘™‡”Ǧ…‘•– ƒ••’”‘†—…‡†‹–‡•

ƒ„‘”

•‹ŽŽ‡†Žƒ„‘”…‘—Ž†ƒ••‡„Ž‡ ‘„Œ‡…–•‘ƒƒ••‡„Ž›Ž‹‡ 

Personalmanufacturing ““evolution”” –‡”‡–ǡ‘Ž‹‡•Š‘’’‹‰ǡ‘Ž‹‡—•‡” …‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†”ƒ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š•–Šƒ–‡ƒ„Ž‡—•‡”•–‘ˆ‹† ™Šƒ––Š‡›ǯ”‡Ž‘‘‹‰ˆ‘”‹–Š‡…Šƒ‘•ǡ ‘Ž‹‡„Ž—‡’”‹–• ‘™‡”ˆ—Ž…‘’—–‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• „”‹‰ˆ‘”‡”Ž›‹†—•–”‹ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡†‡•‹‰ ƒ†ƒƒŽ›–‹…ƒŽ…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•–‘–Š‡ ƒ••‡• ‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘”Š‘‡—•‡ǡ‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡ ˆƒ…–‘”›  Š‡ƒ’‡”ƒ†‡ƒ•‹‡”•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡  ƒ”†™ƒ”‡ƒ†‡Ž‡…–”‘‹……‘’‘‡–• ‰‡–•ƒŽŽ‡”ƒ†…Š‡ƒ’‡”ƒ†‘”‡ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž Š‡ –‡”‡–„‡…‘‡•–Š‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡Ǥ  ƒ„„‡”•ƒ”‡Ž‘…ƒŽ•‘‘†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘”‹˜‡–‘”›‹•‡‡†‡† ‘†ƒ›ǯ•…‘•—‡”•™ƒ––‘„‡—‹“—‡ ƒ†‡š’”‡••–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•™‹–Š…—•–‘ ‘„Œ‡…–• •‹ŽŽ‡†…‘•—‡”•ǡŽ‹‡—•‹ŽŽ‡† …‘’—–‡”—•‡”•ǡ…ƒ†‡•‹‰ƒ† ‘’‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”‘™ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡”›

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͶͲ 

Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻ–Š…‡–—”›‹–”‘†—…‡†–Š‡‘–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‘„Œ‡…–•†‘‡•‘––ƒ‡’Žƒ…‡ƒ–Š‘‡‘”•…Š‘‘ŽǤ‘•–‘ˆ—•‹ –Š‡ǤǤ•–‹ŽŽ˜‹‡™ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒŒ‘”‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡƒ••‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡•‹ˆƒ…–‘”‹‡•‹ˆƒ”ƒ™ƒ›‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ…‹–‹‡•ƒ† ‘”‡ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ‘–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ˆ‘‡‹ƒ‰‹‡•ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹–Šƒ–…‘–‡š–ǡ‹– •‡‡•—–‡ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ–™‡™‘—Ž†™ƒ––‘„”‹‰‡‘”‘—•ǡ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‰ǡ‘‹•› ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•‹–‘‘—”Š‘‡•ǡ„—•‹‡••‡•ƒ†•…Š‘‘Ž•‹ˆ™‡…ƒ„—› ’‡”ˆ‡…–Ž›‰‘‘†’”‘†—…–•ƒ†ƒ”–™‘”‘—”‡ƒ”„›†‡’ƒ”–‡–•–‘”‡ǡ‘”‹ˆ‘––Š‡”‡ǡ ‘Ž‹‡ǤŠ‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰™‹ŽŽŠƒ’’‡„‡…ƒ—•‡ …‘•—‡”•™ƒ–…—•–‘Ǧƒ†‡ǡƒ”–‹•ƒ•–›Ž‡‰‘‘†•ƒ†‘–Œ—•–ƒ••’”‘†—…‡† ’”‘†—…–•ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡„‹‰„”ƒ†ƒ‡•™‡„—›‹–Š‡•–‘”‡ƒ”‡…Š‡ƒ’ƒ†’Ž‡–‹ˆ—Žǡ‘ …‘•—‡”‰‡–•‡šƒ…–Ž›™Šƒ–•Š‡™ƒ–•ǣ…—•–‘‹œƒ–‹‘‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡”‹…ŠǤŠ‡ƒ•• ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‘†‡Ž–Šƒ––‘‘‘˜‡”‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•…‡–—”›”‡Ž‹‡•‘‡…‘‘‹‡•‘ˆ •…ƒŽ‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ…ƒ‘–…Š‡ƒ’Ž›ƒ†“—‹…Ž›’”‘†—…‡•‹‰Ž‡‹–‡•ǡ…—•–‘‹–‡•ǡ ‘”•ƒŽŽ„ƒ–…Š‡•‘ˆ‘„Œ‡…–•‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘…—•–‘‡”†‡ƒ†Ǥ ‹‰Š–‘™ǡ™‡–ƒ‡ˆ‘”‰”ƒ–‡† –Šƒ––Š‡‹–‡•™‡™‡ƒ”ǡ†”‹˜‡ǡ "So,alotisgoingtodependonpeopleworkingin100,000 ’Žƒ›™‹–Šƒ†Šƒ‰‘‘—”™ƒŽŽ• ormoregarages,probablywithlittlefundingorsupport... ™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ†‡‹Žƒ”‰‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‹ We'relookingspecificallyfortechnologiesthatcanbe ˆƒ…–‘”‹‡•™‡‡˜‡”•‡‡ǡƒ†–Šƒ– sharedandreplicatedaroundtheworld.We'relookingfor ™‡™‹ŽŽ‘–‰‡–ƒ•ƒ›‹–Š‡‹” projectsthatmakearealdifferenceandcanhelpuscreate †‡•‹‰Ǥ ˆ›‘—Ž‘‘ƒ”‘—†›‘—” orcopewiththenecessarychanges.Ourgoalistofind Š‘‡‘”‘ˆˆ‹…‡ǡƒ•‹†‡ˆ”‘ƒ someofthoseindustrious,ingeniousMakersatworkin ’ƒ‹–‹‰‘”—‹“—‡Šƒ†Ǧ…”ƒˆ–‡† garageseverywhere." ‹–‡•‘‡‘‡‰ƒ˜‡–‘›‘—ƒ•ƒ ––DaleDougherty,publisherofMakeMagazine ‰‹ˆ–ǡ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–• •—””‘—†‹‰›‘—ƒ”‡‹’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ†™‡”‡†‡•‹‰‡†™‹–Šƒ…ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž„ƒŽƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡…‘•–Ǧ–‘Ǧƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡ƒ†’”‘Œ‡…–‡† •ƒŽ‡•˜‘Ž—‡‹‹†Ǥ ʹͲ›‡ƒ”•ǡ™Š‡›‘—Ž‘‘ƒ”‘—†›‘—”Š‘‡‘”‘ˆˆ‹…‡ǡ‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡—•—ƒŽƒ••Ǧ’”‘†—…‡†‘„Œ‡…–•ǡ›‘—™‹ŽŽ•‡‡ƒ“—‹”›ǡ‘‡Ǧ‘ˆǦƒǦ‹† Žƒ’•Šƒ†‡ǡƒ…‘ˆˆ‡‡…—’™‹–Š›‘—”†‘‰ǯ•ˆƒ…‡‡‰”ƒ˜‡†‘‹–ǡƒ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡Ž› ‡„”‘‹†‡”‡†…‡ŽŽ’Š‘‡…ƒ•‡–Šƒ–›‘—†‡•‹‰‡†ǡƒ›„‡‡˜‡ƒ„‘š‘ˆ…Š‘…‘Žƒ–‡•‹–Š‡ •Šƒ’‡‘ˆ›‘—”Š‘—•‡Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•›‘—”•Š‘‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡…—•–‘Ǧƒ†‡–‘ˆ‹–‡šƒ…–Ž››‘—”ˆ‡‡–ǡ ‘”›‘—”–‘‘–Š„”—•Š™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡›‘—”ƒ‡‡‰”ƒ˜‡†‹–‘‹–ƒ†ˆ‹–‡šƒ…–Ž›‹–‘›‘—” Šƒ†–Š‡™ƒ››‘—Ž‹‡‹–Ǥƒ›„‡›‘—™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡…—•–‘Ǧƒ†‡…”‘™•‘”ƒ’”‘•–Š‡–‹… Ž‹„‘”Š‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ‹†Ǥ ‡™…‘•—‡”‡š’‡”‹‡…‡‹•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›–ƒ‹‰’Žƒ…‡‘Ž‹‡‹ƒƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ …‘•‘”–‹—Š‘—•‡†‘ƒ™‡„•‹–‡…ƒŽŽ‡†ͳͲͲ ƒ”ƒ‰‡•Ǥ…‘ǤͳͲͲ ƒ”ƒ‰‡•‹•ƒ ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡‘‘‘ǡƒ‡™‡ƒŽƒ†Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‘”‘ˆ…—•–‘„Ž—‡’”‹–

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͶͳ 

†‡•‹‰•ƒ†ƒ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǦ„ƒ•‡†…‘’ƒ›Š‘’‘–‘‘Ž•ǡƒ…‘’ƒ›–Šƒ–ƒ‡• ƒ†•‡ŽŽ•„‘–Š•ƒŽŽ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‘—–‹‰ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•Ǥ ͳͲͲ ƒ”ƒ‰‡•Ǥ…‘‹•ƒ‘Ž‹‡ǡ†‡…‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†…‘—‹–›‘ˆ…‘•—‡”•ǡ•ƒŽŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•ȋƒ‡”•Ȍƒ††‡•‹‰‡”•Ǥ…‡–Š‡›”‡‰‹•–‡”ˆ‘”ƒƒ……‘—–‘–Š‡ ͳͲͲ‰ƒ”ƒ‰‡•™‡„•‹–‡ǡƒ‡”•ȋ‘”ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•Ȍǡ†‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ†…‘•—‡”•„‡…‘‡ ’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ•’”ƒ™Ž‹‰ǡ—”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†ǡ‰Ž‘„ƒŽǡ˜‹”–—ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹‘‡…‘•›•–‡Ǥ Š‡ƒ‡”•ȋƒ‡”•—•–‘™ƒŠ‘’‘––‘’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡‘–Š‡•‹–‡Ȍ’‘•–ƒ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”™‘”•Š‘’ǯ•—‹“—‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡ †‡•‹‰‡”•’‘•––Š‡‹”†‡•‹‰‹†‡ƒ• ‘Ž‹‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹… „Ž—‡’”‹–•ǡ‘”†‡•‹‰•ǤŠ‡ …‘•—‡”•’‘•–†‡•…”‹’–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘„Œ‡…–•–Š‡›™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘Šƒ˜‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‹”‹†‡ƒŽ ’—”…Šƒ•‡’”‹…‡ǡ†‡Ž‹˜‡”›†ƒ–‡ƒ† ’”‘†—…–•’‡…•Ǥ‘•—‡”•„”‘™•‡ †‡•‹‰•‘Ž‹‡ƒ†™Š‡–Š‡›ˆ‹† ƒ‘„Œ‡…––Š‡›ǯ†Ž‹‡–‘Šƒ˜‡ …—•–‘Ǧƒ†‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ…–‹‘–—”•–‘ –Š‡‘Ž‹‡ ‘„‹–‡Ǥ–Š‡‘Ž‹‡ 

‘„‹–‡ǡ…‘•—‡”•‹˜‹–‡„‹†•ƒ† ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡†‹”‡…–Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ‡” ‘’”‘Œ‡…–†‡–ƒ‹Ž•ǡ†‡•‹‰‹••—‡•ǡ          …‘•–ƒ†•‘‘ǤŠ‡ƒ†‡ƒŽ      Ǧ  Ǧ  „‡–™‡‡ƒ…—•–‘‡”ƒ†ƒ‡”‹•       •–”—…ǡ–Š‡…—•–‘‡”•‡†• ͳͲͲ    Ǥ  Ǥ     ͳͲͲ   ’ƒ›‡––‘–Š‡ƒ‡”ˆ‘”Žƒ„‘”   Ǥ ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ’”‘†—…–‹‘„‡‰‹•ǡ ƒ†–Š‡‹–‡‹••Š‹’’‡†–‘–Š‡ …‘•—‡”™Š‡ˆ‹‹•Š‡†Ǥ—ƒŽ‹–›…‘–”‘Ž‹•…‘•—‡””‡˜‹‡™•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ ™‹–Š˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ‡”•ƒ††‡•‹‰‡”•Ǥ ‘•—‡”•ǡ†‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ†ƒ‡”•‘ͳͲͲ ƒ”ƒ‰‡•Ǥ…‘‡Œ‘›–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ”–‹•ƒ…”ƒˆ–‘†‡Ž‘ˆ’”‘†—…–‹‘ǤŠ‡…‘•—‡”…‘–”‘Ž•–Š‡’”‘†—…– †‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••ƒ†‡Œ‘›•†‹”‡…–‘‡Ǧ‘Ǧ‘‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘™‹–Š’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ† ƒ‡”•ǤͳͲͲ‰ƒ”ƒ‰‡•…—•–‘‡”•‡Œ‘›ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡…—•–‘‹œ‡††‡•‹‰•ƒ† •‘‡–‹‡•ǡŠ‹‰Š‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›‰‘‘†•Ǥ‡–ǡ…‘•—‡”•‘ͳͲͲ ƒ”ƒ‰‡•Ǥ…‘‡Œ‘›–Š‡ „‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆƒ••ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰•‹…‡–Š‡‰‘‘†•–Š‡›„—›‘Ž‹‡ƒ”‡ƒ†‡ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘’”‡…‹•‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘••‘‡ƒ…Š…—•–‘’”‘†—…–‹•†‘…—‡–‡†ƒ†

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͶʹ 

…ƒ„‡‡šƒ…–Ž›†—’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ‘–Š‡”„‡‡ˆ‹–‹•–Šƒ–ǡ—Ž‹‡–Š‡‡–™‘”‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ‡”•‹–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ”–‹•ƒ’”‘†—…–‹‘‘†‡Ž•ǡ–Š‡‡–™‘”‘ˆ†‡•‹‰‡”• ƒ†ƒ‡”•‹•‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ†‘–…‘•–”ƒ‹‡†„›‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›Ǥ˜‡ƒ›Š‹‰ŠŽ›•‹ŽŽ‡† ƒ”–‹•ƒ•…ƒǯ–ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•Šƒ’‡•ǡƒ†—•‡‘˜‡Žƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ•“—‹…Ž›ƒ† ’”‡…‹•‡Ž›ƒ•…ƒ…‘’—–‡”Ǧ‰—‹†‡†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ǤŠƒ•–‘†‹‰‹–‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ†…‘’—–‡”Ǧ‰—‹†‡†–‘‘Ž‹‰ǡƒ…Š‹‡•…ƒ“—‹…Ž›…”‡ƒ–‡”‡’‡ƒ–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†’”‡…‹•‡ •Šƒ’‡•ƒ†…—”˜‡•„‡›‘†–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›‘ˆƒ›–‘’Ǧ‘–…Š…”ƒˆ–•’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ •…‘•—‡”•‹ŽŽƒ††‡•‹”‡ ˆ‘”…—•–‘Ǧƒ†‡’”‘†—…–• ‹…”‡ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‡‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ǡ†‡…‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ǡ ǤǤǦ„ƒ•‡†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ‡š’”‡••‡†‘•‹–‡•Ž‹‡ ͳͲͲ‰ƒ”ƒ‰‡•Ǥ…‘…‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’ •Ž‘™†‘™ǡ‘”‡˜‡”‡˜‡”•‡ ––JeffreyLipton,CornellUniversity –Š‡‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽŽ›†‡˜ƒ•–ƒ–‹‰ –”‡†–‘™ƒ”†•‘—–•‘—”…‹‰Ǥ ‡–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ•• ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰”‡ƒ‹•ƒ‡›’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ǤǤ‡…‘‘›ǡ–Š‡ƒ•• ’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ…‘‘‰‘‘†•…‘–‹—‡•–‘‘˜‡–‘…Š‡ƒ’‡”ƒ†Ž‡••”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†Žƒ„‘” ƒ”‡–•Ǥ‹…‡ʹͲͲͲǡƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ͵Ǥʹ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ȃ‘‡‹•‹šǤǤˆƒ…–‘”›Œ‘„•ȂŠƒ˜‡‘˜‡† –‘…Š‡ƒ’‡”ǡŽ‡••”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†Žƒ„‘”ƒ”‡–••—…Šƒ•Š‹ƒƒ† †‹ƒǤͳͶƒ›‘ˆ—•Šƒ˜‡ ‡‹–Š‡”Ž‹˜‡†‹‘”†”‹˜‡–Š”—•Š”‹‹‰…‹–‹‡••—…Šƒ•‡–”‘‹–‘”—ˆˆƒŽ‘–Šƒ–ǡƒˆ‡™ †‡…ƒ†‡•ƒ‰‘ǡ—•‡†–‘„‡–Š”‹˜‹‰ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Š—„•„‡ˆ‘”‡ǤǤƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•…Ž‘•‡† –Š‡Ž‘…ƒŽˆƒ…–‘”‹‡•ƒ†Žƒ‹†‘ˆˆ–Š‡‹”™‘”‡”•Ǥ

““Theindustrialrevolutionfundamentallytransformedthe social,economicandpoliticallandscapes,bytransformingthe natureofproduction,laborandwealth.Thedigitalrevolution restructuredhumaninteraction,innovationandopportunities. PersonalManufacturingwillleveragethepowerbehindboth revolutionstofundamentallyrestructuretheeconomic, politicalandsocialstructuresoftheworld””

‘‡‘—–•‘—”…‡†Œ‘„•™‹ŽŽ‡˜‡””‡–—”ǤŠ‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•–‹ŽŽ”‡–ƒ‹•ƒŽ‘– ‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰—•…Ž‡Ǥ –Šƒ•„‡‡–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡…‘‘›•‹…‡ ͳͺ͹Ͳƒ†”‡ƒ‹•–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”ǡ•–‹ŽŽ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ͳͻΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ ™‘”Ž†̵•ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‘—–’—–™Š‹…Š‹ʹͲͲ͹ǡ™ƒ•™‘”–Šƒ„‘—–̈́ʹǤ͸–”‹ŽŽ‹‘Ǥͳͷ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ǡ†‡•’‹–‡‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡†ˆƒ…–‘”›Œ‘„•ǡ–Š‡ǤǤ”‡ƒ‹•ƒƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ’‘™‡”Š‘—•‡ǡ„—–™‡‡‡†–‘ˆ‹†‡™ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‘†‡Ž•‹‘”†‡”–‘‡‡’‘—” Ž‡ƒ†Ǥ ˆ–Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘…‘–‹—‡•ƒ––Š‡’ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ”‡…‡–›‡ƒ”•ǡ…‘•—‡”•ƒ†•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡•ƒŽ‹‡™‹ŽŽ†‹•…‘˜‡”–Š‡‹”‘™Ž‘…ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘•ƒ†„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž•–Šƒ–ƒ›Ž‡••‡–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‘ˆ”‡‘–‡Ž› ƒ†‡ƒ••Ǧ’”‘†—…‡†’”‘†—…–•ǡƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•ǡƒ†‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡’”‘–‘–›’‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•Ǥ ‘‡’”‘†—…–•ǡ‡˜‡ƒ••Ǧ’”‘†—…‡†’”‘†—…–•ǡƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ„‡––‡”ƒ†‡†‘‡•–‹…ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ”‘†—…–••—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘” ƒ”ƒ•–ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Šƒ˜‡Ž‘™–‘‡†‹—–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ”‡“—‹”‡ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ƒ‘—–‘ˆƒ—ƒŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ†ƒ”‡•ƒŽŽ‹•‹œ‡   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͶ͵ 

ȋ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡…Š‡ƒ’‡”–‘•Š‹’ȌǤ‘–ƒŽŽ’”‘†—…–•ƒ”‡…Š‡ƒ’‡”–‘ƒ‡‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘”Šƒ˜‡Ž‘™…‘•–’”‘†—…‡”•ǡ–Š—•ˆƒ”ǡ’”‘˜‡–‘‡š…‡Žƒ–’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰ƒ† ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥˆˆ•Š‘”‡†‰‘‘†•ƒ”‡„—”†‡‡†„›Š‹‰Š•Š‹’’‹‰…‘•–•ƒ†…‘’Ž‡šǡ ‹ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡”‡‘–‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǤŠ‡…‘•–‘ˆ•Š‹’’‹‰…‘–ƒ‹‡”•‹•”‹•‹‰ǡƒ• ‡‹‰Š–›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ǡ–Š‡…‘•––‘•Š‹’ƒͷ͸‡–‡”…‘–ƒ‹‡”™ƒ•ƒ„‘—–̈́ʹǡͲͲͲǢ–‘†ƒ›–Š‡ •Š‹’’‹‰…‘•–ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‡…‘–ƒ‹‡”‹•‘”‡–Šƒ̈́ͷǡͲͲͲͻǤ—‡–‘–Š‡”‹•‹‰…‘•–‘ˆ •Š‹’’‹‰ǡŽƒ”‰‡’”‘†—…–••—…Šƒ•™ƒ•Š‡”•ǡ†”›‡”•ƒ†”‡ˆ”‹‰‡”ƒ–‘”•…‘–‹—‡–‘„‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†‹–Š‡ǤǤ ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘ˆˆ‡”…Š‡ƒ’’”‘–‘–›’‹‰ƒ†…—•–‘™‘”ǡ ™Š‹…Š…‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’”‡†—…‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‘•–•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ• ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ–—”‡ǡƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”—„‡”‘ˆ’”‘†—…–•ǡƒ…Š‹‡ ’ƒ”–•ƒ†’”‘–‘–›’‡•…‘—Ž†„‡’”‘†—…‡†Ž‘…ƒŽŽ›ǡ‘†‡ƒ†ǡ™Š‡ƒ†™Š‡”‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡ ‡‡†‡†ǡ˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ›‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰…‘•–•‘ˆ•–‘…ƒ†•Š‹’’‹‰Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•’”‘†—…–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ –‘‘Š‡ƒ˜›–‘•Š‹’…‘—Ž†„‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†‹’‹‡…‡•ǡ‘•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ…Š‹‡•Ž‘…ƒ–‡† †‘‡•–‹…ƒŽŽ›Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘ˆˆ‡”…Ž‡ƒ‡”’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǣˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡͵’”‹–‹‰’”‘…‡••’”‘†—…‡•Ž‡••™ƒ•–‡•…”ƒ’†—”‹‰–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ’”‘…‡••ǡ•‹…‡–Š‡‘Ž›ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ—•‡†‰‘‡•†‹”‡…–Ž›‹–‘–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ’”‘†—…–ǤŠ‡•‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‡‡†–‘„‡ˆ—”–Š‡”‡š’Ž‘”‡†–‘–ƒ’‹–‘–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ•ƒ‡†‹—–‘‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡‘˜‡Žǡ•ƒŽŽ•…ƒŽ‡ †‘‡•–‹…ƒŽŽ›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•Ǥ ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡‹”’”‘‹•‡ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‹ŽŽ ““Aswiththeearliercaseofdesktoppublishing,this •—’’Ž‡‡–ǡ„—–‘–”‡’Žƒ…‡ˆƒ…–‘”›Ǧ democratizationofinnovationwillcertainlynot •…ƒŽ‡ƒ••ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘” leadtothedemiseofprofessionalindustrialdesign Žƒ”‰‡ǡ…‘’Ž‡š’”‘†—…–•‘”ˆ‘” andmanufacturing,butitwillopenupthespaceof …‘‘†‹–›’”‘†—…–•–Šƒ–…‘•—‡”• materialfabricationandcustomizationtothe Šƒ˜‡‘‹–‡”‡•–‹…—•–‘‹œ‹‰Ǥ –Š‡ masses”” …‘‹‰†‡…ƒ†‡•ǡ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ    GlenBull, ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽ CurrySchoolofEducation,Univ.ofVA ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰™‹ŽŽ…‘Ǧ‡š‹•–ǡ„—–ƒ††”‡•• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡‡†•‹•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡„—– ‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‹‰‡…‘•›•–‡•Ǥ• ‘‡Ž ‘Š•‘’‘‹–•‘—–‹ƒƒ”–‹…Ž‡‹Gizmodo ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡ǡƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹•‘–ƒDz˜‹”–—ƒŽdz„—–ƒ’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–›ǡƒ†–Šƒ–ƒ‰”‘™‹‰ …‘—‹–›‘ˆ†‘Ǧ‹–Ǧ›‘—”•‡Žˆȋ ȌŠ‘„„›‹•–•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‹–”‹‰—‹‰ǡ†‘‡•‘–…‘•–‹–—–‡•ƒ Dz”‡ƒŽdz‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥͳ͸‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ Ž‹‡•„‡–™‡‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ••ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ†–Š‡‡‡”‰‹‰™‘”Ž†‘ˆ…—•–‘ǡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ”ƒ’‹†Ž›ǡ„—–‘—”‹…—„‡–ƒ••ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•–‹ŽŽ‘ˆˆ‡”•„‡––‡” ‡…‘‘‹‡•‘ˆ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†•—’’Ž›…Šƒ‹ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͶͶ 

‘’ƒ”‡–Š‡‘‰‘‹‰ȋƒŽ„‡‹–—‡ƒ•›Ȍ…‘Ǧ‡š‹•–‡…‡‘ˆ‘Ž†•…Š‘‘Ž˜•Ǥ‡™•…Š‘‘Ž‹–™‘ ‘–Š‡”‹†—•–”‹‡•–Šƒ–™‡”‡’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž›…Šƒ‰‡†„›ˆ‘”…‡••‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‘•‡†”‹˜‹‰–Š‹• ‡‡”‰‹‰‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ‡–ƒ‹Žǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹••–‹ŽŽ†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›’Š›•‹…ƒŽ •–‘”‡•Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ”‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‹” ‘””‡•–‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡‹”‹’ƒ…– ‘Š‘™™‡•Š‘’ǡ‡Ǧ…‘‡”…‡•ƒŽ‡•‹ʹͲͲͻ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‘Ž›͸Ψ‘ˆƒŽŽ”‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒŽ‡•‹ –Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ†„›ʹͲͳͶǡ™‹ŽŽŽ‹‡Ž›”‡’”‡•‡–ͺΨǤ17Ž–Š‘—‰Š”‘‘–‡†‹ƒ …‡–—”‹‡•Ǧ‘Ž†‘†‡Ž‘ˆ”‡–ƒ‹Žǡ„”‹…•ƒ†‘”–ƒ””‡–ƒ‹Ž‹•Š‡”‡–‘•–ƒ›Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ„‹‰ •…”‡‡‘˜‹‡••Š‘™ƒ––Š‡Ž‘…ƒŽ…‹‡ƒŠƒ˜‡‘–„‡‡”‡’Žƒ…‡†„›‘Ǧ†‡ƒ†˜‹†‡‘ ‘”‘——„‡Ǥ‘–ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŠƒ˜‡•—”˜‹˜‡†–Š‡ƒ†˜‡–‘ˆ‡…‘‡”…‡ ƒ††‹‰‹–ƒŽ‡†‹ƒǤŠ‹Ž‡‘˜‹‡–Š‡ƒ–‡”•”‡ƒ‹ǡ”‡–ƒŽ•–‘”‡•ƒ†—•‹… •–‘”‡•ƒ”‡ƒ–Š‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ•–Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ„‘‘•–‘”‡•ƒ†Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ˆ‘”…‡†–‘…Ž‘•‡†‘™ǡ‘”Šƒ˜‡•—”˜‹˜‡†„›”‡‹˜‡–‹‰–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ••‘…‹ƒŽ•’ƒ…‡„› ƒ††‹‰…ƒˆ‡•ƒ†…Š‹Ž†…ƒ”‡•‡”˜‹…‡•Ǥ‡•’‹–‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–•Šƒ‡Ǧ‘—–ƒ––Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ‡†‹ƒƒ†‘Ž‹‡”‡–ƒ‹Žǡƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ›ǡ‘Ž†Ǧ•…Š‘‘Ž’Š›•‹…ƒŽ•–‘”‡•ǡ „‘‘•‡ŽŽ‡”•ǡƒ†‘ŽŽ›™‘‘†‘˜‹‡•”‡ƒ‹‹–Š‡‰ƒ‡Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ‹–Š‡…‘‹‰ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡƒ••’”‘†—…‡†…‘‘†‹–›‰‘‘†•™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ‹ƒ…”‹–‹…ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ ‘—”Ž‹˜‡•ǡ„—–Ž‹‡‘ŽŽ›™‘‘†‘˜‹‡•ǡ™‹ŽŽ„‡ˆ‘”…‡†–‘•Šƒ”‡–Š‡•–ƒ‰‡™‹–Š…—•–‘Ǧ †‡•‹‰‡†ǡŽ‘…ƒŽŽ›Ǧƒ†‡…—•–‘–‘‘–Š„”—•Š‡•ǡ–‘›•ǡ…—•–‘Ǧƒ†‡’”‘•–Š‡–‹…Ž‹„•ǡ ’”‘†—…–’”‘–‘–›’‡•ƒ†ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•Ǥ



  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͶͷ 

T HEEMERGINGLONGTAILOFMANUFACTURING  ““Transformativechangehappenswhenindustriesdemocratize,whenthey’’rerippedfrom thesoledomainofcompanies,governments,andotherinstitutionsandhandedoverto regularfolks.TheInternetdemocratizedpublishing,broadcasting,andcommunications, andtheconsequencewasamassiveincreaseintherangeofbothparticipationand participantsineverythingdigital——thelongtailofbits.Nowthesameishappeningto manufacturing——thelongtailofthings.”” ǦǦChrisAnderson,TheLongTail  ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰™‹ŽŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‘„Œ‡…–•ˆ”‘ƒƒ•• ’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ǡ„”‹…•ƒ†‘”–ƒ”‘†‡Žǡ–‘ƒŽ‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‘†‡Žƒ†‡—’‘ˆ‹ˆ‹‹–‡ •Š‡Žˆ•’ƒ…‡ǡŽƒ”‰‡—„‡”•‘ˆ…—•–‘’”‘†—…–•ƒ†‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹…Š‡…‘•—‡”ƒ”‡–•Ǥ Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž™ƒ•’‘’—Žƒ”‹œ‡†„›WiredMagazine‡†‹–‘”Š”‹• †‡”•‘ǡ‹Š‹•„‡•–•‡ŽŽ‡”TheLongTail:WhytheFutureofBusinessisSellingLessof More.ͳͺ•†‡ˆ‹‡†„›‹‹’‡†‹ƒǡ–Š‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž ““Thetermhasgainedpopularityinrecenttimesasaretailingconceptdescribingthe nichestrategyofsellingalargenumberofuniqueitemsinrelativelysmallquantities–– usuallyinadditiontosellingfewerpopularitemsinlargequantities.Thedistribution andinventorycostsofbusinessessuccessfullyapplyingthisstrategyallowthemto realizesignificantprofitoutofsellingsmallvolumesofhardǦtoǦfinditemstomany customersinsteadofonlysellinglargevolumesofareducednumberofpopularitems. Thetotalsalesofthislargenumberof"nonǦhititems"iscalledtheLongTail.””19 ‡›‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‘ˆ”‡–ƒ‹Žǡƒ•†‡•…”‹„‡†„›†‡”•‘ǡ‹•–Šƒ–’”‘†—…–•–Šƒ– ‡ƒ”Ž‹––Ž‡•ƒŽ‡•”‡˜‡—‡…ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ‹ˆ‡‘—‰Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Ž‘™•‡ŽŽ‡”•ƒ”‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†–‘ –Š‡ƒ”‡–ǡƒ‡—’ƒ”‡˜‡—‡•–”‡ƒ–Šƒ–”‹˜ƒŽ•‘”‡š…‡‡†•–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ˆ‡™ „‡•–•‡ŽŽ‡”•ƒ†„Ž‘…„—•–‡”•Ǥ …‘–”ƒ•–ǡ‹–Š‡„”‹…•ƒ†‘”–ƒ””‡–ƒ‹Ž™‘”Ž†ǡ ’”‘†—…–•™‹–ŠŽ‘™•ƒŽ‡•˜‘Ž—‡•–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›†‹†‘–ƒ‡‹––‘–Š‡•–‘”‡•Š‡Žˆǡ•‹…‡–Š‡› ‡ƒ”‡†Ž‡••‹•ƒŽ‡•”‡˜‡—‡–Šƒ–Š‡…‘•–‘ˆ•–‘…‹‰ƒ†•‡ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡Ǥ •–‘”‡•™‹–Š ˆ‹‹–‡•Š‡Žˆ•’ƒ…‡ǡŽ‘™˜‘Ž—‡’”‘†—…–•ǡ‹‘”†‡”–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡‡”…Šƒ––‘•–‹ŽŽ–—”ƒ ’”‘ˆ‹–ǡ™‡”‡’”‹…‡†—…ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‹”ˆƒ•–‡”Ǧ•‡ŽŽ‹‰…‘—–‡”’ƒ”–•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ …—•–‘’”‘†—…–•™‡”‡‡š’‡•‹˜‡ƒ††‡•’‹–‡†‡ƒ†ˆ”‘‹…Š‡…—•–‘‡”ƒ”‡–•ǡƒ ”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”…‘—Ž†‘–•–ƒ›‹„—•‹‡••„›•‡ŽŽ‹‰Ž‘™Ǧ…‘•–ǡ—‹“—‡‘„Œ‡…–•–‘ƒ•…ƒ––‡”‡† ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ…—•–‘‡”„ƒ•‡Ǥ ‡›–‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‘ˆ”‡–ƒ‹Ž‹•–Šƒ––Š‡…‘•–‘ˆƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‹˜‡–‘”› †”‘’•†”ƒƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›™Š‡—•‘Ž†‰‘‘†•ƒ”‡‡’–„›ƒ†‡…‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†‡–™‘”‘ˆ‘Ž‹‡   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͶ͸ 

‡”…Šƒ–•ǡ‘”•–‘”‡†‹ƒ‘ˆˆ•‹–‡™ƒ”‡Š‘—•‡Ǥƒ”Ž›‘Ž‹‡”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”•Š‹–—’‘ƒ ’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž™Š‡–Š‡›”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†–Š‡›‘Ž‘‰‡”‡‡†‡†–‘’ƒ›ˆ‘” ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ•Š‡Žˆ•’ƒ…‡ǡ‘”„ƒ•‡–Š‡‹”‡–‹”‡”‡˜‡—‡•–”‡ƒ‘˜‘Ž—‡•ƒŽ‡•‘ˆƒˆ‡™ Dz‰”‡ƒ–‡•–Š‹–•dz–›’‡•‘ˆ’”‘†—…–Ž‹‡•Ǥ›Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰‘Ž‹‡‡”…Šƒ–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ –›”ƒ›‘ˆ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ•Š‡Žˆ•’ƒ…‡ǡ–Š‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‘ˆ’”‘†—…–•ƒŽ‡•ƒŽŽ‘™•‡…‘‡”…‡ ‡”…Šƒ–•–‘’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž›•‡ŽŽƒˆƒ”„”‘ƒ†‡””ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’”‘†—…–•–‘ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›†‹•–”‹„—–‡† …—•–‘‡”„ƒ•‡Ǥ Š‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‡ˆˆ‡…–‡ƒ„Ž‡•‘Ž‹‡‡”…Šƒ–•–‘’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž›•‡ŽŽƒ„”‘ƒ†‡””ƒ‰‡‘ˆ —‹“—‡’”‘†—…–•–‘ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡‘ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…—•–‘‡”•™Š‘™‹ŽŽ’—”…Šƒ•‡ ‡‘—‰Š‹…Š‡‹–‡•–‘‡‡’–Š‡‹”•‡ŽŽ‡”•ƒ†ƒ‡”•ƒˆŽ‘ƒ–ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽŽ›Ǥ‘•—‡”• ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ˆ‹–ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‘ˆ”‡–ƒ‹Ž•‹…‡–Š‡›‰ƒ‹ƒ……‡••–‘ƒ—…ŠŽƒ”‰‡”ƒ‘—– ‘ˆƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹˜‡–‘”›–Šƒ–Ž‹‡Ž›…‘•–•Ž‡••ǤŠ‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‘ˆ”‡–ƒ‹Ž‹•ƒ‹†‡†„› –‡”‡– •‡ƒ”…Š…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–Š‡Ž’…‘•—‡”•ˆ‹†–Š‡‹”†‡•‹”‡†‹…Š‡‹–‡•ƒ†‡•‘–‡”‹… ‡”…Šƒ–•‘Ž‹‡ǤŽ‹‡—•‡””‡˜‹‡™•ƒ†‘Ž‹‡”ƒ‹‰…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•’”‘˜‹†‡ …‘•—‡”•‹•‹‰Š–‹–‘–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ†’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆ‘Ž‹‡‡”…Šƒ–•–Š‡›…ƒǯ–•‡‡ ˆƒ…‡–‘ˆƒ…‡ǡ‘”‘˜‡Ž’”‘†—…–•–Š‡›ǯ˜‡‡˜‡”–”‹‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ ƒ‰‹‡ƒ’’Ž›‹‰‘Ž‹‡ ”‡–ƒ‹Ž‘†‡Ž•–‘…—•–‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǡ™Š‡”‡…‘•—‡”•™‘—Ž†Ž‘…ƒ–‡ƒ†’—”…Šƒ•‡ ‹…Š‡‘„Œ‡…–•ˆ”‘ƒ‡”•ƒ††‡•‹‰‡”•ƒŽŽ‘˜‡”–Š‡‰Ž‘„‡ǡ‘ƒ••’”‘†—…‡† ’”‘†—…–•‡‡†ƒ’’Ž›Ǥ ‘†ƒ›ǯ•’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹†—•–”›”‡•‡„Ž‡•–Š‡—•‹…‹†—•–”›‘ˆ –™‡–››‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‡ˆˆ‡…–•™‡’––Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡—•‹…‹†—•–”›ǡ …‘•—‡”•™‡”‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†ƒŽ‹‹–‡†•‡Ž‡…–‹‘‘ˆ”‡…‘”†‹‰ƒ”–‹•–•–Šƒ–™‡”‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†ˆ‘” –Š‡„›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽDzŠ‹–ƒ‡”•dz™Š‘•‡‰‘ƒŽ™ƒ•–‘•‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ›ƒŽ„—•ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ ‘”—•‹…‹ƒ•ǡƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ—•‹……ƒ”‡‡”™ƒ•ƒƒŽŽǦ‘”Ǧ‘–Š‹‰‰ƒ‡ƒ•‹…Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•›‹‡Ž†‡†˜‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡‹…‘‡ƒ†’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡•‹Ž‘…ƒŽ…Ž—„•”‡ƒ…Š‡†˜‡”› ˆ‡™’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆƒ•ǤŠ‡–Š‡ –‡”‡–…‘‡…–‡†‘Ǧƒ‹•–”‡ƒ—•‹…‹ƒ•–‘‹…Š‡ …‘•—‡”ƒ”‡–•ǡ•—††‡Ž›ǡ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŠ‹–Ǧƒ‡”•™‡”‡‘Ž‘‰‡”ƒŽŽǦ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž †‡‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‘ˆ—•‹…‡ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ„”‘ƒ†‡””ƒ‰‡‘ˆ—•‹…‹ƒ•–‘ˆ‹†ˆƒ•ǡ•‡ŽŽ ƒŽ„—•ƒ†‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǡŠƒ˜‡ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ’”‡•‡…‡‹–Š‡—•‹…‹†—•–”›Ǥ ‹‡–Š‡’”‡ǦŽ‘‰–ƒ‹Ž—•‹…‹†—•–”›ǡ–‘†ƒ›ǯ•’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ …‘’ƒ‹‡•‘ˆˆ‡”…‘•—‡”•ƒ•ƒŽŽ—„‡”‘ˆ…ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›•‡Ž‡…–‡†ǡƒ••Ǧ’”‘†—…‡†DzŠ‹– ’”‘†—…–•Ǥdz‘’ƒ‹‡•”‡Ž›‘˜‘Ž—‡•ƒŽ‡•‘ˆƒ••’”‘†—…‡†‹–‡•‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ‡ ƒ’”‘ˆ‹–Ǣ…—•–‘‰‘‘†•ƒ”‡”‡•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”Š‹‰Š‡†ǡ…‘•–Ž›’”‘†—…–•Ǥ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ‡ ƒ†•‡ŽŽŽƒ”‰‡˜‘Ž—‡•‘ˆƒ••Ǧ’”‘†—…‡†‹–‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ……‡’–ƒ„Ž‡–‘‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ „—–ȋ†‡•’‹–‡†‹Ž‹‰‡–ƒ”‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†ƒ”‡–•‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ȍǡ†‡Ž‹‰Š– ƒŽ‘•–‘‘‡Ǥ˜‡‹ˆ–Š‡›™ƒ–‡†–‘ǡ–Š‡Š‹‰Š…‘•–‘ˆ’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‡˜‡–• –Š‡ˆ”‘‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰Š‹‰ŠŽ›…—•–‘‹œ‡†’”‘†—…–•–‘•ƒŽŽǡ‹…Š‡…‘•—‡”ƒ”‡–•Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͶ͹ 

Š‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‡ˆˆ‡…–ˆ‘”‡˜‡”…Šƒ‰‡•ƒ‹†—•–”›™Š‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰…‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ”‡ ‡–ǣ–Š‡”‡ǯ•ƒŽƒ”‰‡•‡Ž‡…–‹‘‘ˆ’”‘†—…–•‘”‹–‡•–‘…Š‘‘•‡ˆ”‘ǡ•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡– ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‘†—…–•ǡƒŽƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…‘•—‡”•ǡƒ†Ž‘™ ‹˜‡–‘”›ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘…‘•–•ǤŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆ‘”…‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹’Žƒ›‹–Š‡ ‡‡”‰‹‰™‘”Ž†‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ x x x

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‹”•–ǡ–Šƒ•–‘‡˜‡”Ǧ‹’”‘˜‹‰†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ†…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡†‡•‹‰‡”•ǡ–Š‡ —„‡”‘ˆƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•‹•‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰†ƒ‹Ž›Ǥ ‡…‘†ǡ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•…ƒ„‡‡†Ž‡••Ž›”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†“—‹…Ž›ƒ†‡ƒ•‹Ž›Ǥ Š‹”†ǡ–Š‡”‡ǯ•ƒ“—‹…Ž›‰”‘™‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘‘™–Š‡‹”‘™ ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ†–Š‘•‡™Š‘’”‡ˆ‡”–‘•Š‘’ˆ‘”†‡•‹‰•ƒ†Ž‡– •‘‡‘‡‡Ž•‡Šƒ†Ž‡–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ•‹…‡‘„Œ‡…–•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡‹•ƒŽŽ„ƒ–…Š‡•ƒ•†‡ƒ††‹…–ƒ–‡•ǡ‘‹˜‡–‘”› ‹•‡…‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”ƒ”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”™Š‘•‡ŽŽ•…—•–‘Ǧƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†ǡ…—•–‘Ǧ†‡•‹‰‡† ’”‘†—…–•Ǥ

Š‹Ž‡‘–›‡–ƒ‹•–”‡ƒǡ–Š‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹•‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›–ƒ‹‰•Šƒ’‡‘ ™‡„•‹–‡••—…Šƒ•–Š‹‰‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ…‘™Š‹…Š†‡•…”‹„‡•‹–•‡Žˆƒ•Dzƒ’Žƒ…‡ˆ‘”ˆ”‹‡†•–‘ •Šƒ”‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽ†‡•‹‰•ˆ‘”’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‘„Œ‡…–•dzȋ”‡‹‹•…‡–‘ˆƒ’•–‡”ȌǤ“—‹…„”‘™•‡‘ˆ –Š‹‰‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ…‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ•ƒ‘Ž‹‡ˆŽ‡ƒƒ”‡–‘ˆ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•ˆ‘”‘„Œ‡…–• ƒ›‘‡…ƒƒ‡‹ˆ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ……‡••–‘ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‘”Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹–Š‡ ‘Ž‹‡…ƒ–ƒŽ‘‰ǡƒ’Žƒ•–‹…‘†‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‘–”‡ƒ‡…ƒ–Š‡†”ƒŽȋDzƒ–Š‡†”ƒŽŽƒ›‡–dzȌ‹• ‘ˆˆ‡”‡†ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡ƒ ‹Žƒ‡– —‹†‡”ƒ…‡–ȋƒ’ƒ”–ˆ‘”ƒ͵’”‹–‡”Ȍƒ†ƒ’ƒ‹”‘ˆ „Žƒ…’Žƒ•–‹…‡”†‰Žƒ••‡•Ǥƒ…Š†‡•‹‰‹•ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡†‘‹–•‘™™‡„’ƒ‰‡ǡ…‘’Ž‡–‡ ™‹–Š—•‡””‡˜‹‡™•ƒ„‘—– –Š‡’”‘†—…–ǡ Thepowerofamanufacturingfacilitycontained ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡ withinasmallaffordabledeviceisanexcitingprospect †‡•‹‰‡”ǡŽ‹…‡•‡ forindustrialdesign.Itchangestheverynatureof ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ† productdevelopmentasitisdonetoday.”” ’‹…–—”‡•‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡—•‹‰ ––JasonA.Morris,professoratWesternWashington ‘”™‡ƒ”‹‰–Š‡ University –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ –‡”’”‹•‹‰ –Š‹‰‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ…‘—•‡”•ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡›•‡‡ƒ†‡•‹‰–Š‡›Ž‹‡ǡ…ƒ†‘™Ž‘ƒ†–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹… „Ž—‡’”‹–ǡƒ†ˆ—”–Š‡”…—•–‘‹œ‡‹–‹ˆ–Š‡›™ƒ–—•‹‰ˆ”‡‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰–‘‘Ž••—…Š ƒ• ‘‘‰Ž‡‡–…Š—’‘”Ž‡†‡”Ǥ ˆ–Š‡›Ž‹‡ǡ—•‡”•…ƒ†‹•…—••–Š‡‹”†‡•‹‰‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘• †‡•‹‰‘Ž‹‡ǡ•Šƒ”‡–‹’•‘–Š‡„‡•–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–‘—•‡ƒ†Š‘™–Š‡’”‘†—…–™‘”‡† ‘…‡‹–™ƒ•ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†ƒ–Š‘‡Ǥ‹‰Š–‘™ǡ‘•–…‘–”‹„—–‘”•ƒ† …‘•—‡”•‘–Š‹‰‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ…‘ƒ”‡•–—†‡–•ƒ†Š‘„„›‹•–•ǡ„—––Š‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰ „—›Ȁ†‡•‹‰Ȁ•‡ŽŽ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰…‘—Ž†‡ƒ•‹Ž›•…ƒŽ‡‹–‘‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͶͺ 

•—…Šƒ•’”‘–‘–›’‹‰ǡƒ‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•ǡ˜‹•—ƒŽƒ‹†•ˆ‘”’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰‡”•ǡ‡˜‡ …—•–‘„‘†›’ƒ”–•Ǥ Š‹‰‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ…‘—•‡”•ƒ”‡…—””‡–Ž›…—––‹‰Ǧ‡†‰‡ǡ–‡…ŠǦ•ƒ˜˜›…‘•—‡”•Ǣ–Š‡ ’”‘†—…–•–Š‡›†‡•‹‰ƒ”‡‘–•‘Ž†„›ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ…‘’ƒ‹‡•Ǥ”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡”• •–‹ŽŽ†‘‹ƒ–‡ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ’”‘†—…–‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Šƒ•–‘Š‹‰ŠŽ›Ǧ’”‹…‡††‡•‹‰ƒ† ’”‘–‘–›’‹‰‡“—‹’‡–ǡƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆ•‹ŽŽ‡†’”‘†—…– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•—’’‘”–•–ƒˆˆǤ—––‘†ƒ›ǯ•ƒƒ–‡—”…‘•—‡”Ȁ†‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ†•ƒŽŽ „—•‹‡••‡•…‘—Ž†„‡…‘‡–‘‘””‘™ǯ•’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽǦ…ƒŽ‹„‡”’”‘†—…–‹‘˜ƒ–‘”•Ǥ•–Š‡ Ž‘‰–ƒ‹ŽŽƒ•Š‡•–Š”‘—‰Šƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ™‹ŽŽ’—•Š’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‡–Š‘†•‘–‘–Š‡•ƒ‡’ƒ–ŠƒŽ”‡ƒ†› –”ƒ˜‡”•‡†„›–Š‡—•‹…ƒ†ˆ‹Ž‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡ–Š‡ƒ••‡†‹ƒƒ†‡…‘‡”…‡”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”•Ǥ ‡™‹ŽŽ•‡‡–Š‡‡‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆŽ‘‰–ƒ‹Žƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹‹…Š‡…‘•—‡”ƒ”‡–•ǡŽ‘™ …‘•–…—•–‘‰‘‘†•ǡƒ†ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž’Žƒ›‹‰ˆ‹‡Ž†‘Ž‘‰‡”†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽǡ …‘’ƒ›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ†Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•Ǥ

Shapeways Shapeways is an aggregator, a web-based clearinghouse where mostly unknown designers sell software designs of unusual and outrageous product. Shapeways sells product designs via a number of online storefronts and 3D blueprint designs for consumers. Consumers browse professionally designed blueprints for custom jewelry, household goods, toys and miniatures. When consumers purchase a design, much like buying a book online, Shapeways takes care of the manufacturing and shipping of the resulting product. Shapeway’’s business model rests on the assumption that customers are tired of mass produced products and if given the opportunity, will buy custom-designed products that are made especially for them. Shapeway’’s manufacturing facility and distribution center are housed in an industrial park about an hour outside of Amsterdam. Their personal-scale factory is the size of a school gym. Several manufacturing machines toil day and night, painstakingly fabricating custom objects from electronic blueprints which are sorted and placed bins where they’’re boxed and shipped to customers. The company employs a few dozen staff members, about half high-skill technicians, software designers and engineers and the other half who post-process the prints and pack items to ship. Shapeways plans to set up relationships with manufacturing companies all over the world so when customers order a design, it can be printed near where they live to save on shipping costs. Image courtesy Shapeways Inc.

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͶͻ 

 ƒœ‘Ǥ…‘™ƒ•ƒ’‹‘‡‡”‹‰Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‡”…Šƒ––Šƒ–ˆ‘”‡˜‡”…Šƒ‰‡–Š‡ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ ”‡–ƒ‹ŽǤ‡”Šƒ’•‘‡‘ˆ–‘†ƒ›ǯ•‘Ž‹‡ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ…—•–‘†‡•‹‰•ƒ† ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”Ž›–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘’”‘†—…– ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Ǥ ˆ›‘—ƒ•‘„‡”–…Š‘—™‡„—”‰ǡ‘ˆŠƒ’‡™ƒ›•Ǥ…‘™Š‡”‡Š‡ ‡˜‹•‹‘•Š‹•…‘’ƒ›‹–‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ™‹–Š‘—–Š‡•‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ•ƒ›•Dz™‡™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡ ƒƒœ‘Ǥ…‘‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ȂƒŠ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†ƒ‡Ǥdz‹•†”‡ƒ‹•‘‡•–‡’ …Ž‘•‡”–‘”‡ƒŽ‹–›ƒ•‹‘“—ƒ”‡‡–—”‡•ƒ† †‡š‡–—”‡•‹˜‡•–‡†̈́ͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘ „—‹Ž†–Š‡…‘’ƒ›ƒ†‘˜‡†Šƒ’‡™ƒ›ǯ•Š‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•–‘ ‡™‘”‹–›ǤŠƒ’‡™ƒ›•‹•ƒƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‘”ǡƒ™‡„Ǧ„ƒ•‡†…Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Š‘—•‡™Š‡”‡ ‘•–Ž›—‘™†‡•‹‰‡”••‡ŽŽ’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ——•—ƒŽƒ†‘—–”ƒ‰‡‘—•‰‘‘†•ƒ† ’”‘†—…–•Ǥ‘•—‡”•’—”…Šƒ•‡ƒ†‡•‹‰ǡ—…ŠŽ‹‡„—›‹‰ƒ„‘‘‘Ž‹‡ǡƒ† Šƒ’‡™ƒ›•–ƒ‡•…ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ†•Š‹’’‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰’”‘†—…–Ǥ Šƒ–ƒ‡•Šƒ’‡™ƒ›•—‹“—‡ˆ”‘–‘†ƒ›ǯ•‘Ž‹‡”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”•‹•–Šƒ–‹–†‘‡•‘–•‡ŽŽ ”‡ƒ†›Ǧƒ†‡ƒ••Ǧ’”‘†—…‡†’”‘†—…–•Ǣ‹•–‡ƒ†‹–•‡ŽŽ•…—•–‘†‡•‹‰•Ǥ —•‹‡••‡••—…Šƒ•Šƒ’‡™ƒ›•ƒ”‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ …ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ˆ”‘ˆƒ…–‘”›ƒ••‡„Ž›Ž‹‡•ƒ†’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡”•ǤŠƒ’‡™ƒ›••‡ŽŽ• ‹–•…—•–‘‡”•ƒ›…—•–‘’”‘†—…––Š‡›…ƒˆ‹†ƒ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–ˆ‘”Ǥ’—–‹Ž ‘™ǡ—Ž‡••›‘—Šƒ†–Š‡‘‡›–‘„—›‘‡Ǧ‘ˆǦƒǦ‹†…—•–‘’”‘†—…–••—…Šƒ• †‡•‹‰‡”…‘—–—”‡‘”ƒ…—•–‘…ƒ”ǡ‘•–‘ˆ—•Šƒ˜‡Ž‹˜‡†™‹–Š™Šƒ–ǯ•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Šƒ’‡™ƒ›•ǯ„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž”‡•–•‘–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ–…—•–‘‡”•ƒ”‡–‹”‡†‘ˆƒ•• ’”‘†—…‡†’”‘†—…–•ǡƒ†‹ˆ‰‹˜‡–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›ǡ™‹ŽŽ„—›…—•–‘Ǧ†‡•‹‰‡†’”‘†—…–• –Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ†‡‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”–Š‡Ǥ‹‡ƒœ‘„—–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ǡ…—•–‘‡”•™‹ŽŽ•Š‘’ ƒ†„”‘™•‡ƒ‘Ž‹‡…ƒ–ƒŽ‘‰‘ˆ†‡•‹‰•ǡ…‘–ƒ…––Š‡†‡•‹‰‡”–‘ƒ””ƒ‰‡–Š‡‹”†‡•‹”‡† …Šƒ‰‡•ƒ†ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ’Žƒ…‡–Š‡‹”‘”†‡”‘Šƒ’‡™ƒ›•ǯ™‡„•‹–‡ǡƒ†–Š‡‹”†‡•‹‰ ™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†ƒ†•Š‹’’‡†–‘–Š‡Ǥ•„—•‹‡••…‘–‹—‡•–‘‰”‘™ǡ Šƒ’‡™ƒ›•’Žƒ•–‘•‡–—’”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•™‹–Šƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒŽŽ‘˜‡”–Š‡ ™‘”Ž†•‘…—•–‘‡”‘”†‡”•…ƒ„‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†‹ƒ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽˆƒ…‹Ž‹–›‡ƒ”…—•–‘‡”•ǯ Š‘‡•–‘•ƒ˜‡‘•Š‹’’‹‰…‘•–•ǡ†‡Ž‹˜‡”›–‹‡ǡƒ†–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ –Š‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‘†‡Ž‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǡ‹††Ž‡‡‰‘ƒ™ƒ›ƒ†–Š‡Ž‹‡„‡–™‡‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ†ƒƒ–‡—”„‡‰‹•–‘„Ž—”Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ …‘„‹‡†™‹–ŠŽƒ”‰‡—„‡”•‘ˆ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•ǡ…‘„‹‡†™‹–Š—•‡”Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž› †‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡™‹ŽŽ”‡•—Ž–…Šƒ‰‡’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹–Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰™ƒ›•ǣ

Ecosystemsofsmallmanufacturers:Ž‹‡”‡’‘•‹–‘”‹‡•‘ˆ’”‘†—…–•ƒ† ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ‡™‡…‘•›•–‡‘ˆ•ƒŽŽƒ…Š‹‡Ǧ’ƒ”– ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•ƒ†•‡”˜‹…‡’”‘˜‹†‡”•™Š‘ƒ‡…—•–‘‘„Œ‡…–•ƒ†’”‘–‘–›’‡•–‘ ‘”†‡”Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͷͲ 

Longtailnichemarkets:ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•™‹ŽŽ—•‡’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› –‘…”‡ƒ–‡Ž‘™Ǧ…‘•–…—•–‘‘„Œ‡…–•ǡ‘†‡ƒ†ǡ–Šƒ–•‡ŽŽ‹•ƒŽŽ˜‘Ž—‡•Ǥ—‡–‘–Š‡ Ž‘™…‘•–‘ˆ‹˜‡–‘”›ǡ†‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•‘ˆ‹…Š‡’”‘†—…–•™‹ŽŽ•–‹ŽŽ‡ƒ”ƒ ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ”‰‹Ǥ

Economicemergenceofunderservedcommunities:Š‡–Š‡›…ƒ†‡•‹‰ ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡‹–‡•Ž‘…ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹”‘™†‡•‹‰•ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†—†‡”•‡”˜‡†…‘—‹–‹‡•™‹ŽŽ‘˜‡”…‘‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡‹”’Š›•‹…ƒŽ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡ǤŠ‡›™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‡’‘™‡”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡–‘‘Ž•‘ˆ†‡•‹‰ƒ† ’”‘†—…–‹‘–‘…”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”‘™•‘Ž—–‹‘• –‘Ž‘…ƒŽ‡‡†•ƒ†’”‘„Ž‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ „‡•–—†‡”•–‘‘†„›Ž‘…ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ

ConsumerǦledproductdesign: ”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰™‹ŽŽ•Š‹ˆ–ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘ …‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†‹–‘–Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ …‘•—‡”•Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡†‡•‹‰ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‡ƒ„Ž‡…‘•—‡”•–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‹–Š‡’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǣ …‘•—‡”•™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‡•‹‰ǡ ‘†‹ˆ›ƒ†ƒ‡–Š‡‹”‘™’”‘†—…–• †‡•‹‰•Œ—•–ˆ‘”ˆ—ǡ‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‘™ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ—•‡ȋ•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–‘†ƒ›ǯ•ƒ…–‹˜‡ …‘•—‡”•™Š‘†‡•‹‰–Š‡‹”‘™ ‡š–”‡‡•’‘”–‹‰‡“—‹’‡–ǡ…—•–‘ ”‹‰–‘‡•ƒ†‹‘†’Žƒ›Ž‹•–•ȌǤ



      ͵            ̈́ͻͷͲǤ    Ǥ

Scaleupfromone:‡‰—Žƒ”’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†•ƒŽŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•–Šƒ–Žƒ… ‹˜‡•–‡–…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘•‡–—’Ž‘™‹˜‡•–‡–ǡDz•–ƒ”–•ƒŽŽƒ†•…ƒŽ‡—’ƒ•‹– ‰‘‡•dz„—•‹‡••‡•ǤŠƒ•–‘–Š‡Ž‘™Ǧ…‘•– –‡”‡–˜‹”–—ƒŽ•–‘”‡ˆ”‘–•ǡƒ†–Š‡Ž‘™ …‘•–‘ˆ•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ˆ‘”’”‘–‘–›’‡•ƒ†…—•–‘‰‘‘†•ǡ‡™…‘’ƒ‹‡• …ƒ‰‡–•–ƒ”–‡†‘ƒ•Š‘‡•–”‹‰„—†‰‡–ǡ›‡–•‡ŽŽ–Š‡‹”™ƒ”‡•‘”•‡”˜‹…‡•–‘‹…Š‡ǡ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡•Ǥ

Masscustomizationandcrowdsourcing:‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‹ŽŽ‡š–‡†–Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆƒ••…—•–‘‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Š–‘†ƒ›ǡ…‘•‹•–•‘ˆƒ ”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰…‘•—‡”•ƒˆ‡™ǡ•‡–…Š‘‹…‡•–‘ƒŽ–‡”ƒ…‘”‡ǡ—…Šƒ‰‹‰’”‘†—…– ƒŽ‘‰•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ǡ’”‡Ǧ†‡ˆ‹‡†…‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘–Š‡”‡‡”‰‹‰‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹• –Šƒ–‘ˆDz…”‘™†•‘—”…‹‰ǡdz‹™Š‹…Šƒ…‘’ƒ›‘”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ••ˆ‘”Š‡Ž’‘”‹’—– ˆ”‘‘Ž‹‡…‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ„‘–Šƒƒ–‡—”ƒ†’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‡š’‡”–•Ǥ   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͷͳ 

EcoǦconsciousandsubsistenceǦlevelmanufacturing(includingspace exploration):C‘•—‡”•ƒ†…‘’ƒ‹‡•™‹ŽŽ—•‡’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• –‘”‡Ǧ—•‡Ž‘…ƒŽŽ›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡•…”ƒ’‘”™ƒ•–‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ –Š‡“—‡•–ˆ‘”•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹ •’ƒ…‡–”ƒ˜‡Žǡƒ•–”‘ƒ—–•™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡͵’”‹–‡”•‹–‘•’ƒ…‡™‹–Š–Š‡–‘ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡’ƒ”–• ƒ†•—’’Ž‹‡•‘†‡ƒ†Ǥ

Lessmarketresearch,moretoolkits:‘’ƒ‹‡•™‹ŽŽ•—’’Ž‡‡––”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽǡ ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ”‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–‡…Š‹“—‡•™‹–Š’”‘–‘–›’‹‰–‘‘Ž‹–•–Šƒ–—–‹Ž‹œ‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ‘’ƒ‹‡•™‹ŽŽ†‡•‹‰ƒ†‡“—‹’•’‡…‹ƒŽ’”‘–‘–›’‹‰ –‘‘Ž‹–•ƒ‹‡†ƒ–•’‡…‹ˆ‹…’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ

Opensourcehardware: –‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›ȋ Ȍ‘†‡Ž•ƒ†–Š‡’”ƒ…–‹…‡‘ˆ ‹˜‡–‘”•Š‹’™‹ŽŽ‘˜‡ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘’”‘’”‹‡–ƒ”›ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•–‘‘”‡‘’‡‘†‡Ž•ǡ •—…Šƒ•‘’‡•‘—”…‡Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡Ž‹…‡•‡•ƒ†…”‘™†•‘—”…‡†’”‘„Ž‡Ǧ•‘Ž˜‹‰ƒ† ’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰Ǥ

     ““Therealendoftherainbowisthecreativedisruptionofthemanufacturingvalue chain.Insteadofdrivingtothehardwarestoretogetareplacementpart,youwillgoto amanufacturer’’swebsiteandpayasmallfeetodownloadthatobject.”” ––CathyLewis,CEOofDeskTopFactory a3Dprintingselleroneventuallyenteringthehomeusermarket  ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ‡‡”‰‹‰ ‡…‘•›•–‡‘ˆ•ƒŽŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•–Šƒ–•‡ŽŽ…—•–‘Ǧƒ†‡ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•–‘–Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–‘”‘–Š‡”…Ž‹‡–•˜‹ƒ‘Ž‹‡’”‘…—”‡‡–…ƒ–ƒŽ‘‰•ǤŠ‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‘ˆ ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•‹•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›–ƒ‹‰•Šƒ’‡‹ƒŽŽ’Žƒ…‡•ǡƒ‘Ž‹‡•—’’Ž‹‡•…ƒ–ƒŽ‘‰ ƒƒ‰‡†„›–Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‡ˆ‡•‡ȋ‘ȌǤŠ‡ǤǤ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǯ•Žƒ”‰‡•–…‘•—‡”•‘ˆƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•ƒ†•—’’Ž‹‡•Ǥ‘ƒ‡–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡– ’”‘…—”‡‡–’”‘…‡••‘”‡‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡–ǡ–Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‡ˆ‡•‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒŽŽǡƒ ‘Ž‹‡”‡’‘•‹–‘”›‘ˆƒ’’”‘˜‡†˜‡†‘”•–Šƒ–•‡ŽŽ„ƒ––‡”‹‡•ǡƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–…‘˜‡”•ǡ‘ˆˆ‹…‡ •—’’Ž‹‡•ƒ†’ƒ…‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–‘‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ‰‡…‹‡•Ǥ˜‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ‘ǯ•ƒŽŽ Šƒ•‰”‘™ˆ”‘ƒ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘Œ‡…––‘ƒ„‹ŽŽ‹‘Ǧ†‘ŽŽƒ”‰‘˜‡”‡– ‡–‡”’”‹•‡Ǥ‘†ƒ›ǡƒŽŽǯ•’”‘†—…–…ƒ–ƒŽ‘‰‹…Ž—†‡•‘˜‡”͹Ͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘‹–‡•ˆ”‘ͳǡͻͲͲ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•—’’Ž‹‡”•Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͷʹ 

 ƒ‰‹‡ƒˆ—–—”‡‘Ž‹‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡ǡ•‹‹Žƒ”–‘ƒŽŽ…‘„‹‡† ™‹–ŠͳͲͲ‰ƒ”ƒ‰‡•Ǥ…‘ǡ™Š‡”‡‰‘˜‡”‡–’”‘…—”‡‡–‘ˆˆ‹…‡”•ƒ†‘–Š‡”…—•–‘‡”• ™‘—Ž†‘–Œ—•–’”‘…—”‡•—’’Ž‹‡•ǡ„—–„”‘™•‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•‹•‡ƒ”…Š‘ˆƒ †‡•‹”‡†…—•–‘’ƒ”–‘”‘„Œ‡…–Ǥ–Š‡•—’’Ž› •‹†‡ǡ•—…Šƒ•‹–‡™‘—Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡ƒƒ…–‹˜‡ƒ† Ž—…”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ”‡–ˆ‘”•ƒŽŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•™Š‘•‡ „—•‹‡••‹•„ƒ•‡†‘’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ –Š‹•‘Ž‹‡ ƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡ǡ•ƒŽŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•™‘—Ž†•‡ŽŽ „Ž—‡’”‹–†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ…—•–‘’ƒ”–•ƒ†‘„Œ‡…–• –Š‡›…‘—Ž†ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ‘†‡ƒ†ǤŠ‹• Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡ ™‘—Ž†„‡‘’‡–‘ƒ›•ƒŽŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡” Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ǤǤ……‡••–‘–Š‡Ž—…”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–’ƒ”–•’”‘…—”‡‡– ™‘—Ž†•’—”–Š‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹—‡”ƒ„Ž‡•ƒŽŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ˆ‹”•ƒ†™‘—Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡‘—” ‡…‘‘›™‹–Šƒ—…ŠǦ‡‡†‡†„‘‘•–ƒ†…”‡ƒ–‡ Œ‘„•Ǥ ‘†ƒ›ǡƒŽ‘‰–ƒ‹Žƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡ –ƒ‹‰’Žƒ…‡‹–Š‡…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ•‡…–‘”‹• ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†„›ƒ…‘’ƒ›…ƒŽŽ‡†‡ƒ…Š‹‡Š‘’ ™Š‹…Š’”‘˜‹†‡•‡ƒ•›ǡ…‘˜‡‹‡–ƒ†Ž‘™Ǧ…‘•– ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘•‡”˜‹…‡•‘ˆ…—•–‘’ƒ”–•˜‹ƒ‹–•™‡„  •‹–‡Ǥ‡ƒ…Š‹‡Š‘’Šƒ•‹–•‘™ǡ’”‘’”‹‡–ƒ”› †‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡–Šƒ–…—•–‘‡”•—•‡–‘†‡•‹‰–Š‡ ’ƒ”––Š‡›‡‡†•‘–Š‡›…ƒ•—„‹––Š‡„Ž—‡’”‹–        †‡•‹‰–‘‡ƒ…Š‹‡Š‘’ˆ‘”ƒ‹•–ƒ–’”‹…‡  ǡ  Ǥ    ͵        “—‘–‡Ǥ…‡–Š‡‹”†‡•‹‰‹•…‘’Ž‡–‡†ǡ ȋ  Ȍ   ǡ   …—•–‘‡”•…ƒ’Žƒ›™‹–ŠƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘’–‹‘•–Šƒ–  ǫ    ƒˆˆ‡…––Š‡…‘•–‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–Š‡‹”†‡•‹”‡† ʹͲͳͲ       †‡•‹‰„›‰‡––‹‰ƒ•‘”‰ƒ•„‘”†‘ˆ…‘•– ‡•–‹ƒ–‡•„ƒ•‡†‘—•‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ†ƒ††‹‰‘”•—„–”ƒ…–‹‰’”‘†—…– ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ‡ƒ…Š‹‡•Š‘’†‘‡•ƒƒ…–‹˜‡„—•‹‡••ǡƒ•…—•–‘‡”•†‡•‹‰ƒ†‘”†‡”–‘›•ǡ ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…†‡˜‹…‡•ǡ‰ƒ‡•ƒ†…ƒ”’ƒ”–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†„›‡ƒ…Š‹‡Š‘’ƒ† •Š‹’’‡†–‘…—•–‘‡”•ǯŠ‘‡•Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͷ͵ 

      ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹•‹†‡ƒŽˆ‘”Ž‡––‹‰…‘•—‡”•”—™‹Ž†™‹–Š–Š‡‹”†‡•‹”‡•Ǥ ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ‡‹–’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”…‘•—‡”•–‘†‡•‹‰ǡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡ǡ‘”Œ—•–’—”…Šƒ•‡——•—ƒŽ‘”Šƒ”†Ǧ–‘Ǧˆ‹†‹–‡•ˆ‘”ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡’”‹…‡Ǥ ‘•—‡”•‘ˆ‹…Š‡‰‘‘†•…ƒŽ‹˜‡ƒ›™Š‡”‡‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰–Š‡‹”ˆƒ˜‘”‡† ‡”…Šƒ–•ƒ—…ŠŽƒ”‰‡”‘Ž‹‡…—•–‘‡”„ƒ•‡…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘„”‹…•ƒ†‘”–ƒ” „‘—–‹“—‡•–‘”‡•Ǥ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•™‹ŽŽ—•‡’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–‘…”‡ƒ–‡Ž‘™Ǧ…‘•–…—•–‘ ‘„Œ‡…–•ǡ‘†‡ƒ†ǡ–Šƒ–•‡ŽŽ™‹–Šƒ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ”‰‹Ǣƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ…‘’ƒ‹‡• ™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘”—ƒ’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡„—•‹‡••„›•‡ŽŽ‹‰•ƒŽŽ˜‘Ž—‡•‘ˆ…—•–‘‘„Œ‡…–•–‘ ‹…Š‡…‘•—‡”ƒ”‡–•ǤƒŽŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡ—Ž‹‡–Š‡‹”„”‹…•ƒ† ‘”–ƒ”…‘—–‡”’ƒ”–•ǡ™‹ŽŽ‡Œ‘›Ž‘™‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ†…‘•–•ǡ‘”‡–ƒ‹Ž•Š‡Žˆ•’ƒ…‡ǡƒ†‘ ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ƒ†‡š’‡•‹˜‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ†•–‘”ƒ‰‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆ ”ƒ”‡„‘‘•‡ŽŽ‡”•‘”•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†™‡„Ǧ„ƒ•‡†”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”•ǡƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ† †‡•‹‰‡”•™‹ŽŽ—‡ƒ”–Š’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡‹…Š‡•„›•‡ŽŽ‹‰…—•–‘’”‘†—…–•ǡ‘†‡ƒ†ǡ–‘ …—•–‘‡”•ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ‘˜‡”–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ

        ‡‘’Ž‡‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†—†‡”•‡”˜‡†…‘—‹–‹‡•™‹ŽŽ–ƒ’‹–‘–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‘‘˜‡”…‘‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‹ –Š‡‹”’Š›•‹…ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡Ǥ  ƒŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ…‘–‡š–ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘—Ž†ƒŽŽ‡˜‹ƒ–‡–Š‡Žƒ…‘ˆ ‡†‹…ƒŽ•—’’Ž‹‡•–‘—†‡”•‡”˜‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ•‹– „‡…‘‡•…Š‡ƒ’‡”–‘†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡ …—•–‘’”‘•–Š‡–‹…’ƒ”–•Ž‘…ƒŽŽ›ǡŽ‘™Ǧ‹…‘‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–•™‹ŽŽ‡Œ‘›Š‹‰Š‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ„‡––‡” ˆ‹––‹‰ƒ”–‹ˆ‹…‹ƒŽŽ‹„•Ǥ‡–ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ …‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ‹‰…—•–‘ …”‘™•ˆ‘”Ž‘…ƒŽ†‡–‹•–•Ǥ 

         Ǥ           

‹…‡’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†’”‘†—…–•…ƒ „‡Ž‘…ƒŽŽ›’”‘†—…‡†ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡‹”‡‘–‡ƒ”‡ƒ• …ƒ‘”†‡”ƒ†‡•‹‰‘Ž‹‡ƒ†Šƒ˜‡‹–ƒ†‡ Ž‘…ƒŽŽ›Ǥ‘™‡”†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘…‘•–•ƒ†Ž‘…ƒŽ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ‡‹–’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ˆ‹”•–‘•–‹ŽŽ ‡ƒ”ƒ’”‘ˆ‹–•‡ŽŽ‹‰–‘”‡‘–‡ƒ† —†‡”•‡”˜‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ…‘Ǧ…‘•…‹‘—•ƒ†

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͷͶ 

•—„•‹•–‡…‡ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž…‘•—‡”•ƒ†…‘’ƒ‹‡•™‹ŽŽ—•‡’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‘”‡Ǧ—•‡Ž‘…ƒŽŽ›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡•…”ƒ’‘”™ƒ•–‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™Š‹…Š™‘—Ž†•ƒ˜‡ ‘‡›‘’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›Š‹‰Šƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•…‘•–•Ǥ

    ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‹ŽŽ‡š‡”–ƒ†‡‘…”ƒ–‹œ‹‰‡ˆˆ‡…–‘–Š‡’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ•…‘•—‡”•ǡ‘•–‘ˆ—•ƒ”‡—•‡†–‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒ –Šƒ–…‘’ƒ‹‡•†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ‡’”‘†—…–•ˆ‘”—•Ǣ–‘‡š’”‡••‘—”ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ™‡˜‘–‡ ™‹–Š‘—”†‘ŽŽƒ”•Ǥ‡ŽŽǦ†‡•‹‰‡†ǡ™‡ŽŽǦƒ”‡–‡†’”‘†—…–•–Šƒ–ˆ‹ŽŽƒ‡‡†•‡ŽŽ™‡ŽŽ ȋ•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–‘’ͶͲ—•‹…Š‹–•Ȍǡƒ†’”‘†—…–•ˆ‘”™Š‹…Š–Š‡…‘’ƒ›‰—‡••‡†™”‘‰ †‘ǯ–•‡ŽŽ•‘™‡ŽŽǤ –Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••ǡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ’”‘–‘–›’‡„ƒ•‡†‘”‡•‡ƒ”…Š†ƒ–ƒƒ„‘—–…‘•—‡” ’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•ǡ–‡•––Š‡’”‘–‘–›’‡™‹–Š…—•–‘‡”•ǡˆ‹†ˆŽƒ™•ǡƒ†–Š‡…‘–‹—‡–‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ†ˆ‹š–Š‡’”‘†—…–Ǥ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹•ƒ…—„‡”•‘‡ǡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡„ƒ…Ǧƒ†Ǧˆ‘”–Š„‡–™‡‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•ƒ†…‘•—‡”•ƒ•…‘•—‡”•‘™ ™Šƒ––Š‡›™ƒ–ǡ„—––Š‡‹”–ƒ•‘ˆ†‡ˆ‹‹‰ ““Manufacturers……areincreasinglyshifting ƒ†ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‹‰‹––‘–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡” awayfromproductdesignandfocusingon ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒ›•–‡’•ƒ†‹††Ž‡‡Ǥ producingproductdesignsfirstdevelopedand ”‡ǦŽ‘‰–ƒ‹Ž…‘’ƒ‹‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ǡ testedbyuserinnovationcommunities.”” ‡š’‡•‹˜‡ǡ…‡–”ƒŽŽ›Ǧ…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†’”‘†—…– ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ††‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••ǡ›‡–…‘‘ ––EricVonHippelinDemocratizingInnovation •‡•‡ƒ†‘—”‘™‡š’‡”‹‡…‡–‡ŽŽ—•–Šƒ– ™‡ƒ•—•‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒ’”‡––›‰‘‘†‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ™Šƒ– ™‡™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–Š‡’”‘†—…––‘†‘Ǥ”‹…‘‹’’‡Ž†‡•…”‹„‡•—•‡”Ǧ…‡–‡”‡†‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ•–Š‡…‘˜‡”•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ–‘’Ǧ†‘™’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰ƒ†’”‘†—…– ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‘†‡Ž‹™Š‹…Š…‘’ƒ‹‡•…‘†—…–ƒ”‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹‘”†‡”–‘†‡•‹‰ ’”‘†—…–•ƒ†‰‘‘†•„ƒ•‡†‘™Šƒ––Š‡›–Š‹—•‡”•™‹ŽŽ„—›ǤʹͲ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ƒ”‡– ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡˆ‘”‘˜‡”ƒŠ—†”‡†›‡ƒ”•ǡƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•Šƒ˜‡Šƒ”˜‡•–‡†—•‡”Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘•ȋDzŠ‘‡Ǧ„—‹Ž–•dzȌ„›…‘˜‡”–‹‰–Š‡‹–‘ƒ‘”‡”‘„—•–ƒ†”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘” ™Š‡’”‡’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘”•ƒŽ‡‘–Š‡…‘‡”…‹ƒŽƒ”‡–Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‹ŽŽƒŽŽ‘™…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†…‘•—‡”•–‘–ƒ‡DzŠ‘‡„—‹Ž–•dz–‘ƒ‡™ǡƒ† ‘”‡•‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ •–Š‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•…”ƒ…•‘’‡–Š‡’”‘†—…– †‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••ǡ™‡™‹ŽŽ™‹–‡••ƒ‰”‘™‹‰ƒ‘—–‘ˆ…‘•—‡”ǦŽ‡†’”‘†—…– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‘†‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ…”‘••ƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‘„Œ‡…–•ǡ•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ‘’‡•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‘†‡ŽǤ Ž”‡ƒ†›ƒ…”‘••†‹˜‡”•‡‹†—•–”‹‡••—…Šƒ•’”‹–‡†…‹”…—‹–•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡ•—”‰‹…ƒŽ ‡“—‹’‡–ǡ•’‘”–‹‰‡“—‹’‡–ƒ†’‹’‡Šƒ‰‡”Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡ǡ—’–‘ƒ–Š‹”†‘ˆ’”‘†—…–   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͷͷ 

—•‡”•”‡’‘”–‡††‡•‹‰‹‰ǡ‘†‹ˆ›‹‰ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰–Š‡‹”’”‘†—…–•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–‘•—‹– –Š‡‹”‡‡†•Ǥʹͳ ‹•‡…‘’ƒ‹‡•™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ”ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”…—•–‘‡”•Ǥ”‘†—…–•†‡•‹‰‡†„›…‘•—‡”• ƒ›„‡‘”‡’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ’”‘†—…–•…‘…‡‹˜‡†ƒ††‡•‹‰‡†—•‹‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†‹ǦŠ‘—•‡‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰†‡’ƒ”–‡–•ǤʹʹƒŒ‘””‡•‡ƒ”…Š•–—†›ƒ– ͵‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–…‘•—‡”Ǧ†‡•‹‰‡†’”‘†—…–‹’”‘˜‡‡–•™‡”‡‘”‡ ‘˜‡Ž–Šƒ–Š‡‹…”‡‡–ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹’”‘˜‡‡–•†”‡ƒ‡†—’„›‹ǦŠ‘—•‡†‡•‹‰ –‡ƒ•ƒ†ƒ”‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ʹʹǤ –Š‡•ƒ‡•–—†›ǡ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•’”‡†‹…–‡†–Šƒ–‡™ ’”‘†—…–•…”‡ƒ–‡†„›’ƒ••‹‘ƒ–‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰Ǧ‡†‰‡…‘•—‡”•™‘—Ž†‡†—’™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡” ƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡ǡƒ†„‡‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘‡˜‘Ž˜‡‹–‘ƒ‡–‹”‡Ž›‡™’”‘†—…–Ž‹‡•–Šƒ– ™‘—Ž†‡ƒ”ƒ‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ˆ‹˜‡–‹‡•ƒ•—…Šƒ•’”‘†—…–•†”‡ƒ‡†—’—•‹‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡–Š‘†•ʹʹǤ –Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›–Šƒ–ƒƒ–‡—”„Ž‘‰‰‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒ—…ƒ›ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘•’‘– –”‡†•„‡ˆ‘”‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ‘—”ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ…‘•—‡”•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘†‡•‹‰’”‘†—…–• ™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǤ

      ‘•—‡”•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰ŠŽ›•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†‡‡†•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ–Š‡‡š–”‡‡ƒ–ŠŽ‡–‡•ǡ’‹’‡Šƒ‰‡”•‘” •—”‰‡‘•†‡•…”‹„‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Ȍƒ”‡‘––Š‡‘Ž›‘‡•™Š‘™ƒ––‘†‡•‹‰–Š‡‹”‘™ ’”‘†—…–•ǤŠƒ•–‘…‘•–ƒ–Ž›‹’”‘˜‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡–‘‘Ž•ƒ†–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ†‡•‹‰ ‘’–‹‘•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†„›–Š‡Ž‘‰–‡–ƒ…Ž‡•‘ˆ –‡”‡–”‡–ƒ‹ŽǡŽ‡••†‡ƒ†‹‰…‘•—‡”•ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘„‡‰‹‹‰–‘†‹•…‘˜‡”–Š‡Œ‘›•‘ˆƒ‹‰’”‘†—…–•–Šƒ–•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‹”—‹“—‡–ƒ•–‡• ƒ†‡‡†•Ǥƒ••…—•–‘‹œƒ–‹‘‹•ƒŠƒŽˆ•–‡’–‘™ƒ”†•–”—‡…—•–‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ •‹…‡‹–‘ˆˆ‡”•–Š‡…‘•—‡”ƒˆ‡™ǡ•‡–…Š‘‹…‡•ƒ„‘—–ƒ…‘”‡ǡ—…Šƒ‰‹‰’”‘†—…–ƒŽ‘‰ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ǡ’”‡Ǧ†‡ˆ‹‡†…‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥƒ••…—•–‘‹œƒ–‹‘ˆ‘””‡‰—Žƒ”…‘•—‡”•‹• –ƒ‹‰’Žƒ…‡–‘†ƒ›ƒ•…‘’ƒ‹‡•Ž‹‡‹„—ʹƒ†‘•–ˆƒ‘—•Ž›ǡ‹‡ƒ†‡ŽŽ‘ˆˆ‡” …‘•—‡”•–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘†‡•‹‰–Š‡‹”‘™„ƒ‰ǡ•Š‘‡•‘”…‘’—–‡”Ǥ •‹‹Žƒ”…‘…‡’–…ƒŽŽ‡†Dz…”‘™†•‘—”…‹‰dz†‡•…”‹„‡•ƒ‡™’”‘„Ž‡•‘Ž˜‹‰’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ ‹™Š‹…Šƒ…‘’ƒ›‘”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ••ˆ‘”Š‡Ž’‘”‹’—–ˆ”‘‘Ž‹‡…‘—‹–‹‡•‘ˆ ƒƒ–‡—”ƒ†’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‡š’‡”–•Ǥʹ͵”‘™†•‘—”…‹‰ǡŽ‹‡—•‡”Ž‡†‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ …‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ„Ž—”•ƒ†ƒ””‘™•–Š‡‰ƒ’„‡–™‡‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•‘Ž˜‡”•ƒ† †‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ”…‘•—‡”•Ǥ”‘™†•‘—”…‹‰‹•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›—•‡†„›ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ ‘”–—‡ͷͲͲ…‘’ƒ‹‡•–‘•‘Ž˜‡’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ•–”‘‘›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• …‘ŽŽ‡…–˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡†ƒ–ƒ‘…‡Ž‡•–‹ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ˆ”‘ƒ™‘”Ž†™‹†‡…‘—‹–›‘ˆŠ‘„„›‹•– ƒ•–”‘‘‡”•Ǥ‘•—‡”•‘™™Šƒ–™‘”•„‡•–‹‡˜‡”›†ƒ›’”‘†—…–•ƒ†‰‹˜‡ –Š‡‹”‘™ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•ǡ…ƒ’”‘–‘–›’‡‹–Ǥ —–—”‡…‘•—‡”‰‘‘†•…‘’ƒ‹‡• ™‹ŽŽˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡‘’‡•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡…‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”–‘–ƒ’‹–‘–Š‡ ’‘™‡”‘ˆ…”‘™†•‘—”…‹‰–‘†‡•‹‰ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‹”’”‘†—…–•Ǥ‘’ƒ‹‡•–Šƒ–

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͷ͸ 

‹‰‘”‡–Š‡‹”…—•–‘‡”•ǯ–ƒŽ‡–ˆ‘”†‡•‹‰‹‰ƒ†ƒ‹‰’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ ’”‘†—…–•™‹ŽŽŽ—„‡”–Š‡‹”™ƒ›–‘‘„•‘Ž‡•…‡…‡Ǥ

  ǡ      ‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡™’”‘†—…–’”‘–‘–›’‡•ǡˆ—–—”‡…‘’ƒ‹‡•™‹ŽŽ•—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”‡– ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š™‹–Š†‡•‹‰–‘‘Ž‹–•„ƒ•‡†‘’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ ‘’ƒ›Ǧ‹••—‡††‡•‹‰–‘‘Ž‹–•…‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆ…—•–‘‹œƒ„Ž‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•ƒ† ‘Ǧ–Š‡Ǧ•’‘–ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•™‘—Ž†‡ƒ„Ž‡…‘•—‡”•–‘†‘–Š‡‹”‘™’”‘†—…– ’”‘–‘–›’‹‰ƒ†…—•–‘‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•™‹–Šƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—ŽƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘ ƒ”‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ‘’ƒ›Ǧ‹••—‡†’”‘–‘–›’‹‰–‘‘Ž‹–•™‘—Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ–‡•– ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘”…‘•—‡”•–‘…”‡ƒ–‡‘” ““Companieshaveabandonedtheirefforts ‘†‹ˆ›ƒ’”‘†—…––Š‡›‡‡†–Šƒ–ǯ• tounderstandexactlywhatproductstheir …‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡…‘’ƒ›ǯ• ‡š‹•–‹‰’”‘†—…–Ž‹‡Ǥ–‘‘Ž‹–„ƒ•‡† customerswantandhaveinstead, equippedthemwithtoolstodesignand ‘’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› developtheirownproducts,rangingfrom ™‘—Ž†’‡”‹–—•‡”•–‘’”‘–‘–›’‡ƒ† minormodificationstomajornew –‡•–˜ƒ”‹‘—•†‡•‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘•‹ƒ innovations.”” …‘–”‘ŽŽ‡††‡•‹‰ƒ†ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ ––StefanThomkeandEricvonHippel, •’ƒ…‡ǡƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡™‹–Š HarvardBusinessReview ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ˆ‡‡†„ƒ…‘™Šƒ––Š‡‹” †‡•‹‰‹•‰‘‹‰–‘Ž‘‘Ž‹‡‹–Š‡ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ™‘”Ž†Ǥ™‡ŽŽǦ†‡•‹‰‡†’”‘–‘–›’‹‰–‘‘Ž‹–™‘—Ž†‡ƒ„Ž‡ƒ…‘’ƒ›–‘’‡‡” ‹–‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ…—•–‘‡”’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•Ǥ ˆ…‘’ƒ‹‡•‹••—‡†–‘‘Ž‹–•‹‡š…Šƒ‰‡ˆ‘” ’”‘†—…–†‹•…‘—–•‘”’”‹œ‡•‹’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰…‘–‡•–•ǡ–Š‡›…‘—Ž†Šƒ”˜‡•–…—•–‘‡” ‹‰‡—‹–›‹ƒ•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ǡ‘•–Ž›‘”†‡”Ž›ˆƒ•Š‹‘Ǥ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ•—……‡••ˆ‘”‡™’”‘†—…–•ǡ„‘–Š…‘•—‡”ƒ† ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽǡ•Š‘™–Šƒ–†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ’”‘†—…–ǡ‘Ž›ƒ„‘—–‘‡“—ƒ”–‡”‘ˆ‡™Ž› ‹–”‘†—…‡†’”‘†—…–••—”˜‹˜‡–Š‡‹”‹–”‘†—…–‹‘–‘–Š‡…‘‡”…‹ƒŽƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡ǤʹͶ ‘†ƒ›ǡ‰‘‘†…‘’ƒ‹‡•‡‡’–Š‡‹”ˆ‹‰‡”•–‘–Š‡’—Ž•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”—•‡”•ǯ†‡•‹”‡•—•‹‰ ƒ”‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ„—–‡˜‡’”‡…‹•‡ƒ††‹Ž‹‰‡–ƒ”‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ›‘–‰‹˜‡ …‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒƒ……—”ƒ–‡’‹…–—”‡‘ˆ…‘•—‡”‡‡†•Ǥ‘•–‡™’”‘†—…–•™‹ŽŽˆƒ‹Ž •Š‘”–Ž›ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡›”‡ƒ…Š–Š‡ƒ”‡–‘•–Ž›„‡…ƒ—•‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘ —†‡”•–ƒ†™Šƒ–—•‡”•‡‡†‡†Ǥ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ„—•‹‡••‡•ƒ†ƒ”‡–†‡’ƒ”–‡–• •’‡†ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ–‹‡ƒ†‘‡›ˆ‹‰—”‹‰‘—–Š‘™–‘‰”‘—’–Š‡‹”…—•–‘‡”•‹–‘ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž…—•–‘‡”•‡‰‡–•„—––Š‡›ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›‰—‡••™”‘‰Ǥƒ”‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹• ƒ‰—‡••‹‰‰ƒ‡Ǥ—”˜‡›•ƒ†ˆ‘…—•‰”‘—’•ƒ›ƒ•–Š‡™”‘‰“—‡•–‹‘•‘”‘˜‡”Ž‘‘ …”‹–‹…ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘•ƒŽ–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•–‘…”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡™”‘‰ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǡ‘” ™‘”•‡ǡ–‘ƒ‡–Š‡™”‘‰…‘•–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†’”‘†—…–…‘’”‘‹•‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ•…—––‹‰–Š‡ ™”‘‰ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͷ͹ 

Š›‘–‰‹˜‡…—•–‘‡”•–Š‡‹”‘™•‡–‘ˆ–‘‘Ž•ƒ†ƒ•–Š‡–‘†‡•‹‰–Š‡’”‘†—…– –Š‡›™‘—Ž†’”‡ˆ‡”–‘„—›ǫŠ‹…Šƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š™‘—Ž†–‡ŽŽ›‘—‘”‡ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ–›‘—” …—•–‘‡”•™ƒ–ǫŠ‡…ƒ•—ƒŽ•™ƒ’’‹‰ƒ†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡ˆ‹‡‡–‘ˆ’”‘†—…– †‡•‹‰•„‡–™‡‡…‘•—‡”•ǡ†‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ†ƒ‡”•‘–Š‹‰‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ…‘‘”ˆ‘”ƒŽ …‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ƒ”‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–‡…Š‹“—‡•ǫ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–…‘•—‡”•ƒ”‡„‡––‡” ƒ–†‡•‹‰‹‰’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡’”‘†—…–•Ǥʹͷ ”‘–‘–›’‹‰–‘‘Ž‹–•†‹ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹–Šƒ–”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ•‹‰ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ—•‡”•™Šƒ––Š‡›™ƒ–ǡ–‘‘Ž‹–•ƒŽŽ‘™—•‡”•–‘†‡•‹‰–Š‡’”‘†—…––Š‡› ™‘—Ž†’”‡ˆ‡”Ǥ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡–‘‘Ž‹– x x x

x

‡Ž’•…—•–‘‡”•”—‡š’‡”‹‡–•–Š”‘—‰Š…‘’—–‡”•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†”ƒ’‹† ’”‘–‘–›’‹‰ •‡•†‡•‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–Šƒ–…‘•—‡”•ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š ‘–ƒ‹••–ƒ†ƒ”††‡•‹‰…‘’‘‡–•ƒ†‘†—Ž‡••‘…—•–‘‡”•…ƒ…”‡ƒ–‡ …‘’Ž‡šƒ†‹–‡”‡•–‹‰†‡•‹‰”ƒ’‹†Ž›ƒ†ƒ”‡ˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ–‹‡Ǧ…‘•—‹‰•‡–—’ ƒ†–”‘—„Ž‡•Š‘‘–‹‰’”‘…‡†—”‡• ‘–ƒ‹•†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡…‘’ƒ›ǯ•‹–‡”ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹‘’”‘…‡••‡• •‘—•‡”•…ƒ…”‡ƒ–‡†‡•‹‰•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›’”‘†—…‹„Ž‡Ǥʹ͸

–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆŽ‘‰–ƒ‹Žƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǡ–‘‘Ž‹–•™‘—Ž†‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡•ƒ‹…Š‡ •‡”˜‹…‡•’‡…‹ƒŽ–›ǤƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡•…‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’Žƒ”‰‡”…‘’ƒ‹‡•†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹ –Š‡‹”–‘‘Ž‹–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡…‘•›•–‡Ǥ‡™–›’‡‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘•‡”˜‹…‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡”…‘—Ž†’Žƒ›ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹‰”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡ˆ”‘–Ž‹‡•‘ˆ–‘‘Ž‹–’”‘‰”ƒ•ˆ‘”’”‘†—…– †‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡ…”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ†‹••—‹‰–ƒ”‰‡–‡†–‘‘Ž‹–•„ƒ•‡†‘ ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰…—•–‘‡”•—’’‘”–ǡ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‰‹–ˆ‡‡†„ƒ… ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ƒ†ƒ‹‰•‡•‡‘ˆ—•‡”†‡•‹‰’”‘–‘–›’‡•ƒ†•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•Ǥš’‡”– …‘•—‡”•…‘—Ž†ƒ‡ƒŽ‹˜‹‰ƒ•ˆ”‡‡ǦŽƒ…‡’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰‡”•„›…Šƒ”‰‹‰–Š‡ …”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›’”‘–‘–›’‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡‹…‘†—…–‘”‹†—•–”›Šƒ•„‡‡‰‹˜‹‰‹–•…—•–‘‡”•†‘Ǧ‹–Ǧ›‘—”•‡Žˆ‹–•ˆ‘” ›‡ƒ”••‘…—•–‘‡”•…ƒ†‡•‹‰–Š‡‹”‘™…—•–‘…Š‹’•ǤŠ‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‹†—•–”›Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ƒŽ‘‰Ǧ–‹‡„‡‡ˆ‹…‹ƒ”›‘ˆ˜‘Ž—–‡‡”…‘—‹–‹‡•‘ˆ„‡–ƒ–‡•–‡”•‘ˆ•‘‘Ǧ–‘Ǧ „‡Žƒ—…Š‡†’”‘†—…–•Ǥ‡–ǡ‘•–ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ†’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡”‡Ž—…–ƒ––‘‘ˆˆ‡”–Š‡‹”—•‡”•–‘‘Ž‹–•ǡ‹’ƒ”–ǡ†—‡–‘‹–‡”ƒŽ›‘’‹ƒǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‹ ”‡•’‘•‡–‘Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡…‘…‡”•ƒ„‘—–…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‹’‘•‡†„›ƒ’’Ž›‹‰™‹Ž†ƒ† ™‘‘Ž›—•‡”Ǧ†‡•‹‰‡†‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘–‘”‘—–‹‡…‘’ƒ›’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ ›’‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡŽƒ”‰‡…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ”‡•Ž‘™–‘…Šƒ‰‡‹–‡”ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ’”‘…‡••‡•„—––Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ”‡™ƒ”†•‘ˆ–‘‘Ž‹–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ǡ—•‡”Ž‡††‡•‹‰…‘—Ž†‘—–™‡‹‰Š –Š‡Š‹‰Š…‘•–‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰’”‘†—…–•–Šƒ–‘‘‡™ƒ–•–‘„›Ǥ‘‘Ž‹–•‡ƒ„Ž‡ƒ …‘’ƒ›–‘…‘ŽŽ‡…–ƒ†‹”‡…–’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™Šƒ––Š‡‹”…—•–‘‡”•™ƒ–

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͷͺ 

–Šƒ–ǯ•‘––ƒ‹–‡†„›…Ž—•›ƒ”‡–•‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–‡”ƒŽ…‘’ƒ›’‘Ž‹–‹…•‘” ”‡…‡‹˜‡†™‹•†‘Ǥ

    Š‡Dz•…ƒŽ‡—’ˆ”‘‘‡dzƒ•’‡…–‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰†‡‘…”ƒ–‹œ‡•–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ†”‡–ƒ‹Ž„›Ž‘™‡”‹‰–Š‡„ƒ””‹‡”•–‘‡–”›Ǥƒ—…Š‹‰ƒ‡™’”‘†—…– –‘†ƒ›”‡“—‹”‡•‹–•ƒ‡”–‘•–ƒ”–Žƒ”‰‡ǣ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ”‡ ‘–†‡•‹‰‡†–‘ƒ‡‘Ž›‘‡‹–‡ƒ–ƒ–‹‡Ǥ‘†ƒ›ǯ•™‘—Ž†Ǧ„‡‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•—•– ‹˜‡•–‹ˆƒ…–‘”›ƒ…Š‹‡–‹‡ǡ’”‘…—”‡Žƒ”‰‡ƒ‘—–•‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–‘ƒ‡ƒŽƒ”‰‡ —„‡”‘ˆ’”‘†—…–•–‘–ƒ’‹–‘‡…‘‘‹‡•‘ˆ•…ƒŽ‡ǡƒ†’ƒ›ˆ‘””‡–ƒ‹Ž•Š‡Žˆ•’ƒ…‡Ǥ Š‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‡ˆˆ‡…–‹ƒ›‹†—•–”›‹•ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‡†‹’ƒ”–ǡ„›–Š‡†‡‘…”ƒ–‹œ‹‰‘ˆ–‘‘Ž•‘ˆ ’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•™‹ŽŽŽ‘™‡”–Š‡…‘•–ƒ†”‹•‘ˆ ‹–”‘†—…‹‰ƒ‘˜‡Ž’”‘†—…––‘–Š‡ƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡„›‡ƒ„Ž‹‰•ƒŽŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•–‘ ƒ‡‘‡’”‘†—…–ƒ–ƒ–‹‡‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘…—•–‘‡”†‡ƒ†ǡƒ†•…ƒŽ‡—’’”‘†—…–‹‘ ƒ•–Š‡’”‘†—…–•‡ŽŽ•Ǥ ˆƒƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”…ƒƒ‡ƒ†•‡ŽŽƒ—–‡•–‡†’”‘†—…–‹•ƒŽŽ ˜‘Ž—‡•–‘•‡‡Š‘™–Š‡ƒ”‡–”‡•’‘†•ǡ•Š‡ƒ••—‡•Ž‡••ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ”‹••‹…‡•Š‡ †‘‡•ǯ–Šƒ˜‡–‘‹˜‡•–‹–Š‡ƒ…Š‹‡”›ƒ†Žƒ”‰‡˜‘Ž—‡•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–‘†ƒ›ǯ• ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–•Ǥ …‘’ƒ”‹•‘ǡŽƒ—…Š‹‰ƒ‡™’”‘†—…–‹–‘–Š‡ ƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡‹–‘†ƒ›ǯ•ƒ••ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹•‡š’‡•‹˜‡ƒ†”‹•›•‹…‡‹–ǯ• ‘–’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘•–ƒ”–•ƒŽŽƒ†–‡•––Š‡™ƒ–‡”•‘ˆƒ”‡–†‡ƒ†‹•ƒŽŽ•–‡’•Ǥ —–—”‡‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡š’‡”‹‡–™‹–Š‡™’”‘†—…–•ƒ†‡™„—•‹‡•• ‘†‡Ž•™‹–ŠƒŽ‘•–‘—’ˆ”‘–ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–Ǥ–”‡’”‡‡—”•™‹–Š‹†‡ƒ•ˆ‘” ‡™„—•‹‡••‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘’”‘˜‡–Š‡‹”‹†‡ƒ–‘‹˜‡•–‘”•ǡ‘”‹ˆ–Š‡›ǯ”‡Ž—…›ǡ™‹ŽŽ„‡ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘Šƒ˜‹‰–‘•‡‡‹˜‡•–‘”•‘”–ƒ‡Ž‘ƒ•Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡…ƒ‡‡’–Š‡‹”†ƒ›Œ‘„• ƒ•–Š‡›‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡ƒ”‡–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ‘˜‡Ž’”‘†—…––Š‡›†”‡ƒ‡†—’‹–Š‡‹” ‰ƒ”ƒ‰‡Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹•—„•‹•–‡…‡‡…‘‘‹‡•ƒ†•ƒŽŽ…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ”‡•’ƒ”‡†–Š‡ ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ”‹•‘ˆ‹˜‡•–‹‰‹…‘•–Ž›ƒ…Š‹‡”›ǡ‡š’‡”––‡…Š‹…ƒŽŠ‡Ž’ǡƒ†•Š‡Žˆ•’ƒ…‡ –Š‡›ƒ›‡˜‡”—•‡Ǥ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ–‹‘•ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š‘—–ƒ……‡••–‘…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ™‹ŽŽ„‡ ƒ„Ž‡–‘•–ƒ”–ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ–Ž‘…ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘…‡–‡”•™‹–Š‘—–‡‡†‹‰ —”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›Žƒ”‰‡ƒ‘—–•‘ˆ…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ–‘’ƒ›ˆ‘”‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡–Šƒ–ƒ›‡˜‡”„‡ —•‡†Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͷͻ 

  Ǧ   ǡ   Ǧ     ‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘‹•…Ž‡ƒ‡”ƒ†‘”‡˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‡–Šƒƒ••ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Ǥ‘–‘Ž› …ƒ‘„Œ‡…–•„‡ƒ†‡Ž‘…ƒŽŽ›—•‹‰ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡•…”ƒ’‘”™ƒ•–‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‹–ŠŽ‘…ƒŽǡ‘Ǧ •‹–‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡŽ‘‰Ǧ†‹•–ƒ…‡•Š‹’’‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡…‘’Ž‡–‡†‹–‡‹•‘Ž‘‰‡”‡…‡••ƒ”›Ǥ ”‘†—…–•ƒ†’ƒ”–•…ƒ„‡ƒ†‡ Machinesthatcancreatesparepartsand ‘Ž›™Š‡–Š‡›ǯ”‡‡‡†‡†ǡ•ƒ˜‹‰ usefulproductsinaspacecraftoraplanetary ‘•–‘”ƒ‰‡•’ƒ…‡ƒ†–Š‡…‘•–•‘ˆ surfaceareintegraltosustainingalongǦterm ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰—Ǧ—•‡†‰‘‘†•ƒ† presenceinspace.”” ’”‘†—…–•Ǥ ––NASA,inTechnologyFrontiers:Breakthrough ‹•‡š’Ž‘”‹‰–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ͵ TechnologiesforSpaceExploration ’”‹–‡”•ƒ•ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ–‘‘Žˆ‘” •’ƒ…‡‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‹••‹‘•Ǥ ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡”›‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ•–”‘ƒ—–•–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡˜‹–ƒŽ ’ƒ”–•ƒ†•—’’Ž‹‡•‘†‡ƒ†•‘–Š‡›†‘ǯ–‡‡†–‘™ƒ‹–ˆ‘”…”‹–‹…ƒŽ”‡’Žƒ…‡‡– ’ƒ”–•–‘ƒ””‹˜‡ˆ”‘ƒ”–ŠǤ •’ƒ…‡‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘—–’‘•–„—‹Ž†Ǧ—’ƒ†ƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡ǡ •’ƒ…‡ƒ†™‡‹‰Š–ƒ”‡‹•Š‘”–•—’’Ž›Ǥ”ƒ•’‘”–‹‰Š‡ƒ˜›ƒ…Š‹‡”›„ƒ…ƒ†ˆ‘”–Š ˆ”‘ƒ”–Š‹•‘–ƒ‘’–‹‘Ǥ’ƒ…‡‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‹••‹‘•‡‡†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡•–Šƒ–…ƒ’”‹––Š‡‹”‘™”‡’Žƒ…‡‡–’ƒ”–•ȋ•—…Šƒ•͵’”‹–‡”•Ȍƒ†ƒ”‡ ˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‡‡‘—‰Š–‘—•‡ƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘•‹–‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”™‘” ‡‡†•–‘„‡†‘‡ǡ„—–’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›͵’”‹–‡”•ǡƒ”‡ƒ ’”‘‹•‹‰‡™ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‘•‡Ž‹˜‹‰ƒ––Š‡•—„•‹•–‡…‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆˆ‘ˆ Ž‘…ƒŽŽ›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡”‡•‘—”…‡•ƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ

   ’‡•‘—”…‡Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡‹•ƒ‰”‘™‹‰ ‘˜‡‡–‹–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ …‘—‹–›Ǥ ˆƒ‹˜‡–‘”…Š‘‘•‡•–‘‘’‡ •‘—”…‡Š‡”Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰ǡ•Š‡ƒ‡• ’—„Ž‹…Ž›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡•…Š‡ƒ–‹…•ǡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ‡‡†‡†’ƒ”–•ƒ† •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡ†”ƒ™‹‰•ƒ†Dz„‘ƒ”†dzˆ‹Ž‡•Ȃ ––HalVarian,Dayofthenumbercruncher „ƒ•‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒŽŽ–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ›„‘†›™‘—Ž† ‡‡†–‘‹†‡–‹…ƒŽŽ›”‡Ǧ…”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡’”‘†—…–‘” ‘„Œ‡…–Ǥ…‡ƒ†‡•‹‰„Ž—‡’”‹–‹•‘’‡ •‘—”…‡†ǡƒ…‘’ƒ›‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒŠƒ”†–‹‡–”›‹‰–‘…Žƒ‹’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‘™‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹‰•‹…‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–ˆ‘”–Šƒ–‘„Œ‡…–™‹ŽŽ„‡‰‹–‘

““Backintheearlydaysoftheweb,every documenthadatthebottom““Copyright1997.Do notdistribute.””Noweverydocumenthasatthe bottom““Copyright2007.Clickheretosendto yourfriend””.Sothereisalreadyabigrevolution inhowweviewintellectualproperty.””

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͸Ͳ 

ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹–Š‡ǯ•’”‹‘”ƒ”–•‡ƒ”…Šǡƒ‹‰‹–‹’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ…‘’ƒ›ǡ —‹˜‡”•‹–›‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ–‘…Žƒ‹‘™‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ‘’‡•‘—”…‡††‡•‹‰•Ǥ Š‡‘’‡•‘—”…‡Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡‘˜‡‡–‹•Ž‡†„›ƒ‘Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹–…‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘…ƒŽŽ‡†”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘‘•Š––’ǣȀȀ…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡…‘‘•Ǥ‘”‰Ȁƒ†ƒ™‘”‹‰‰”‘—’ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡŠ‘„„›‹•–•ǡŽƒ™›‡”•ƒ†ƒ…ƒ†‡‹…•Ǥˆˆ‘”–•ƒ”‡—†‡”™ƒ› –‘†”ƒˆ––Š‡ˆ‹”•–Ǧ‡˜‡”‘’‡•‘—”…‡Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡Ž‹…‡•‡–Šƒ–ǯ•‘†‡Ž‡†‘•—……‡••ˆ—Ž ‘’‡•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Ž‹…‡•‡•Ǥʹ͹’‡•‘—”…‡Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡‹•Œ—•–‘‡‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ™ƒ›–Š‡Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰™‹ŽŽ…Šƒ‰‡–Š‡™ƒ›’ƒ–‡–•ƒ†‘–Š‡”‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–›‹•Šƒ†Ž‡†„›‹˜‡–‘”•ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•Ǥ ‘†ƒ›ǡƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘†‡Ž•ˆ‘”’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ”‡‹–Š‡‹”‹ˆƒ…›ǡ ƒ†—…Š‘”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘†‡Ž•‹•‡‡†‡†‹‘”†‡”–‘ˆ‹†–Š‡ ”‹‰Š–„ƒŽƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡‘’‡‡••ƒ†…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ”‘†—…–•ƒ†‘„Œ‡…–• ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•™‹ŽŽ”ƒ‹•‡ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–›‹••—‡••‹…‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘…‘’‘‡–•–Šƒ–…‘—Ž†„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–›ǣ–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•ƒ†–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‘„Œ‡…–Ǥ••‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ †‡•‹‰•’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ›„‘†›™‹–Šƒƒ…Š‹‡…ƒƒ‡ƒ›–Š‹‰ǡ …‘…‡”• –Š”‡ƒ–‡–‘„Ž‘…–Š‡ˆ”‡‡ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ‡™†‡•‹‰‹†‡ƒ•Ǥ—”’ƒ–‡–•›•–‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†„›–Š‡†‡Ž—‰‡‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†™Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ”’‡‘’Ž‡‰‡–ƒŠ‘Ž† ‘ˆ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•Ǥ 



  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͸ͳ 

P ERSONALMANUFACTURINGIN STEM  EDUCATION  ““Studentswilllaunchrockets,constructminiaturewindmills,andgettheirhandsdirty. They’’llhavethechancetobuildandcreate——andmaybedestroyjustalittlebit——tosee thepromiseofbeingthemakersofthings,andnotjusttheconsumersofthings.”” ––PresidentObama,November2009 inaspeechtolaunchtheEducatetoInnovatecampaignandNationalLabDay  ‘•–’ƒ”‡–•ǡ‡†—…ƒ–‘”•ƒ†’‘Ž‹…›ƒ‡”•ƒ‰”‡‡–Šƒ––Š‡ǤǤ‡‡†•–‘‹’”‘˜‡‹–• •…‹‡…‡ƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‡†—…ƒ–‹‘–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡‡š–‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘™‘”ˆ‘”…‡”‡ƒ‹• …‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‹ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽǡŠ‹‰Š–‡…Š ‡…‘‘›Ǥ ƒ”‡…‡–”‡’‘”–ǡ–Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–ǯ•‘—…‹Ž‘ˆ†˜‹•‘”• ‘…‹‡…‡ƒ†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ȋȌ‘ˆˆ‡”‡†ƒ …‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ •…‹‡…‡ǡ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ ƒ†ƒ–ŠȋȌ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘‹ –Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡‹”ˆ‹†‹‰• …‘ˆ‹”‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ǤǤ‹•‘™ƒ–  ”‹•‘ˆˆƒŽŽ‹‰„‡Š‹†‘–Š‡” ƒ–‹‘•‹ˆ‹–ˆƒ‹Ž•–‘‹’”‘˜‡ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡         ǡ   Ǧ  ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›ƒ†Š‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Ž   Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥʹͻ–‡•–•‘ˆ•…‹‡…‡ƒ†    ǡ  ͳ͵   ͳͺ  ƒ–Š’”‘ˆ‹…‹‡…›ǡƒ—„‡”‘ˆ  Ǥ      ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘’ƒ”‹•‘•  ǡ      ‹†‹…ƒ–‡–Šƒ–ǤǤ’—„Ž‹…•…Š‘‘Ž     ǡ 

   ǡ     ǡ  ͵  •–—†‡–•…‘–‹—‡–‘†”‘’Ž‘™‡”   ʹͺǤ       Ǥ  ƒ†Ž‘™‡”‹™‘”Ž†™‹†‡    ”ƒ‹‰•ƒ•–Š‡›’”‘‰”‡••ˆ”‘ Ͷ–Š‰”ƒ†–‘ͳʹ–Š‰”ƒ†‡ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ Žƒ”‰‡‹–‡”‡•–ƒ†ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡–   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͸ʹ 

‰ƒ’‹Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡†ˆ‹‡Ž†•ƒ†…Žƒ••”‘‘•ƒ‘‰ˆ”‹…ƒ‡”‹…ƒ•ǡ‹•’ƒ‹…•ǡ ƒ–‹˜‡‡”‹…ƒ•ƒ†™‘‡Ǥ‘”‡–ŠƒŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡•…‹‡…‡ƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•–—†‡–•‹ǤǤ—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡ˆ”‘‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡ǤǤ͵Ͳ Š‡‡’‘”–…‘…Ž—†‡•–Šƒ–‹‘”†‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡ǤǤ–‘”‡ƒ‹ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”ǡ™‡—•– ‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡ǦͳʹŽ‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ‘•–‘–ƒ„Ž›ǡ–Š‡ ”‡’‘”–Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•–Šƒ–‹ˆ™‡ƒ”‡–‘‘˜‡‘—”•–—†‡–•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹††Ž‡–‘–Š‡ –‘’‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ…‹•…‹‡…‡ǡƒ–Šƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ‘—”’—„Ž‹…•…Š‘‘Ž•—•–‡’Šƒ•‹• •—„Œ‡…–ȗ’”‘ˆ‹…‹‡…›ȗ„—–‡“—ƒŽŽ›ƒ•‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡ—•–’”‘˜‹†‡ȗ‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘Ǥȗ—„‡” ‘ˆ”‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡‡’‘”–†‘˜‡–ƒ‹Ž™‹–Š–Š‡‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ •…ƒŽ‡†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•Ǥ

      ‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‘‘Ž–Šƒ–’—–• •–—†‡–•‹–‘–Š‡†”‹˜‡”ǯ••‡ƒ–‹–Š‡†‡•‹‰ƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰’”‘…‡••ǡƒDz•‘—’–‘—–•dz Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡…‡–Šƒ–”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡•ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„•–”ƒ…–…‘…‡’–••–—†‡–•Ž‡ƒ” ‹…Žƒ••”‘‘•Ǥ‘’—–‡”†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡ…‘„‹‡†™‹–ŠŽ‘™Ǧ…‘•–ǡ•ƒŽŽ•…ƒŽ‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ™Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–‘•…‹‡…‡ƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›…Žƒ••‡•ǡ Š‡Ž’‡†—…ƒ–‘”•…”ƒˆ–’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•–Šƒ–Š‡Ž’†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ƒ„•–”ƒ…–‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ …‘…‡’–•Ǥ›”‡‘˜‹‰ Youngstudentstypicallyhavenothadtheopportunity –Š‡„ƒ””‹‡”•‘ˆ toseetheirconceptsmakethetripfrombeginning •’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†”‡•‘—”…‡• conceptualideatoafinalphysicalform,componentsof ƒ†•‹ŽŽ–Šƒ–…—””‡–Ž› theengineeringdesignprocess.Theadventofpersonal ’”‡˜‡–ƒ›‹†‡ƒ• fabricationcanallowstudentsthisopportunityforthe ˆ”‘„‡‹‰”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†ǡ firsttime,facilitatingtheincorporationof““children’’s ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ engineering””intoKǦ12education. –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‹ŽŽ‡š…‹–‡ ƒ†‡’‘™‡”ƒ‡™ ––GlenBull,ProfessorofEducation,UniversityofVirginia ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹˜‡–‘”•Ǥ ‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•…ƒ–ƒŽ›œ‡‡†—…ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰™ƒ›•Ǥ

PreparestudentsformoreadvancedSTEMconceptsbyteachingbasic, handsǦonskillsǤ–—†‡–•™‘”‹‰™‹–Š’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•—•– Ž‡ƒ”„ƒ•‹…’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰•‹ŽŽ•ƒ†„ƒ•‹…†‡•‹‰…‘…‡’–•Ǥ –Š‡’”‘…‡••ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ ‰ƒ‹ƒ„ƒ•‹…—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆŠ‘™…‘’—–‡”•ƒ†ƒ…Š‹‡•™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ†‰ƒ‹ ‡š’‘•—”‡–‘„ƒ•‹…’Š›•‹…ƒŽ’”‹…‹’Ž‡•Ǥ

Preparestudentstosolveproblemsindependently.‹…‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•…”‡ƒ–‡˜‹•‹„Ž‡ǡ—•ƒ„Ž‡‘„Œ‡…–•ǡ•–—†‡–••‡‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›‹ˆ –Š‡‹”’”‘„Ž‡Ǧ•‘Ž˜‹‰•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ”‡‘–™‘”‹‰‘—–Ǥ‹…‡‡ƒ…Š’”‘„Ž‡‹•—‹“—‡ǡ   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͸͵ 

•–—†‡–•—•––Š‹‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡„‘šƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡–™‹–Š•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•—–‹Ž–Š‡› ˆ‹†–Š‡”‹‰Š–‘‡Ǥ

Preparestudentsfordeeperunderstanding.•‘’’‘•‡†–‘•‘Ž˜‹‰ƒ„•–”ƒ…–ǡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•‹–Š‡…Žƒ••”‘‘ǡ’Š›•‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ‘„Œ‡…–”‡“—‹”‡• •–—†‡–•–‘ƒ’’Ž›–Š‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ…‘…‡’–•–Š‡›ǯ˜‡Ž‡ƒ”‡†•‘ˆƒ”ǡ”‡‹ˆ‘”…‹‰‡š‹•–‹‰ Ž‡••‘•„›’—•Š‹‰•–—†‡–•–‘™ƒ”†•†‡‡’‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰Ǥ‘Ž˜‹‰’”‘„Ž‡• ‹ƒ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‡†‹—•—’’Ž‡‡–•ƒ„•–”ƒ…–Ž‡••‘••–—†‡–•Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘–‡š–„‘‘• ƒ†–Š‡…Žƒ••”‘‘Ǥ

Inspirecreativityindesigningandproblemsolving.‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ”‡Ž‹‡ƒ‹‹Ǧˆƒ…–‘”›‘–Š‡•’‘–ǤŠ‡›’”‘˜‹†‡•–—†‡–•ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž› ƒ–”‹••–—†‡–•™Š‘†‘ǯ–Ž‹‡•…Š‘‘Žǡ–Š‡’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ†‡•‹‰‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘™˜‹•‹‘ƒ†–Š‡–—”‹‰‹–‹–‘ƒ”‡ƒŽǡ—•ƒ„Ž‡‘„Œ‡…–Ǥ

Inspirestudentstoseethevalueofscienceandengineeringintheirown lives.–—†‡–•ǡƒ”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‹”‘™†‡•‹‰ƒ† ’”‘†—…–‹‘–‘‘Ž•ǡ™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›ƒ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ ’”‘„Ž‡‹–Š‡‹”‘™Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ…—•–‘ǡ ˆ—…–‹‘‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘–Š‡›…ƒŠ‘Ž†‹–Š‡‹”Šƒ†Ǥ

Inspireaplayfulanditerativeapproachto problemsolving.ƒ›‰”‡ƒ–•…‹‡–‹•–•‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡



       ͵     Ǥ       ͵        ȋ   ͳͲͲͲ  ȌǤ    ǡ 

–Šƒ–•‘Ž˜‹‰’”‘„Ž‡•‹•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆƒ†—Ž–’Žƒ›ƒ† …—”‹‘•‹–›‹•–Š‡„‡†”‘…‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆ•–—†‡–•ƒ”‡ ‰‹˜‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž–‘‘Ž•–‘–‹‡”™‹–Šǡ–Š‡›‡Œ‘›‡–‡” ‘’‡Ǧ‡†‡†ǡ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘™Š‡–Š‡›…”‡ƒ–‡ „Ž—‡’”‹–•ǡ–‡•–’”‘–‘–›’‡•ǡƒ†‹†‡–‹ˆ›ƒ†…‘””‡…– †‡•‹‰’”‘„Ž‡•ǡƒŽŽ‡›•‹ŽŽ•‹ƒǦ‘”‹‡–‡† …ƒ”‡‡”Ǥ

InspireSTEMstudentandteachersto transcendlowǦlevelfactualrecallinfavorof constructionistlearning.ƒ›•…‹‡…‡…Žƒ••‡•

–‘†ƒ›”‡Ž›‘Ž‘™ǦŽ‡˜‡Žˆƒ…–—ƒŽ”‡…ƒŽŽ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ –‡ƒ…Š‹‰•–—†‡–•–‘•‘Ž˜‡…‘’Ž‡š’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ™‘”‹         ǡ    –‡ƒ•ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ†…‘—‹…ƒ–‡…‘’Ž‡š     Ǥ •…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•’—•Š•–—†‡–•ƒ†–‡ƒ…Š‡”•‹–‘–Š‡”‡ƒŽ ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ǡ™Š‡”‡”‘–‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰—•–„‡•‡–ƒ•‹†‡‹ˆƒ˜‘”‘ˆŠƒ†•Ǧ‘’”‘„Ž‡ •‘Ž˜‹‰ǡ–‡ƒ™‘”ƒ†…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡–Š‹‹‰Ǥ   ǡ   Ǥ   

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͸Ͷ 

InspireecoǦfriendlythinking.‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‘‘Ž•ƒ”‡‹†‡ƒŽˆ‘””‡Ǧ—•‹‰ ™ƒ•–‡ƒ†•…”ƒ’ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ–—†‡–•…ƒ•‡‡ǡˆ‹”•–Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰ —™ƒ–‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹–‘•‘‡–Š‹‰—•ƒ„Ž‡ǡƒ‡›…‘…‡’–ˆ‘”‡š–Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ •…‹‡–‹•–•ǡƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•ǡ†‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ†…‘•—‡”•Ǥ

Inspireteacherstocreateengagingandcreativeteachingaids.‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘†”ƒƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›‡š’ƒ†•–Š‡”‡’‡”–‘‹”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‘••‹„Ž‡…Žƒ••”‘‘–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ –‘‘Ž•–Šƒ––‡ƒ…Š‡”•…ƒ…”‡ƒ–‡Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•†‘‘–”‡“—‹”‡ƒŽ‘‰ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰…—”˜‡–‘ƒ•–‡”ǡ•‘–Š‡›Ž‡†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹…‡Ž›–‘Šƒ†•Ǧ‘…Žƒ••”‘‘ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–’”‹ƒ”›•…Š‘‘Ž–‡ƒ…Š‡”•”‡Ž›‘–‘–”ƒ•‹–…‘’Ž‡š‘™Ž‡†‰‡–‘–Š‡‹” •–—†‡–•Ǥ

InspireteacherstoenjoySTEMeducation.ƒ›’”‹ƒ”›•…Š‘‘Ž–‡ƒ…Š‡”•†‘ ‘–ˆ‡‡Ž…‘ˆ‹†‡–™Š‹Ž‡–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ƒ„•–”ƒ…–…‘…‡’–•ǡ›‡–ƒ”‡‰‹ˆ–‡† …‘—‹…ƒ–‘”•ƒ†–”ƒ•Žƒ–‘”•‘ˆ…‘’Ž‡š•—„Œ‡…–•Ǥ‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž• ‡ƒ„Ž‡–‡ƒ…Š‡”•–‘‘ˆˆ‡”–Š‡‹”•–—†‡–•–ƒ‰‹„Ž‡ǡ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‘„Œ‡…–•–Šƒ–†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ ƒ„•–”ƒ…–ƒ†…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†…‘…‡’–•Ǥ‘ˆ‹†‡–ǡ‡‰ƒ‰‡†–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ƒ”‡ …”‹–‹…ƒŽǤ‡ƒ…Š‡”‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‹•ƒ•–”‘‰’”‡†‹…–‘”‘ˆ•–—†‡–‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǣ–Š‡‘”‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡†–Š‡–‡ƒ…Š‡”‹–‡ƒ…Š‹‰…‘…‡’–•ǡ–Š‡‘”‡‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹…–Š‡•–—†‡–•Ǥ

          ““InaveryrealsensepostǦdigitalliteracynowincludes3Dmachiningandmicrocontroller programming.I'veevenbeentakingmytwins,now6,intouseMIT'sworkshops;theytalk aboutgoingtoMITtomakethingstheythinkofratherthangoingtoatoystoretobuywhat someoneelsehasdesigned.”” ––NeilGershenfeldonpersonalfabrication  ‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ…‘•–”—…–‹‘‹•–ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘–‘ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ‡†‹—‹™Š‹…Šƒ„•–”ƒ…–’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ”‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†‹–‘–Š‡ –ƒ‰‹„Ž‡™‘”Ž†‹ƒ…Žƒ••”‘‘•‡––‹‰Ǥ‘•–”—…–‹‘‹•–Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒ –Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‹•ƒƒ…–‹˜‡’”‘…‡••–Šƒ–™‘”•„‡•–™Š‡•–—†‡–•ƒ”‡‡š’‘•‡†–‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•ǡŠƒ†•‘’”‘Œ‡…–•ƒ†‡˜‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•‘–Š‡›…ƒ†‹•…‘˜‡”ǡˆ‹”•–Šƒ†ǡ —†‡”Ž›‹‰’”‹…‹’Ž‡•ǡ…‘…‡’–•ƒ†ˆƒ…–•Ǥƒ•‡†‘–Š‡™‘”‘ˆ ‡ƒ‹ƒ‰‡–ǡ …‘•–”—…–‹‘‹•–Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–Š‡‘”›˜‹‡™•–Š‡–‡ƒ…Š‡”ƒ•ƒ‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‘”ƒ†‰—‹†‡ ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”•–—†‡–ǯ•˜‘›ƒ‰‡‘ˆ†‹•…‘˜‡”›Ǥ ƒ‹•–”‡ƒƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘ˆ…‘•–”—…–‹‘‹•–Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–Š‡‘”›™ƒ•ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡†„› ‡›‘—”ƒ’‡”–ǡƒ˜‹•‹‘ƒ”› ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆƒ–Šǡ…‘’—–‡”•…‹‡…‡ƒ†‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͸ͷ 

ƒ’‡”–™ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ”Ž›’”‘’‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ…‘’—–‡”•ƒ†—Ž–‹‡†‹ƒƒ• ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‘‘Ž•Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ†•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰–‘‘Ž•†‹†‘– ‡š‹•–™Š‹Ž‡ƒ’‡”–™ƒ•ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‰Š‹•–Š‡‘”‹‡•ǡ›‡–Š‡™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡Ž›‡„”ƒ…‡–Š‡ƒ• ƒ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹…ƒŽ–‘‘ŽǤ–—†‡–•‰‹˜‡ƒ……‡••–‘†‡•‹‰ƒ†ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‘‘Ž•ƒ”‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†ˆ”‘’ƒ••‹˜‡…‘•—‡”•‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–‘ƒ…–‹˜‡’”‘„Ž‡•‘Ž˜‡”•ǡ †‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ†’”‘†—…‡”•ǤŠ‡‰”ƒ–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‡•‹‰‹‰ƒ†ƒ‹‰ƒ”‡ƒŽ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ‘„Œ‡…––Šƒ–•‘Ž˜‡•ƒ’”‘„Ž‡ǡ‘”‹•ƒ™‘”‘ˆƒ”–ǡƒ‡•‹–’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ•–—†‡––‘‘™ ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡…‡–Š‡‡–‹”‡†‡•‹‰…›…Ž‡ˆ”‘…‘…‡’–—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘–‘’Š›•‹…ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡŽ‹‡…‘’—–‡”•ƒ†—Ž–‹‡†‹ƒ–‘‘Ž•ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•…ƒ„‡ ƒ†ƒ’–‡†–‘ƒ„”‘ƒ†”ƒ‰‡‘ˆŽ‡ƒ”‹‰•–›Ž‡•ƒ†–›’‡•‘ˆ’”‘Œ‡…–•Ǥ ‘”˜‹•—ƒŽŽ› ‹’ƒ‹”‡†ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‹’ƒ‹”‡†•–—†‡–•ǡ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•ƒŽŽ‡˜‹ƒ–‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ †‹•’ƒ”‹–‹‡•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‘‘Ž•–Šƒ–”‡Ž›‘˜‹•—ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘”•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰Ǥ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•ˆ‘…—•‡†‘–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ƒ„•–”ƒ…–…‘…‡’–•ˆ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡Žƒ–‡” …‘–‹—‹‰–‘’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–‡•–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡…‘…‡’–ǡƒƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–Šƒ– ‹–”‘†—…‡•Šƒ†•‘Ž‡ƒ”‹‰†‡ƒ†Žƒ•–‹–Š‡’”‘…‡••ǤŠ‹Ž‡ƒ–Š‡‘”›Ǧˆ‹”•–ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ™‘”•™‡ŽŽˆ‘”ƒ›•–—†‡–•ǡ‹–ǯ•‘–’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ˆ‘”•–—†‡–•™Š‘’”‡ˆ‡”–‘Ž‡ƒ” —•‹‰ƒ–”‹ƒŽƒ†‡””‘”ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǡ‘”™Š‘Ž‡ƒ”ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‹”•–ƒ†–Š‡™‘” „ƒ…™ƒ”†•ǡŽƒ–‡”ǡ–‘–Š‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰–Š‡‘”›Ǥ‡†—…ƒ–‘”•”‡…‘‰‹œ‡–Š‹•…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ƒ†‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡••—…Šƒ• ǯ•‹•…‘˜‡”›‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǦͳʹ”‘‰”ƒŠƒ˜‡ƒ†‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ’”‘‰”‡••‹…”‡ƒ–‹‰‹•–”—…–‹‘ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–Šƒ–‹…Ž—†‡•‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆƒ…–‹˜‡’”‘„Ž‡ •‘Ž˜‹‰‹–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥˆ–‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‡˜‡ƒ…–‹˜‡’”‘„Ž‡•‘Ž˜‹‰ ‡š‡”…‹•‡•—•–„‡•‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡ƒ„•–”ƒ…–ǡ‡ƒ‹‰–Š‡–‡•–‹‰ǡˆ‹š‹‰ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡••”‡ƒ‹•—–‡•–‡†ƒ†‹–ƒ‰‹„Ž‡Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡†‡•‹‰…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹•‘ˆ–‡ ”‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‘†ƒ‹Ž›Ž‹ˆ‡‘ˆ–Š‡…Š‹Ž†Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ǡƒ•…‹‡…‡ƒ† ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰’”‘„Ž‡Ǧ•‘Ž˜‹‰‡š‡”…‹•‡–Šƒ–ƒ••‹‰••–—†‡–•–‘†‡˜‹•‡ƒ†‡˜‹…‡–‘ ’”‡˜‡––Š‡‡š– —Žˆ‹Ž•’‹ŽŽƒ›‘–ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘‘–Š‡”™‹•‡‰‹ˆ–‡†•–—†‡–•Ǥ‘‡ƒ› ‘–„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘†”ƒ™–‘•‘Ž˜‹‰ƒ’”‘„Ž‡™Š‘•‡—”‰‡…›‹••‘†‹•–ƒ––‘–Š‡‹”†ƒ‹Ž› Ž‹˜‡•Ǥ–Š‡”•ƒ›ˆ‡‡Ž–Š‡Ž‡••‘‹•‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ–•‹…‡•–—†‡–•‘Ž—–‹‘•™‹ŽŽ‡˜‡”„‡ –‡•–‡†‘”’—––‘—•‡Ǥ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ…‘…‡’–—ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ‡˜‡…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡’”‘„Ž‡•‘Ž˜‹‰ǡ ƒ›‹ƒ†˜‡”–‡–Ž›ƒ…–ƒ•ƒ„ƒ””‹‡”–‘‰‹ˆ–‡†•–—†‡–•™Š‘™‘—Ž†‘–Š‡”™‹•‡„‡ ƒ––”ƒ…–‡†–‘–Š‡”‹…Š‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ™‘”Ž†‘ˆ•…‹‡…‡ƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰Ǥ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ• ‹–•–ƒ†•–‘†ƒ›ǡƒ›’—–‘Ǧ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”‡”•ƒ–”‹•‘ˆ–—”‹‰ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…ƒ”‡‡”‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͸͸ 

Fab@School laboratory Glen Bull from the Curry School of Education at the University of Virginia is developing a pilot program to develop a K-12 STEM curriculum based on Fab@home’’s 3D printing technologies. Glen Bull will head the project which was funded by a grant from the MacArthur Digital Media and Learning Competition. Hod Lipson from Cornell University will provide the technical expertise on the Fab@home 3D printers. The Fab@School laboratory will introduce students to the excitement and power of digital fabrication to learn engineering and other STEM skills by designing and making their own solutions and products. The Fab@School laboratory aims to make digital fabrication practical and scalable in elementary and middle school classrooms. Fab@School will encourage students to experiment, design, and create with an emergent technology that has implications for the workforce of the future. The Fab@School laboratory will adapt the open-source 3D printer, Fab@Home (http://fabathome.org), developed by Lipson and students at Cornell and modify it for school use. The infrastructure that Bull and Lipson aim to develop will include 3D printing hardware, design software and design blueprints of educational materials, an accompanying STEM curriculum, and an online collaborative space where students can interact with one another. As curriculum materials develop, Bull and colleagues will align material with school standards. Activity will take place under the umbrella of a lab called ““The Children’’s Engineering Institute”” managed by Bull. University of Virginia education students will develop a STEM teaching curriculum based on 3D printers as a teaching tool for a pilot group of elementary classrooms. To make learnings from the Fab@School laboratory available to the rest of the world, an online fabrication library will be sponsored by a non-profit educational association (www.aace.org/site) to support a growing global partnership of STEM teachers and students which includes the US, United Kingdom, China, India, and Indonesia.

 

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͸͹ 

–Š‡ǤǤǡ’‹‘‡‡”‹‰‡†—…ƒ–‘”•‹Š‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Ž•ǡ–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ…‘ŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒ† —‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•Šƒ˜‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹–‘–Š‡‹”•…‹‡…‡ƒ† ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰…—””‹…—Ž—•Ǥ‡ƒ†‹‰‡šƒ’Ž‡•‹…Ž—†‡ǣ

StanfordUniversity:’”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ—Ž‘Ž‹•–‡‹–‡ƒ…Š‡•ƒŠƒ†•Ǧ‘…‘—”•‡–‘ ’”‡’ƒ”‡‡†—…ƒ–‹‘•–—†‡–•–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹–‘–Š‡‹” ˆ—–—”‡…Žƒ••”‘‘•Ǥ–—†‡–•—•‡’”‘–‘–›’‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ȋ•—…Šƒ•Žƒ•‡”…—––‡”•ƒ†͵ ’”‹–‡”•Ȍ–‘†‡•‹‰ƒ†…”‡ƒ–‡–‘›•ǡ‰ƒ‡•ƒ† ‘–Š‡”Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–‘‘Ž•ȋDzƒ”–‹ˆƒ…–•dzȌˆ‘”…Š‹Ž†”‡Ǥ –ƒˆ‘”†•–—†‡–•‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ˆ”‘Ž‹•–‡‹ǯ• …Žƒ••‘™‹‰Š‘™–‘—•‡…‘’—–‡”•ƒ† ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‘†‡•‹‰ƒ† …”‡ƒ–‡…Žƒ••”‘‘Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‹–•ƒ†‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –‘‘Ž•Ǥ

MIT:–—†‡–•‹ƒ…‘—”•‡…ƒŽŽ‡†Dz‘™–‘



             Ǥ     ͵   

           ̷  ͵      Ǥ    ʹͲͳͲ      

ƒ‡ȋƒŽ‘•–Ȍƒ›–Š‹‰dzƒ’’Ž›’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‘•‘Ž˜‡”‡ƒŽ™‘”Ž† ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥƒ—‰Š–„›ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡ƒŽ ‡”•Š‡ˆ‡Ž†ǡ •–—†‡–•‹–Š‡…Žƒ••”ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘‡‰‹‡‡”•–‘ ƒ”–‹•–•–‘ƒ”–Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ•Ǥ˜‡”–Š‡…‘—”•‡‘ˆƒ •‡‡•–‡”ǡ•–—†‡–•Ž‡ƒ”–‘—•‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡ ™‘”™‹–Šƒ…‹”…—‹–„‘ƒ”†ǡƒ†—•‡ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ…Š‹‡•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹ƒŽ •‡‡•–‡”’”‘Œ‡…–‹•‡ƒ…Š•–—†‡–•ǯ†‡•‹‰‡†ƒ† ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡†•‘Ž—–‹‘–‘ƒ”‡ƒŽ™‘”Ž†’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ

CornellUniversity:–‘”‡ŽŽǡ–Š‡ ƒ„̷‘‡’”‘Œ‡…–‹•„‘–Š–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆƒ͵ ’”‹–‡”‘†‡Žǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ‘‰‘‹‰‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ‹‡†ƒ–‡†—…ƒ–‘”•Ǥ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† „›”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘†‹’•‘ƒ†’‘•–†‘…–‘”ƒŽ•–—†‡–˜ƒƒŽ‘‡ǡ–Š‡ ƒ„̷Š‘‡͵ ’”‹–‡”‘ˆˆ‡”•‘’‡Ǧ•‘—”…‡††‡•‹‰„Ž—‡’”‹–•ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‹–‡”ǡ•‘ƒ›„‘†›™Š‘‹• ‹–‡”‡•–‡†…ƒ†‘™Ž‘ƒ†–Š‡†‡•‹‰ˆ‹Ž‡•ǡƒ‡–Š‡‹”‘™ ƒ„̷‘‡ǡ‘”‹’”‘˜‡ —’‘‹–•‡š‹•–‹‰†‡•‹‰Ǥ ƒ„̷Š‘‡™‘”•™‹–Šƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‹†Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž›ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰Žƒ›Ǧ‘Šǡ…‘‘‹‡†‘—‰Šǡƒ†…Š‘…‘Žƒ–‡ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•’‘Ž›‡”•ƒ†‡–ƒŽ•Ǥ ‡…Š‹…ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†•—’’‘”–ˆ‘” ƒ„̷Š‘‡‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†„›•–—†‡–•ƒ†‘’‡ •‘—”…‡˜‘Ž—–‡‡”•Ǥ•‡…‘†ƒŒ‘”‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡—†‡”–Š‡ ƒ„̷Š‘‡—„”‡ŽŽƒ‹• ͵†’”‹–ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ‘”‰ǡƒ™‡„•‹–‡‡š…Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘Ǧ…‘•–͵‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•ˆ‘” ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‘‘Ž•ƒ†…Žƒ••”‘‘‘†‡Ž•‹–‡†‡†ˆ‘”—•‡‹Ǧͳʹ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǤǦ ͳʹ•–—†‡–•—’Ž‘ƒ†‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•‘–‘–Š‡•‹–‡ˆ‘”‘„Œ‡…–••—…Šƒ•’”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘†‡Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‡…—Žƒ”•–”—…–—”‡‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”‡Ž‡‡–ǡ‘”–Š‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͸ͺ 

ƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–Š‡”•–—†‡–•„”‘™•‡ƒ††‘™Ž‘ƒ†–Š‡ …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ†‡•‹‰•ƒ†’”‹––Š‡‹”•‡Ž‡…–‡†‘„Œ‡…–‘–Š‡‹”Ž‘…ƒŽ ƒ„̷Š‘‡͵ ’”‹–‡”Ǥ‰”‘™‹‰…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ‘Ž‹‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•ˆ‘”ƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ͵ ’”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‹–‡•ƒ”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–͵’”‹–ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ‘”‰Ǥ

TheUniversityofVirginiaandCornell: …‘Œ—…–‹‘™‹–Š‘”‡ŽŽǡ–Š‡—””› …Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹”‰‹‹ƒ™ƒ•ƒ™ƒ”†‡†ƒ‰”ƒ–ˆ”‘–Š‡ ƒ…”–Š—”‹‰‹–ƒŽ‡†‹ƒƒ†‡ƒ”‹‰‘’‡–‹–‹‘–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ…—””‹…—Ž— „ƒ•‡†‘ ƒ„̷Š‘‡ǯ•͵’”‹–‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ Ž‡—ŽŽǡƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ ‹•–”—…–‹‘ƒŽ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡ ƒ„̷…Š‘‘Ž‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ—ŽŽǯ•‰‘ƒŽ™ƒ•–‘–‡ƒ…Š ˆ—–—”‡‡†—…ƒ–‘”•–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡͵’”‹–‡”•‹–‘–Š‡‹”‹•–”—…–‹‘ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–‘ Š‡Ž’–Š‡‡š’Žƒ‹ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽƒ†•…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…’”‹…‹’Ž‡•—•‡†‹‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰Ǥ —””‹…—Ž—†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡’Žƒ…‡—†‡”–Š‡—„”‡ŽŽƒ‘ˆƒŽƒ„…ƒŽŽ‡†DzŠ‡ Š‹Ž†”‡ǯ•‰‹‡‡”‹‰ •–‹–—–‡dzƒƒ‰‡†„›—ŽŽǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹”‰‹‹ƒ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ •–—†‡–•™‹ŽŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡ ƒ„̷•…Š‘‘Ž –‡ƒ…Š‹‰…—””‹…—Ž—ˆ‘”ƒ’‹Ž‘–‰”‘—’‘ˆ ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›…Žƒ••”‘‘•Ǥ––Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›—‹–‹ǡƒ”‡ƒ–‘”ǡ‹”‡…–‘” ‘ˆ–Š‡ǤǤˆˆ‹…‡ˆ‘”†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› †‡•…”‹„‡†–Š‡ ƒ„̷…Š‘‘Ž‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ•Dzˆƒ–ƒ•–‹…Ǥdz

LorainCountyCommunityCollege(LCCC)ǣ ‹•ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹‰’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ‡†—…ƒ–‘”ǤŠ‡‹” ƒ„ƒ„‹•‘’‡–‘•–—†‡–•ƒ† –Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹…Ǥ–—†‡–•…ƒ–ƒ‡ƒ‘‡Ǧ…”‡†‹– …‘—”•‡‘ –”‘†—…–‹‘–‘‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘‘” …ƒ‡”‘ŽŽ‹ƒ‘Ǧ…”‡†‹–™‘”•Š‘’ǤŠ‡ ƒ„ƒ„ Šƒ•’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡˜‹›Ž…—––‡”ǡ–ƒ„Ž‡Ǧ–‘’‹ŽŽ‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡ƒ†ƒŽƒ•‡”…—––‡”–Šƒ–…ƒ‡‰”ƒ˜‡–‡š–ǡ ‰”ƒ’Š‹…•ǡƒ†’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•‘–‘ƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ȋ™‘‘†ǡƒ…”›Ž‹…ǡƒ”„Ž‡ǡƒ–„‘ƒ”†ǡ Ž‡ƒ–Š‡”ǡ‰Žƒ••ǡƒ†‘”‡ȌǤ

DefenseAdvancedResearchProjects Agency(DARPA):Žƒ—…Š‡†ƒ



          

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ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰š’‡”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†—–”‡ƒ…Š ȋȌ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡–‘†‡’Ž‘›†‹‰‹–ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‡“—‹’‡–ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰͵’”‹–‡”•ǡ‹’—„Ž‹…Š‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Ž•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡…‘—–”›ǤŠ‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Ž•–—†‡–•™‹ŽŽ…‘’‡–‡ƒ•–‡ƒ•–‘†‡•‹‰ƒ†„—‹Ž† …›„‡”Ǧ‡Ž‡…–”‘Ǧ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ•›•–‡•—•‹‰’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•ǤŠ‡•‡ •–—†‡–•™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ”–Š‡‹–”‘†—…–‘”›…‘…‡’–•–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ‡‡†–‘•‘‡†ƒ›„—‹Ž†

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͸ͻ 

•‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†”‘„‘–•ƒ†•ƒŽŽ—ƒ‡†ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ǤŠ‡’”‘‰”ƒ‹•‹–‡†‡†–‘ ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡•–—†‡–•–‘•–—†›•—„Œ‡…–•‹…‘ŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ™‹ŽŽ‡š’ƒ†–Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ–‘‘˜‡”ͳͲͲͲŠ‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Ž•‘˜‡”–Š‡‡š––Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

UniversityofWashington:Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǯ•’‡͵ȋ’‡͵ ’”‹–‹‰Ȍ’”‘Œ‡…–‹•ƒ™‡„•‹–‡Š‘•–‡†„›–Š‡‘ŽŠ‡‹ƒ’‹†”‘–‘–›’‹‰ƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›‹ –Š‡‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ‰‹‡‡”‹‰‡’ƒ”–‡–Ǥ –•’—”’‘•‡‹•–‘†‹••‡‹ƒ–‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†ˆ‘•–‡”ƒ…‘—‹–›‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹ƒ‘’‡•Šƒ”‹‰‘ˆ͵’”‹–‹‰ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‘ŽŠ‡‹ƒ„‹•†‹”‡…–‡†„›ƒ” ƒ–‡”ƒ†—ƒ‡–‘”–‹Ǥ  

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͹Ͳ 

Fab Labs It would be impossible to describe the past and future of personal manufacturing technologies without mentioning the pioneering work of Neal Gershenfeld at MIT’’s Center for Bits and Atoms. Gershenfeld is the vision behind the creation of Fab Labs, personal fabrication centers around the world that provide people in low-income neighborhoods and developing countries with personal fabrication machines that were once only available to industrial manufacturers. There are now 40 Fab Labs in almost every continent including Afghanistan, Kenya, Norway, Peru and the United States. Fab Labs typically have some kind of combination of personal fabrication technologies such as laser cutters, 3D printers, circuit makers. Fab Labs share core capabilities, so that people and projects can be shared across them. This currently includes: - A computer-controlled lasercutter, for press-fit assembly of 3D structures from 2D parts - A larger (4'x8') numerically-controlled milling machine, for making furniture- (and house-) sized parts - A signcutter, to produce printing masks, flexible circuits, and antennas - A precision (micron resolution) milling machine to make three-dimensional molds and surfacemount circuit boards - Programming tools for low-cost high-speed embedded processors In Fab Labs, local users download electronic blueprints or design their own objects to fabricate complex and everyday objects they need in their daily lives. In India, school children fabricated timing devices to improve the performance of diesel engines and sensing devices to test for spoiled milk. In Norway, reindeer herders manufactured special tracking devices to attach to reindeer collars that would make them easier to locate after the long winter. Projects being developed and produced in fab labs include solar and wind-powered turbines, thin-client computers and wireless data networks, analytical instrumentation for agriculture and healthcare, custom housing, and rapid-prototyping of rapid-prototyping machines. In the future, Gershenfeld’’s envisions people in developing nations downloading electronic blueprints to make things they need such as active electronics, bicycles, chemical sensors, radios, robots, and maybe someday prosthetic limbs. Students in the Fab Lab at the Loraine County Community College in Ohio manufactured a boat that works well enough to hold a person afloat.

Photo taken at the 2010 Fab Lab Conference in Amsterdam.

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͹ͳ 



             ““Technologyhasbeenthe““nextbigthing””ineducationforthepast50years–– first  withtelevision,videotapes,computers,theinternet,andmobilephones.Countless ‘ conferences,books,nationalplans,andinternationalinitiativeshavepromised ™ betterstudentperformance,motivatingcourses,betterteachertraining,lowercosts,  ormoreequity.Whyhasn’’ttechnologyineducationliveduptoitshype?”” † ––StanfordprofessorPauloBlikstein ‘  ˆ‡†—…ƒ–‘”•‹–‡†–‘‹‡–Š‡’”‘‹•‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†„›‡‡”‰‹‰’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ•ƒ–‡ƒ…Š‹‰–‘‘Žǡ–Š‡›‡‡†–‘ƒ…–‹˜‡Ž›‡•—”‡–Šƒ–’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•†‘ǯ–ˆƒŽŽ’”‡›–‘–Š‡•ƒ‡„—”‡ƒ—…”ƒ–‹…–”ƒ’•–Šƒ–•–‹ŽŽ•–›‹‡ –Š‡—•‡‘ˆ…‘’—–‡”•‹’—„Ž‹…Ǧͳʹ•…Š‘‘Ž•ǤŠ‡„‡•–™ƒ›–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ–’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•”‡ƒ…Š–Š‡‹”ˆ—ŽŽ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹–Š‡…Žƒ••”‘‘ƒ•ƒ–‘‘Ž–‘ ’”‘‘–‡‡†—…ƒ–‹‘‹•–‘Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‡••‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘’—–‡”Ǥ …Š‘‘Ž•ƒ†’‘Ž‹…›ƒ‡”•—•–…‘‹––‘’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ˆ—†‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ…Š‹‡ Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡ǡ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡ…—””‹…—Ž—†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†–‡ƒ…Š‡”–”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ ˜‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ…‘—–Ž‡••”‡’‘”–•ƒ†’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†”‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•–‘ ‘˜‡”…‘‡–Š‡‘„•–ƒ…Ž‡•–Šƒ–Ž‹‹––Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ…‘’—–‡”Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‹•–”—…–‹‘ƒŽ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘’—–‡”Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‹•–”—…–‹‘Šƒ•ˆƒŽ–‡”‡†‹ǤǤ’—„Ž‹… •…Š‘‘Ž•ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ x

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ƒ›•…Š‘‘Ž••–‹ŽŽŽƒ…Š‹‰Š•’‡‡† –‡”‡–ƒ……‡••ƒ†…ƒƒˆˆ‘”†‘Ž›ƒˆ‡™ …‘’—–‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡Ž‘…‡†ƒ™ƒ›‹ƒDz…‘’—–‡”Žƒ„Ǣdz‘ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ’—„Ž‹… •…Š‘‘Ž••’‡†‘Ž›ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ̈́ͳͲ’‡”•–—†‡–‘…‘’—–‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›͵ͳǤ ‹–Š–Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰‡’Šƒ•‹•‘ƒ••‡••‡–ǡ‡’Šƒ•‹•‘…‘’—–‡”ǦŽ‹–‡”ƒ…› Šƒ•„‡‡•‹†‡Ž‹‡†ƒ•–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ƒ”‡—†‡”–”‡‡†‘—•’”‡••—”‡–‘†”‹ŽŽ •–—†‡–•‘”‡ƒ†‹‰ǡƒ–Šƒ†‘–Š‡”„ƒ•‹…•‹ŽŽ•Ǥ‘’—–‡”Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‹•–”—…–‹‘ǡ ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•„ƒ•‹……‘’—–‡”•‹ŽŽ•ǡŠƒ˜‡„‡…‘‡ƒŽ—š—”›–Šƒ–ƒ›•–—†‡–•ǡ –‡ƒ…Š‡”•ƒ†•…Š‘‘Ž•†‘ǯ–Šƒ˜‡–Š‡–‹‡‘”•—’’‘”––‘ƒˆˆ‘”†Ǥ x ‡ƒ…Š‡”•™Š‘…ƒ‘–ƒˆˆ‘”†–‘‘™ƒ…‘’—–‡” ‹–Š‡‹”‘™Š‘‡•™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡’”‘ˆ‹…‹‡–—•‡”•‘ˆ …‘’—–‡”•‹–Š‡‹”•…Š‘‘ŽǤ–‹Ž–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ƒ”‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡–”ƒ‹‹‰‘”ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡–Š‡‹”‘™Š‘‡ …‘’—–‡”ǡ–Š‡›™‘ǯ–ˆ‡‡Ž…‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡‡„”ƒ…‹‰ …‘’—–‡”Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‹•–”—…–‹‘‹–Š‡‹”…Žƒ••”‘‘•Ǥ



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Š‡•‡‹•‹‰Š–•ƒ†•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘ ‡‡”‰‹‰’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ‘‡•—”‡ –Šƒ–’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡ˆƒ–‡‘ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘’—–‡”•‹‘—”’—„Ž‹…•…Š‘‘Ž•›•–‡ǡ–Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‹˜‡ˆ”‘–•‡‡†–‘„‡•—……‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ††”‡••‡†Ǥ ȋ‘”‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†”‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‘—–Ž‹‡†‹–Š‡ ‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘••‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”ǤȌ

H ARDWARE 

‹–Š‘—–ƒ•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡–—„‡”‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡•’‡”•…Š‘‘Žǡ•–—†‡–•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–‘™ƒ‹––‘‘Ž‘‰ –‘—•‡–Š‡ƒ†„‘–Š•–—†‡–•ƒ†–‡ƒ…Š‡”•™‹ŽŽ“—‹…Ž› Ž‘•‡‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ –™‘ǯ–„‡‡ƒ•›‘”‹‡š’‡•‹˜‡–‘‡“—‹’’—„Ž‹…•…Š‘‘Ž•™‹–Šƒ•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡– —„‡”‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•ǤŠ‡ǤǤ’—„Ž‹…•…Š‘‘Ž•›•–‡‹•˜ƒ•–ǡ™‹–Š ƒ„‘—–͵Ǥʹ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ǧͳʹ–‡ƒ…Š‡”•‹ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆͻͺǡͲͲͲ•…Š‘‘Ž•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‘”•ƒ”‡ƒ‡‡”‰‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–Š‡‹”Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡…Šƒ‰‡•”ƒ’‹†Ž›ǡƒ‹‰‹– †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–ˆ‘”•…Š‘‘Ž•›•–‡•–‘‡‡’—’™‹–Š”ƒ’‹†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ —””‡–Ž›ǡƒ‡–”›Ž‡˜‡Ž͵’”‹–‡”…‘•–•ƒ„‘—–̈́ͳͲͲͲ’‡”ƒ…Š‹‡ǡƒ†Žƒ•‡”…—––‡”• ƒ†‹ŽŽ•…‘•–ƒˆ‡™–Š‘—•ƒ†ƒ’‹‡…‡ǤŽ‡ƒ”Ž›ǡˆ‘”Ž‡••ƒˆˆŽ—‡–•…Š‘‘Ž†‹•–”‹…–•ǡ ”‡’Žƒ…‹‰ƒ†‘œ‡‘”–™‘’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‡˜‡”›ʹǦ͵›‡ƒ”•‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘ „‡‘—–‘ˆ”‡ƒ…Šˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽŽ›Ǥ

͵   Ǥ   

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͹͵ 

S OFTWARE  Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–†‡•‹‰•ƒ”‡ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›–Š‡‡ƒ•‹‡•–ˆƒ…–‘”–‘•—……‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ††”‡••Ǥ Šƒ•–‘–Š‡‰”‘™‹‰—„‡”‘ˆˆ”‡‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•‘•‹–‡••—…Šƒ• ͵†’”‹–ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ‘”‰ƒ†–Š‹‰‹˜‡”•‡ƒ†‘–Š‡”•ǡ–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ƒ†•–—†‡–•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡‘ ’”‘„Ž‡ˆ‹†‹‰‹–‡”‡•–‹‰†‡•‹‰•–‘ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡Ǥ‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡ ‡š…‡’–‹‘‘ˆ ‘‘‰Ž‡‡–…Š—’ƒ†Šƒ’‡™ƒ›•ǡ•–‹ŽŽ…‘•–•‘‡›ǤŠ‡…‘•–‘ˆ†‡•‹‰ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡•Š‘—Ž†…‘–‹—‡–‘†”‘’Ǥ–Ž‡ƒ•––™‘…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡’‘”– ™”‹–‹‰ǡŠ‹‘ƒ†‹Ž‘ǡ‘ˆˆ‡”‡–”›ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ…ƒ‰‡•ˆ‘”ƒ„‘—–̈́ͳͲͲǤ

C OURSEWAREANDCURRICULUM  –‡‰”ƒ–‡†ǡ‘†—Žƒ”ƒ†”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–…‘—”•‡™ƒ”‡ƒ†…—””‹…—Ž—™‹ŽŽ‡‡”‰‡ƒ•’‡”Šƒ’• –Š‡„‹‰‰‡•–‘‰‘‹‰…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹ˆ•…Š‘‘Ž•ƒ”‡–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹–‘–Š‡‹”…‘—”•‡•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ‹•–”—…–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡’ƒ…ƒ‰‡•–Šƒ– –‡ƒ…Š•–—†‡–•–‘™‘”™‹–Š’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡‘’‡”ƒ„Ž‡‘ „‘–Š‹†‘™•ƒ†ƒ…‹–‘•Š…‘’—–‡”•Ǥ‡…‘†ǡ…‘—”•‡™ƒ”‡—•–„‡‘†—Žƒ”•‘ –‡ƒ…Š‡”•…ƒ”‡Ǧƒ””ƒ‰‡‹•–”—…–‹‘ƒŽ–‘‘Ž•–‘•—‹––Š‡‹”‘™Ž‡••‘’Žƒ•ƒ†•–›Ž‡‘ˆ –‡ƒ…Š‹‰Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ…‘—”•‡™ƒ”‡–Šƒ–ƒ††”‡••‡•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ—…–‹‘•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‡‡’•–”ƒ… •–—†‡–ǯ•’”‘‰”‡••–Š”—‡š‡”…‹•‡•‘”–‡•–•ǡ‰‹˜‡•–Š‡•–—†‡–ˆ‡‡†„ƒ…‘–Š‡‹” ’”‘’‘•‡††‡•‹‰ǡ‡–…ǤȌ—•–™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š…‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›…‘—”•‡™ƒ”‡ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡”˜‡†‘”•Ǥ –ǯ•…”‹–‹…ƒŽ–Šƒ–•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡˜‡†‘”•ƒ”‡‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡†–‘—•‡…‘‘ –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†•–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡‹”•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ†ƒ…Š‹‡•–‘™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š–Šƒ– ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”…‘’ƒ‹‡•Ǥ

T EACHER T RAINING  ‹–Š‘—–’”‡’ƒ”‡†ƒ†‡‰ƒ‰‡†–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ǡ–Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡‘‡‰ƒ‰‡†•–—†‡–•Ǥ‡ƒ…Š‡”• ƒ”‡ƒ…”‹–‹…ƒŽˆƒ…–‘”‹‹–”‘†—…‹‰’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‘ •–—†‡–•ǤŽŽǦͳʹ–‡ƒ…Š‡”••Š‘—Ž†„‡…‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡„ƒ•‹…•ƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ –Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••ǣˆ‹†‹‰ƒ††‘™Ž‘ƒ†‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰ „Ž—‡’”‹–•ǡ†‘‹‰‹‘”…—•–‘‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰•ǡƒ†•‡––‹‰—’–Š‡ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ…Š‹‡ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‡š–‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‡†—…ƒ–‘”•ǡ…‘ŽŽ‡‰‡•–—†‡–•ǡ •Š‘—Ž†•–—†›’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹—‹˜‡”•‹–›…‘—•‡™‘”ˆ‘”‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ƒŒ‘”•Ǥ‡ƒ…Š‡”•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹–Š‡™‘”ˆ‘”…‡•Š‘—Ž†ƒ––‡†ƒ͵Ǧ†ƒ›ǡ’ƒ‹†ƒ—ƒŽ ‹–‡•‹˜‡•—‡”™‘”•Š‘’Ǥ”ƒ…–‹…‹‰–‡ƒ…Š‡”•†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡–‹‡–‘–‹‡”™‹–Š‡™ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘–Š‡‹”‘™‘”–‘ƒ––‡†ƒˆ–‡”Ǧ™‘”ǡ—’ƒ‹†‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ™‘”•Š‘’•Ǥ

S TUDENTSUPPORT  ‘•–•…Š‘‘Ž†‹•–”‹…–•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Šƒ˜‡•—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›’”‘‰”ƒ•‹’Žƒ…‡ˆ‘” •–—†‡–•Ǥ…Š‘‘Ž†‹•–”‹…–••Š‘—Ž†ƒ††ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘…‘’‘‡––‘–Š‡‹”   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͹Ͷ 

‡š‹•–‹‰ƒˆ–‡”•…Š‘‘Žƒ†™‡‡‡†’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Ž••Š‘—Ž†‘ˆˆ‡”–Š‡‹” •–—†‡–•…‘—”•‡…”‡†‹–‹ˆ–Š‡›–ƒ‡…‘—”•‡•–‘ƒ•–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ† †‡•‹‰–‘‘Ž•ƒ––Š‡‹”‡ƒ”„›…‘—‹–›…‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘”—‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͹ͷ 

B ARRIERSANDCHALLENGES :  W HATSTANDS INOURWAY ? ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡‹”‰”‡ƒ–’”‘‹•‡ǡƒ—„‡”‘ˆ„ƒ””‹‡”••–ƒ†‹–Š‡™ƒ›‘ˆƒ‹•–”‡ƒ ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–Šƒ–…‘—Ž††‹•…‘—”ƒ‰‡™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† Š‘‡ǡ•…Š‘‘Žƒ†„—•‹‡••—•‡ǤŠ‹••‡…–‹‘„”‹‡ˆŽ›†‡•…”‹„‡•…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–Šƒ–‡‡†–‘ „‡ƒ††”‡••‡†ǡ•—…Šƒ••ƒˆ‡–›…‘…‡”•ǡ’ƒ”–•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†˜‡”•‹‘…‘–”‘Ž …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›‹••—‡•ƒ†…”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›…‘–”‘Ž•Ǥ

  Dz  

dz   ‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ”‡’‘‹•‡†–‘‡–‡”–Š‡ƒ‹•–”‡ƒǡ›‡–ƒ”‡•–›‹‡† „›ƒDz…Š‹…‡ƒ†‡‰‰dz’ƒ”ƒ†‘šǤŠ‡…Š‹…‡ƒ†‡‰‰’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹••‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž› †ƒ›•‘ˆ…‘’—–‹‰™Š‡’‹‘‡‡”•ƒ†Š‘„„›‹•–•…”‡ƒ–‡†–Š‡‹”‘™•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†…‘—Ž†‘Ž›‡š…Šƒ‰‡‡ƒ‹Ž™‹–Š‘–Š‡”Š‘„„›‹•–•Ǥ‹‰Š–‘™ǡ‘•– …‘•—‡”•ǡ•…Š‘‘Ž•ƒ†„—•‹‡••‡•†‘‘–‘™’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡ ƒ†’‡”Šƒ’•ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡƒ”‡‘–ƒ„Ž‡–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹–‘–Š‡‹”†ƒ‹Ž›Ž‹˜‡•Ǥ—‡–‘ Ž‘™ƒ”‡–†‡ƒ†ǡ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡…‘’ƒ‹‡•Šƒ˜‡‘–›‡–‹˜‡•–‡†Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›‹–Š‡ …‘•—‡”Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡†’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ”‡–ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š‘Ž‹‡”‡’‘•‹–‘”‹‡•‘ˆ ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•…‘–‹—‡–‘—Ž–‹’Ž›‹•‹œ‡ǡˆ‡™†‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ”‡›‡–ƒ‹‰ƒ Ž‹˜‹‰‘ˆˆ‘ˆ•‡ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡‹”†‡•‹‰•Ǥ‹–Š‘—–ƒŽƒ”‰‡‡‘—‰Šƒ”‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”…—•–‘Ǧ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•ǡˆ‡™•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•‡ƒ”‡‘—‰Šˆ”‘’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•–‘ƒ––”ƒ…––Š‡ƒ––‡–‹‘‘ˆ‹˜‡•–‘”•Ǥ Š‡•–ƒ†Ǧ‘ˆˆ…‘–‹—‡•ƒ••–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‡›‡‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒ†™ƒ‹–ˆ‘”•‘‡„‘†›–‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‡‹–Š‡”Ž‘™…‘•–…‘•—‡”†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡŽ‘…ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•ǡ …Š‡ƒ’‡”ƒ†„‡––‡”ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ†•‘‘ǡŠ‡…‡–Š‡…Š‹…‡ƒ†‡‰‰’ƒ”ƒ†‘šǤŠ‡ …Š‹…‡ƒ†‡‰‰’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹•‘–‹•—”‘—–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ”‘‹•‹‰•‹‰••—…Šƒ•ƒ”‡…‡–̈́ͷ ‹ŽŽ‹‘†‘ŽŽƒ”‹˜‡•–‡–‹Šƒ’‡™ƒ›•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘‘ˆ͵’”‹–‡” ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”‹–• ”‘›–‡•‹†‹…ƒ–‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”‡–ˆ‘”…‘•—‡”Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹•‰”‘™‹‰Ǥ

     –Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›†ƒ›•‘ˆ–Š‡ǤǤ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡˆƒ…–‘”›™‘”‡”•™‡”‡”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž› ƒ……‹†‡–ƒŽŽ›‹Œ—”‡†‘”‹ŽŽ‡†„›†ƒ‰‡”‘—•ƒ…Š‹‡”›ƒ†–‘š‹…ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†•™‡ƒ–•Š‘’•™‡”‡–Š‡‘”—–‹ŽŽƒ„‘”—‹‘•ˆ‘”…‡†–Š‡’ƒ••ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”…‡†…‘’ƒ‹‡•–‘ƒ†‘’–ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒˆ‡–›•–ƒ†ƒ”†•   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͹͸ 

ƒ†„ƒ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–™ƒ”™‘”‡”•ƒ„‘—–Šƒœƒ”†‘—•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤŽ‹‡‘–Š‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘’—–‡”‘”…‡ŽŽ’Š‘‡ǡƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ…Š‹‡…ƒ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽŽ›Šƒ”‹–•—•‡”•‹…‡‹–•—•‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›Šƒœƒ”†‘—•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ† •Šƒ”’’ƒ”–•‘”Žƒ•‡”•Ǥ



ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘Šƒœƒ”†‘—•’”‘†—…–‹‘‡˜‹”‘‡–•ǡ‘…‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ”’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡•‰ƒ‹ƒ……‡••–‘–Š‡‹”‘™ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ƒ‡ƒ›‘„Œ‡…––Š‡›†‡•‹”‡ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰‘„Œ‡…––Šƒ–ƒ”‡ †ƒ‰‡”‘—•ǡ…‘—–‡”ˆ‡‹–‡†‘”•Š‘††›Ǥ‘‘”Ž›ƒ†‡‘” ‹ƒ……—”ƒ–‡ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•’‘•‡ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•ƒˆ‡–›”‹•ˆ‘” –Š‡‹”„—›‡”•Ǥ ƒ—Ž–›ǡŽ‘™“—ƒŽ‹–›‡†‹…ƒŽ‡“—‹’‡–‘”–‘š‹… –‘›•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ”‹•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ›•‹ŽŽ‡††‡•‹‰‡”• ƒ†–‹‡”‡”•™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž™‡ƒ’‘”›‘…‡ –Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ……‡••–‘–‘‘Ž•–Šƒ–—•‡†–‘„‡Ž‹‹–‡†–‘…ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› •‡Ž‡…–‡†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•Ǥ…‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹… „Ž—‡’”‹–†‡•‹‰•ˆ‘”Šƒ†‰”‡ƒ†‡•ƒ†‰—•ƒ”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡ ‹–™‘ǯ–„‡Ž‘‰—–‹Ž‡–‡”’”‹•‹‰—•‡”•‘”–‡””‘”‹•–••–ƒ”––‘ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡–Š‡‹”‘™Ǥ

‹ƒŽŽ›ǡŽ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹••—‡•‡‡†–‘„‡ƒ††”‡••‡†Ǥ ˆƒ’‡”•‘ ƒ‡•ƒ†‰‹˜‡•Š‡”ˆ”‹‡†ƒ…—•–‘Ǧ†‡•‹‰‡†‘„Œ‡…––Šƒ– Žƒ–‡”Šƒ”••‘‡‘‡ǡ™Š‘‹•Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ǫŠ‡†‡•‹‰‡”‘ˆ–Š‡    ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•ǫŠ‡’‡”•‘™Š‘ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›    ǫ    ̵   ǫ  ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–ǫŠ‡…‘’ƒ›–Šƒ–ƒ†‡ƒ†•‘Ž†     –Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ…Š‹‡ǫ”™Š‘‡˜‡”’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š‡   ͵ʹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–ǫ‹…‡–Š‡’Žƒ›‡”•‹–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘‡…‘•›•–‡–‡†–‘„‡ƒ†‡…‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†™‡„‘ˆ Ž‘‘•‡Ž›…‘‡…–‡†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†•ƒŽŽ…‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡ‹–ǯ•†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž––‘’‹†‘™™Š‘ǯ• ƒ……‘—–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ•Š‘††›‘”Šƒ”ˆ—Ž’”‘†—…–Ǥ ͵      ǡ    Ǥ   

  Ǧ    ‹‡ƒ›‡ƒ”Ž›Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ‹…‡’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ…Š‹‡•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ„”‘ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–‘‘Ž‹‰ǡ‹–ǯ•‹’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘†‘Œ—•–‹…‡Š‡”‡–‘–Š‡›”‹ƒ† –‡…Š‹…ƒŽŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•’‡…—Ž‹ƒ”–‘‡ƒ…Šƒ…Š‹‡Ǥƒ•‡”…—––‡”•ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡•• ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•‹œ‡ǡŠƒ˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‡…Š‹…ƒŽ•Š‘”–…‘‹‰•–Šƒǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ͵’”‹–‡”•Ǥ ‡…Š‹…ƒŽ…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡••Šƒ”‡†„›ƒŽŽ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ”‡Ž‹•–‡†„‡Ž‘™Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͹͹ 

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‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…–‘”›…‘—–‡”’ƒ”–•ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡• –ƒ‡—…ŠŽ‘‰‡”–‘’”‘†—…‡ƒ‹†‡–‹…ƒŽ‘„Œ‡…–Ǥ  Š‘„„›‹•–‹–•ƒ”‡–Š‡’”‡†‘‹ƒ–•‘—”…‡ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡–‘’”‘…—”‡’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ •…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•–‘†ƒ›Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡”‡ǯ•ƒ••‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ƒ‘—–‘ˆ —†‘…—‡–‡†˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ…Š‹‡•™Š‹…Šƒ‡•˜‡”•‹‘…‘–”‘Žƒ† •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œƒ–‹‘†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–ǡ‡˜‡‹‘†‡Ž•’—”…Šƒ•‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒ‡…‘’ƒ›Ǥ ƒ…–‘”‹‡•‡Œ‘›‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ǡ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•—’’Ž›…Šƒ‹•–Šƒ–„”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”‡‡†‡†”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•™‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ……‡••–‘–Š‡•ƒ‡‡–™‘”•ǡ ‘”™‘—Ž†–Š‡›’—”…Šƒ•‡‡‘—‰Šƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–‘‡Œ‘›‡…‘‘‹‡•‘ˆ•…ƒŽ‡Ǥ ƒ…–‘”›ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ”‡”—„›•‹ŽŽ‡†ƒ†…‡”–‹ˆ‹‡†‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ›Š‘„„›‹•–•ƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ†‘’–‡”•Žƒ…–Š‡–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰”‡“—‹”‡† –‘†‘Š‹‰ŠǦŽ‡˜‡Ž–”‘—„Ž‡•Š‘‘–‹‰‘””‡’ƒ‹”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘™ƒ…Š‹‡•Ǥ

    Therearethreekeyfactorsforinnovation:Commontechnicalstandards, collaboration,andcustomization.First,itiscriticalthattherebestandardwaysfor exchangingtechnicalinformationbetweenmembersofeacheconomicsystemand acrosseconomicsystems.Second,moreopencollaborationbetweeneconomic systemmembers,andattimesevenamongcompetitors.Third,theprimacyofthe individualasthedriveranduserofscientificdiscoveriesisparamount.”” ––GlobalInnovationOutlook,2004IBMstudyoninnovation.  Š‡‡‡”‰‹‰ƒ”‡–ˆ‘”ƒ‡”•‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ…Š‹‡•‹•ˆ”ƒ‰‡–‡†ƒ† †‡…‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ“—ƒŽŽ›ˆ”ƒ‰‡–‡†‹•–Š‡ƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡ˆ‘”‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹– †‡•‹‰•Ǥ–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǡ‘”ƒŽƒ…–Š‡”‡‘ˆǡƒ”‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒŒ‘”„ƒ””‹‡”ˆƒ…‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡ ƒ‡”•ǡ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ†…‘•—‡”•Ǥƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•ˆ‘”’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ”‡‘–”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†‹ƒ‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽǡ…‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†’ƒ”–•”‡‰‹•–”›Ǥ •ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›†ƒ›•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—–‘‘„‹Ž‡ǡ‹–ǯ•†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž––‘„—›•–ƒ†ƒ”† ”‡’Žƒ…‡‡–•’ƒ”–•ˆ‘”ƒ͵’”‹–‡”‘”Š‘‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡Žƒ•‡”…—––‡”Ǥ ˆƒ•‹œ‡ƒ„Ž‡•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‡…‘•›•–‡‹•–‘‡‡”‰‡ǡ‹–‡”‘’‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹••—‡• —•–„‡ƒ††”‡••‡†Ǥ–ƒ†ƒ”†ǡ‹–‡”‘’‡”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•ƒ†•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰ˆ‹Ž‡• ‡‡†–‘„‡†‡ˆ‹‡†ǤŽ‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•†‡•‹‰•‡š‹•–‹ƒ„”‘ƒ†”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ‹Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ–•‹…Ž—†‹‰•‘‡–Šƒ–ƒ›‘–„‡…‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡™‹–Šƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”–›’‡‘ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ…Š‹‡Ǥ‘–‘Ž›ƒ”‡ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ†„Ž—‡’”‹–•‘Ǧ •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†ǤŠ‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆ…‘’—–‡”Ǧƒ‹†‡††‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Žƒ…•ƒ‹…”‘•‘ˆ–‘”

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͹ͺ 

’’Ž‡ǤŽƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡…‘’ƒ‹‡•‘ˆˆ‡”†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡–Šƒ–”‡Ž‹‡• ‘ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ’”‘’”‹‡–ƒ”›ˆ‹Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ–•Ǥ

    —‡–‘–Š‡Š‘„„›‹•–…—Ž–—”‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰‡‡”‰‹‰’‡”•‘ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ˜‡”•‹‘…‘–”‘Ž”‡ƒ‹•ƒ—”‡•‘Ž˜‡†…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ˆ‘”„‘–Š•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ† Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡Ǥ –Š‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‹†—•–”›ǡ…‘’ƒ‹‡•‡‡’–‹‰Š–…‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”‡ƒ…Š˜‡”•‹‘ –Š‡›”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ǤŠ‡…‘•—‡”•’—”…Šƒ•‡ƒ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘”†‡˜‹…‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•– –Š‹‰–Š‡›†‘‹•–‘…Š‡…–Š‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡˜‡”•‹‘—„‡”•–Šƒ––Š‡‹”‹–‡†‡†’—”…Šƒ•‡ ‹•…‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡™‹–ŠǤŠ‡ƒ”‡–ˆ‘”’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ„‘–ŠŠƒ”†™ƒ”‡ƒ†•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡ ‹•‘–‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†Ǥ ‹‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘’—–‹‰‹–Š‡’”‡ǦŽ–ƒ‹”†ƒ›•ǡ–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†ƒ……‘’ƒ›‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ‘‰™ƒ›–‘‰‘„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ‘˜‹…‡ …‘•—‡”…ƒ…‘ˆ‹†‡–Ž›’—”…Šƒ•‡ƒ……‡••‘”‹‡•‹‡•–—›‘”ƒ†‹‘Šƒ…Ǥ

    –‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›‹••—‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹‰ …‘…‡”‘ˆ„—•‹‡••‡•‹–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰•’ƒ…‡Ǥ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‘”•ƒ”‡ …‘…‡”‡†ƒ„‘—–„‡‹‰Š‡Ž†Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘” …‘–”‹„—–‘”›‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–› ‹ˆ”‹‰‡‡–•‹…‡–Š‡‹”™‡„•‹–‡••‡”˜‡ ƒ••–‘”‡ˆ”‘–•ƒ†”‡’‘•‹–‘”‹‡•ˆ‘”‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ ––MichaelWeinberg,WritingonIPissuesin3D …‘’‹‡•‘ˆ’ƒ–‡–‡†‘”…‘’›”‹‰Š–‡† printing33 †‡•‹‰•Ǥ‡•‹‰‡”•™‘””›–Šƒ––Š‡‹” …—•–‘†‡•‹‰‡†‘„Œ‡…–•™‹ŽŽ„‡–‘‘‡ƒ•› –‘…‘’›ǡ‘”–Šƒ–Ž‡••‡”†‡•‹‰‡”•™‹ŽŽ•‡ŽŽ …‘—–‡”ˆ‡‹–ǡ„Žƒ…ƒ”‡–„Ž—‡’”‹–•—†‡”–Š‡‹”‘”‡ˆƒ‘—•„”ƒ†ƒ‡Ǥ ‘•—‡”•ƒ†„—•‹‡••‡•™‘””›–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ›—‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›’—”…Šƒ•‡ƒ•Š‘††›ǡ …‘—–‡”ˆ‡‹–„Ž—‡’”‹–‘”‹˜‡•–ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‘‡›„—›‹‰ƒ’”‘†—…–‘” ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”––Šƒ–Žƒ–‡”–—”•‘—––‘„‡‹˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‘–Š‡”…‘’ƒ›ǯ•’ƒ–‡–Ǥ ƒ‡”•”—–Š‡”‹•‘ˆ…”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ‘„Œ‡…–‘”’”‘†—…––Šƒ–—™‹––‹‰Ž›‹ˆ”‹‰‡• •‘‡‘‡‡Ž•‡ǯ•’ƒ–‡–‘”…‘’›”‹‰Š–ǤŽ‹‡—”‘’‡ƒ…‘—–”‹‡•ǡ–Š‡ǤǤ†‘‡•‘– ‡š‡’–‘Ǧ…‘‡”…‹ƒŽŠ‘‡—•‡Ǥ

As3Dprintingproliferates,individualswilllookto solveproblemsbydesigningandcreatingtheirown solutions.Inproducingthosesolutions,itisquite possiblethattheywillunwittinglyincorporate elementsprotectedbypatent……Sharingdesignson theInternetamplifiestheproblem.

‘—”Ž‘‰–ƒ‹Ž™‘”Ž†‘ˆ‡†‹ƒƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡˆ‹Ž‡•…‘–ƒ‹‹‰†‹‰‹–ƒŽ—•‹…ǡ…‘–‡–ǡ ˜‹†‡‘ǡƒ”–™‘”ǡƒ††ƒ–ƒƒ”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›…‘’‹‡†Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ…Šƒ•‹‰†‘™…‘’›”‹‰Š– ˜‹‘Žƒ–‘”•‘ˆ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ™‘”•Šƒ•„‡…‘‡ƒ•—’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ƒ•…Šƒ•‹‰ƒˆ–‡”ƒ…Ž‘—†‘ˆ   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒ͹ͻ 

‰ƒ–•Ǥ”‡˜‡–‹‰…‘’›”‹‰Š–ƒ†’ƒ–‡–˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹… „Ž—‡’”‹–•ƒ†•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡‡“—ƒŽŽ›…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰ǤŠ‡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡•••’ƒ•„‘–Š–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ†’Š›•‹…ƒŽ™‘”Ž†•ƒ†‹˜‘Ž˜‡• –™‘…‘’‘‡–•–Šƒ–‹˜‘Ž˜‡‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›‹••—‡•ǣ–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–• ƒ†–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‘„Œ‡…–ǤŠ‹Ž‡‘‡…ƒ’”‘–‡…–ƒ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ„Ž—‡’”‹–—•‹‰ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ–Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‘ˆˆ‡”•‘Ž›ƒ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ•‹…‡‘…‡–Š‡ ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–‹•’—––‘™‘”ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‰’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‘„Œ‡…–•ǡ‹–…ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘ ’”‘†—…‡ƒ•ƒ›‘„Œ‡…–•ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‡”™ƒ–•–‘ƒ‡ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‘„Œ‡…–•ǡ —Ž‹‡ƒ—•‹…ˆ‹Ž‡ǡ…ƒ‘–„‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ›•‹‰‡†Ǥ ˜‡‹ˆ•‘‡‘‡™‡”‡–‘Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ›’—”…Šƒ•‡ƒ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–ǡƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›‹••—‡•…‘—Ž†ƒ”‹•‡†‡’‡†‹‰‘™Šƒ––Š‡„—›‡”†‘‡•™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘„Œ‡…–Š‡‘”•Š‡…”‡ƒ–‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡„Ž—‡’”‹–Ǥ ˆƒ—•‡”„—›•ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ…‘’›‘ˆƒ„Ž—‡’”‹–ǡ ƒ‡•ƒ–‹›‘†‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡”‡Ǧ•‡ŽŽ•Š—‰‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Šƒ–‘„Œ‡…–ǡ‹•–Šƒ–ƒ ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…‘’›”‹‰Š–Žƒ™ǫ”ǡ‹ˆƒ—•‡”„—›•ƒ„Ž—‡’”‹–ƒ†—•‡•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰‘„Œ‡…– ‹ƒ‘˜‡Ž™ƒ›ǡ†‘‡•–Šƒ–“—ƒŽ‹ˆ›–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–ˆ‘”ƒ„”ƒ†‡™’ƒ–‡–ǫŠ‡’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ ”‡’Žƒ…‡‡–’ƒ”–•ˆ‘”…‘‡”…‹ƒŽŽ›’”‘†—…‡†ǡ’ƒ–‡–‡†’”‘†—…–‘’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ…Š‹‡•‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ‘–Š‡”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›–”‘—„Ž‡•‘‡ Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†‰”‡›ƒ”‡ƒǤ ‘†ƒ›ǯ•Žƒ”‰‡…‘’ƒ‹‡••—ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘…‘—–‡”ˆ‡‹–‹‰ǡ’‹”ƒ…›ƒ†’ƒ–‡–†‹•’—–‡•ǡ„—– –Š‡„‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡™‹–Š’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹•–Šƒ––Š‡›’—––Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ ’”‘†—…–‹‘‹–‘–Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ—”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†…‘•—‡”•Ǥ›„‘†›™‹–Š–Š‡ ”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ†ƒ…Š‹‡…ƒ͵•…ƒƒ‡š‹•–‹‰’”‘†—…–‘”†‘™Ž‘ƒ†ƒ ’”‘’”‹‡–ƒ”›„Ž—‡’”‹–ƒ†ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ›…‘’‹‡•‘ˆ…‘’›”‹‰Š–‡†ƒ†’ƒ–‡–‡†’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ‘„Œ‡…–•ƒ•–Š‡›†‡•‹”‡Ǥ ‘–Š‡”–”‘—„Ž‡•‘‡…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‹•™Šƒ–•‘”–‘ˆ ’”‘–‡…–‹‘™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ˆ‘”’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǣ…‘’›”‹‰Š–•ǡ’ƒ–‡–•ǡǡ‘”ƒ„Ž‡†‘ˆ„‘–Šǫ ”‡Žƒ–‡†“—‡•–‹‘‹•Š‘™ǤǤˆ‡†‡”ƒŽŽƒ™ƒ†„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž•™‹ŽŽƒ††”‡••Š‘‡Ǧ „ƒ•‡†ǡ‘Ǧ…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ”‡’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ’”‘†—…–ƒ†ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•ǤŠ‡ •…‘’‡‘ˆ…‘’›”‹‰Š–ƒ†’ƒ–‡–’”‘–‡…–‹‘—•–„‡ƒ††”‡••‡†Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹ˆƒ ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–‹•…‘’›”‹‰Š–’”‘–‡…–‡†ǡ‹–ǯ•‘–›‡–…Ž‡ƒ”™Š‡–Š‡”–Šƒ–…‘’›”‹‰Š– ’”‘–‡…–‹‘‡š–‡†•–‘–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰’Š›•‹…ƒŽ’”‘†—…–ǤŠ‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›͵’”‹–‡”•ǡ–‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡‹–‡•‘—–‘ˆƒ„”‘ƒ† ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘Ž‹‡Ž›–”‹‰‰‡”‡™ †‹•’—–‡•ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ–…‘•–‹–—–‡•ƒ Dz‘˜‡Ždz‘„Œ‡…–‘”’”‘†—…–Ǥ ‘ˆƒ”ǡ…‘’ƒ‹‡•Šƒ˜‡‘–Šƒ†—…Š•—……‡••’”‡˜‡–‹‰™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†…‘’›‹‰‘ˆ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ‡†‹ƒ•—…Šƒ•…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡ—•‹…ƒ†˜‹†‡‘•Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‹ŽŽŽ‹‡Ž›‘ˆˆ‡”›‡–ƒ‘–Š‡”„ƒ––Ž‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘˜‡”…‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ—” ƒ–‹‘ǯ• ’‘Ž‹…‹‡•ƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›—†‡”•…”—–‹›ƒ•–Š‡ǤǤ’ƒ–‡–‘ˆˆ‹…‡ ™”‡•–Ž‡•™‹–Šƒ„ƒ…Ž‘‰‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ›‡ƒ”•ǯ™‘”–Š‘ˆ’ƒ–‡–ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‘—”ƒ–‹‘ǯ• —‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡••–”—‰‰Ž‡–‘ˆ‹†‡™‘†‡Ž•–‘…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽŽ›ˆ—†‡†—‹˜‡”•‹–›   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͺͲ 

”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ‘ƒ–‹…‹’ƒ–‡–Š‡ ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‹•‡‡”‰‹‰’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ…‘—”–•ǡ „—•‹‡••‡•ƒ†’‘Ž‹…›ƒ‡”•™‹ŽŽ‡‡†–‘…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡™‹–Š•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ ˆ‘”™ƒ”†Ǧ–Š‹‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ‰—‹†ƒ…‡Ǥ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ’‹‘‡‡”‹‰™‘”‘”‡Ǧ–Š‹‹‰ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž•ˆ‘”’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘‹•–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹––Š‹–ƒ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡‘‘•ǡ™Š‘•‡‰‘ƒŽ‹•–‘Dz‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ…”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›ȋ…—Ž–—”ƒŽǡ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡƒ†•…‹‡–‹ˆ‹……‘–‡–Ȍ‹Dz–Š‡…‘‘•dzȄ–Š‡„‘†›‘ˆ™‘”–Šƒ–‹• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹…ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ•Šƒ”‹‰ǡ—•‡ǡ”‡’—”’‘•‹‰ǡƒ†”‡‹š‹‰Ǥdz ––‘”‡›•ƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ–‹˜‡‘‘•ƒ”‡™‘”‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ …‘—‹–›–‘•‡–…Š‘—–ƒ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–‘’‡•‘—”…‡Ž‹…‡•‹‰‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡ˆ‘” Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡•—……‡••‘ˆ‘’‡•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Ž‹…‡•‹‰‘†‡Ž•Ǥ †‡‡’‡”‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›‹••—‡•‹–Š‡†ƒ™‘ˆƒ‡™‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‹•„‡›‘†–Š‡•…‘’‡‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‰‹˜‡‘—”ƒ–‹‘ǯ•”‡Ž‹ƒ…‡‘ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ•–Š‡‡‰‹‡‘ˆ‡…‘‘‹…†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ™‡‡‡† ’‘Ž‹…›–Šƒ–Š‡Ž’•ǡ‘– Š‹†‡”•–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‡…‘‘‹…˜‹–ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ ˆƒ††”‡••‡†ˆƒ‹”Ž›ƒ†’”‘’–Ž›ǡ–Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆƒ‹•–”‡ƒ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•…‘—Ž†ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ› ‡‡”‰‡ƒ•ƒ™‡Ž…‘‡‹ˆŽ‡…–‹‘’‘‹–ǤŠ‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ––Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡•• •’ƒ•„‘–Š–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ†…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡™‘”Ž†•‘ˆ…‘’›”‹‰Š–ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ™‘”Ž† ‘ˆ’ƒ–‡–•™‹ŽŽˆ‘”…‡—•–‘”‡Ǧ‡šƒ‹‡ƒ–‹“—ƒ–‡†‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›Žƒ™•ƒ† ’‘Ž‹…‹‡•ǤŠ‡—‹“—‡„Ž‡†‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ†’Š›•‹…ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ’”‘’‡Ž–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ƒ† Žƒ™ˆ‘”™ƒ”†ǡ‹–‘‘”‡ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–‘†ƒ›ǯ•†‡…‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ǡ†‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ›„ƒ•‡†ǡ‡–™‘”‡†™‘”Ž†Ǥ

     Š‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ˆƒ…‹‰–Š‡™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹Ǧͳʹ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘‹””‘”–Š‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ˆƒ…‡†„›‘–Š‡”…‘’—–‡”Ǧ „ƒ•‡†‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥƒ›ǤǤ’—„Ž‹…•…Š‘‘Ž•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘ƒ‡ …‘’—–‡”Ž‹–‡”ƒ…›ƒ†•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‹•–”—…–‹‘ƒŽ–‘‘Ž•ƒ…‘”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”…—””‹…—Ž—ǡ›‡– ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ…Š‹‡•”‡“—‹”‡ƒ•‘Ž‹†‡–™‘”‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡ƒ†ƒƒ––ƒ…Š‡† …‘’—–‡”Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡›‹–”‘†—…‡ƒ‡™†‹‡•‹‘ǡ–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ƒ…Š‹‡”›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰’”‘…‡••ǤŠ‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ˆƒ…‹‰–Š‡—’–ƒ‡‘ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ•ƒ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ƒ‹†‹˜‘Ž˜‡Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡ ƒ†•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡ǡ–‡ƒ…Š‡””‡ƒ†‹‡••ǡƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡…‘—”•‡™ƒ”‡ƒ†…—””‹…—Ž—ǡ ƒ†•‘—”…‡•–‘’”‘‘–‡•–—†‡–‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–Ǥ ƒ

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”‡ƒ‹Ž‘…‡†ƒ™ƒ›‹ƒDz…‘’—–‡”Žƒ„Ǥdz ˆ’—„Ž‹…•…Š‘‘Ž•ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›•–”—‰‰Ž‹‰ –‘‡‡’—’™‹–Š–Š‡’ƒ…‡‘ˆ…Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆ…‘’—–‹‰ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ‡‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–•—’’‘”––‘Šƒ†Ž‡‡™…‘•–•ƒ†…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ †—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‡˜‡”ˆ‘—†‹–•ˆ‡‡–‹–Š‡…Žƒ••”‘‘Žƒ”‰‡Ž›†—‡–‘ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ› ˆ”ƒ‰‡–‡†ƒ”‡–‘ˆ’”‘’”‹‡–ƒ”›•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡’”‘†—…–•ǤŠ‡ƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡ˆ‘” ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘‡†—…ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‹•ƒŽ‘•–‘Ǧ‡š‹•–‡–ƒ––Š‹•–‹‡Ǥ‘™ ™‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡”‹‰Š––‹‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–…‘—Ž†•–‡’‹ƒ––Š‹•‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡ƒ† ƒ†ƒ–‡–Šƒ–•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ‹‡†ƒ–ǤǤ’—„Ž‹…•…Š‘‘Ž‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Š‡”‡–‘ ’—„Ž‹…‘’‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†•‹‘”†‡”–‘„‡‹–‡”‘’‡”ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š”‹˜ƒŽ’”‘†—…–•Ǥ‘”‡ ˜‹„”ƒ–•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ”‡–‘ˆŠ‹‰Š‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰‡†–‘–‡ƒ…Š ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‘—Ž†ƒ‡•…Š‘‘Ž•‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘‹˜‡•–Ǥ Š‡™‡„‹•”‹…Šƒ†‰”‘™‹‰”‡’‘•‹–‘”›‘ˆ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–•ǡ—•‡” …‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•‘”–•‘ˆ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘•– –‡ƒ…Š‡”•†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡–‹‡–‘•‹ˆ––Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡”‹…Š‡•ƒ†…‘„„Ž‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”…‘Š‡”‡– Ž‡••‘’Žƒ•Ǥ‘‡”‡•‘—”…‡•‡‡†–‘„‡ƒ‹‡†ƒ–•‹’Ž›‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ƒ† ’ƒ…ƒ‰‹‰™Šƒ–ǯ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•™‡„•‹–‡•Ǥ ••…Š‘‘Ž•ƒ”‡‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›’”‡••—”‡†–‘’”‘˜‡–Š‡‹”™‘”–Š™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š–‡•–•…‘”‡•ǡ •…Š‘‘Ž•ǡ–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ƒ†•–—†‡–•Šƒ˜‡Ž‡••–‹‡–‘ˆ‘…—•‘‘˜‡Žƒ†‡‡”‰‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡••—…Šƒ•’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ…Š‹‡•ǤŠ‹Ž‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰„ƒ•‹……”‹–‹…ƒŽ •‹ŽŽ••—…Šƒ•”‡ƒ†‹‰ǡƒ–Šƒ†‘–Š‡”…‘”‡–‘’‹…•‹•…”‹–‹…ƒŽǡ•‘‡Š‘™”‘‘ƒ† ”‡•‘—”…‡•—•–„‡ˆ‘—†ˆ‘”’Žƒ›ˆ—Žƒ†‘’‡Ǧ‡†‡†‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡‡”‰‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ ‡ƒ…Š‡”•™‹–Š‘—–”‡ƒ†›ƒ……‡••–‘ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡ ƒ„Ž‡–‘–‡ƒ…Š–Š‡•‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‘–Š‡‹”•–—†‡–•Ǥ–‹Ž–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ƒ”‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡–”ƒ‹‹‰‘”ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡”‡‰—Žƒ”Šƒ†•Ǧ‘’”ƒ…–‹…‡—•‹‰’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•ǡ–Š‡›™‘ǯ–ˆ‡‡Ž…‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ ‡„”ƒ…‹‰–Š‡•‡–‘‘Ž•‹–Š‡‹”…Žƒ••”‘‘•Ǥ

     

““Acompanyhastodecidepreciselywhatitiswillingtoofferthemarketplaceinterms  ofproductconfigurability.Ifthisisleftentirelytotheimaginationofthecustomer, ‡ chaosensues.”” ” • ––authorDavidGardneraboutmasscustomization ‘ ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘’‡—’‡™„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž•ǡ•‘‡™‡…ƒǯ–‡˜‡ ‹ƒ‰‹‡”‹‰Š–‘™Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–ƒŽŽ…—•–‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹•’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–‘†ƒ›ǯ•’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ‡”•†‘‘–ƒ‡ƒ•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ’”‘ˆ‹–ˆ”‘

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͺʹ 

–Š‡‹”‡ˆˆ‘”–•ǤŠƒ–ˆƒ…–‘”•™‘—Ž†•–ƒ†‹–Š‡™ƒ›‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ•ƒŽŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰„—•‹‡••–Šƒ–ƒ‡•…—•–‘‘„Œ‡…–•ˆ‘”‘‡‘”ˆ‡™…—•–‘‡”•ǫ ˆ–Š‡ ’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ”‰‹ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡‘ˆ…—•–‘‘„Œ‡…–•‹•Š‹‰Š‡‘—‰Šǡƒ„—•‹‡••…ƒ •–ƒ›ƒˆŽ‘ƒ–Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™Š‡–Š‡‡…‘‘‹‡•‘ˆ•…ƒŽ‡‘ˆƒ••’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ”‡”‡‘˜‡†ǡ …—•–‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–‘‡ƒ”‡‘—‰Š–‘…‘’‡•ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‹††‡…‘•–•‘ˆ ƒ”–‹•ƒǦ•…ƒŽ‡’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ ‡™„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž•„ƒ•‡†‘’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ –‘…‘–‡–™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǣ x

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”‡“—‡•–‡†…—•–‘‘„Œ‡…–ƒ›„‡†‡•‹‰Ǧ™‹•‡ǡ–‘‘ˆƒ”‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”ǯ• ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆƒ•ƒŽŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”‹˜‡•–•‹ƒ•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ …—”˜‡ǡ‡™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†ƒ…Š‹‡…‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–‘…Šƒ”‰‡ƒŠ‹‰Š ’”‹…‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡…—•–‘‰‘‘†•Š‡’”‘†—…‡•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡’”‹…‡‹•–‘‘Š‹‰Šǡ…‘•—‡”•™‹ŽŽ •™‹–…Š„ƒ…–‘ƒ••’”‘†—…‡†‘„Œ‡…–•‘”ˆ‹†ƒ…—•–‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”™Š‘ǯ• …Š‡ƒ’‡”Ǥ Š‡–Š‡…—•–‘‡””‡…‡‹˜‡•Š‡”…‘’Ž‡–‡†…—•–‘’”‘†—…–ǡ‹–ƒ›‘–„‡™Šƒ– •Š‡Šƒ†‹‹†ǤŠ‡’”‘†—…–ƒ›‘–„‡™‘”–Š™Š‹Ž‡™‹–Š‘—–ƒƒ……‘’ƒ›‹‰ ‡…‘•›•–‡‘”•—’’‘”–‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡ǤŠ‡’”‘†—…–ǯ•’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ƒ›‘ˆˆ‡” —™ƒ–‡†•—”’”‹•‡•Ǥ ˆƒ…—•–‘’”‘†—…––—”•‘—–’‘‘”Ž›‘”Š—”–••‘‡„‘†›ǡ‹–”‡ˆŽ‡…–•„ƒ†Ž›‘–Š‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”Ǥ‡‰ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”ƒ›„‡ƒ–”‹•Ǥ ˆƒ…—•–‘‡”‘™‹‰Ž›‘”—‘™‹‰Ž›…‘’‹‡•ƒ…‘’›”‹‰Š–‡†‘”’ƒ–‡–‡††‡•‹‰ǡ –Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”‹•—™‹––‹‰Ž›’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–›Ǥ‘•–•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡–Š‡•‹ŽŽǡ–‹‡‘” ”‡•‘—”…‡•–‘†‘ƒ…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡’ƒ–‡–•‡ƒ”…Š„‡ˆ‘”‡…”‡ƒ–‹‰…—•–‘’”‘†—…–•Ǥ ‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽ ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘••‹…‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”Ž‹‡Ž›™‘ǯ–Šƒ˜‡–Š‡”‡•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ ‡š’‡”–‹•‡–‘†‘ƒ’ƒ–‡–•‡ƒ”…Š„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ‹‰ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ǡ…—•–‘’”‘†—…–

‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•…‘—Ž†„‡ƒŽŽ‡˜‹ƒ–‡†‹ˆ•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡• ˆ‘”‡†ƒƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡–‘•Šƒ”‡…‘•–•ƒ†”‡•‘—”…‡•Ǥƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘Ǧ ‘’•…‘—Ž†ˆ‘”ƒ”‘—†ƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”‹†—•–”›‘”’”‘†—…–ȋ•ƒ›ƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”‘‡‹‰Œ‡–ȌǤ ƒ…Š’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‰ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒˆ‡™’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡•‹–Š‡‹”•Š‘’ƒ†™‘—Ž†•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡‹–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”’ƒ”–Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒ”‡‹Š‡”‡–‹–Š‹••‘”–‘ˆ’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘†‡Žƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ ƒ ’”‘†—…––Šƒ–…‘•‹•–•‘ˆ’ƒ”–•ˆ”‘ƒ–Š‘—•ƒ†•ƒŽŽ…‘–”‹„—–‘”•ǡ‹ˆ‘‡’ƒ”– ƒŽˆ—…–‹‘•ǡ‹–ǯ•†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž––‘’‹”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͺ͵ 

R ECOMMENDATIONSFORGOVERNMENT INVESTMENT  Š‘—‰Š–ˆ—Žƒ†˜‹•‹‘ƒ”›‰‘˜‡”‡–‹˜‡•–‡–‹•‡‡†‡†–‘‡•—”‡™‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š –Š‡ǤǤƒ•–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ž‡ƒ†‡”‹’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ˜‡”–Š‹”–››‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘ǡ‘—”ƒ–‹‘Ž‡†–Š‡™ƒ›‹–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘’—–‹‰”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘–Šƒ–ˆ‹”Ž› ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡ǤǤƒ•–Š‡™‘”Ž†‡’‹…‡–‡”‘ˆ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ …”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒŠ‘•–‘ˆ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„‡‡ˆ‹–•ǡƒ˜‹„”ƒ–‡…‘‘›ǡƒ†„‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ†‘ŽŽƒ”•‘ˆ ™‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–’‘Ž‹…‹‡•™‹ŽŽ‘—”‹•Š–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽǡ †‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‘…”‡ƒ–‡†‘‡•–‹…Œ‘„•ǡ‡™„—•‹‡••‡•ǡƒ†–‘ ’”‘‘–‡‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹•”‡’‘”–”‡…‘‡†•–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ…–‹‘•„‡–ƒ‡Ǥ

    ““[PersonalFabrication]isawayofchanginghowstudentslookattheworld aroundthem.Envisioningtheworldin3ǦDandbeingabletofabricateitand actuallymanipulateitallowsevenveryyoungstudentstothinkatverydifferent levels.Theincreaseinquestioningskillsandscientificthinkingandmathematical analysisissimplyamazingtowatch[……]providingJUSTthekindofsupport neededtoonceagainputAmerica'sstudentsbackinthetopoftheworld's thinkersintheseareas!”” ––PaulaWhite,Teacher,CharlottesvilleVA  Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–‡‡†•–‘‹˜‡•–‹’Žƒ…‹‰’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‹–‘’—„Ž‹…•…Š‘‘Ž•ƒ†–”ƒ‹‹‰–‡ƒ…Š‡”•Š‘™–‘—•‡–Š‡Ǥ‘‡š…‡Ž‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ †‹‰‹–ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ•–—†‡–•™‹ŽŽ‡‡†‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ……‡••–‘’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‘‘Ž•ƒ† ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–‘’”ƒ…–‹…‡—•‹‰–Š‡‘ƒ‡ƒ”Ž›†ƒ‹Ž›„ƒ•‹•Ǥ‡ƒ…Š‡”•‡‡†•—’’‘”– ƒ†‹…‡–‹˜‡–‘‰‘–Š”—–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰…—”˜‡‡‡†‡†–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ …Žƒ••”‘‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹–‘–Š‡‹”‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…—””‹…—Ž—•Ǥ‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†›‡–‘†—Žƒ”…‘—”•‡…—””‹…—Ž—•‡‡†–‘„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ†•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ˜‡†‘”•‡‡†‹…‡–‹˜‡•–‘ƒ‡–Š‡‹”’”‘†—…–•‹–‡”‘’‡”ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‘•‡‘ˆ‘–Š‡” …‘’ƒ‹‡•Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͺͶ 

‡†‡”ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ˆŽ‘™•–Š”‘—‰Š•‡˜‡”ƒŽ…Šƒ‡Ž•ǤŠ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ”‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•’‡…‹ˆ‹…‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹’Žƒ…‡™Š‡”‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•…‘—Ž†„‡ƒ††‡†‘–‘‡š‹•–‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡Ǥ

P UTADIGITALFABRICATIONLABINEVERYSCHOOL   ǯ•’”‘‰”ƒ™‹ŽŽ †‡’Ž‘›͵’”‹–‡”•‹ƒ–Š‘—•ƒ† Š‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Ž•Ǥǯ•‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹•ƒ‰”‡ƒ–ˆ‹”•–•–‡’„—–”‡ƒ‹ –Š‘—•ƒ†•‘”‡•…Š‘‘Ž•ƒ† ’—„Ž‹…•…Š‘‘Ž‡†—…ƒ–‘”• ™Š‘™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ‹—–‘—…Š‡†Ǥ •Š‘—Ž†ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒƒ•ƒ•…ƒŽƒ„Ž‡ ’‹Ž‘–ƒ†‹ˆ”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡ǡ –ƒ”‰‡–ˆ—†‹‰–‘•…ƒŽ‡—’–Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ–‘‹…Ž—†‡ ‡˜‡”›’—„Ž‹…•…Š‘‘Ž„›ʹͲͳͷǤ

““There'snothinglikebuildingoneofthese machines,andsubsequentlybuildingthings madefromitsproducts,toinculcateastrong feelingforǦandpracticalknowledgeofǦ mechanical,electronic,andsoftware engineering.ForthefirstthreeǦquartersof the20thcentury,therewasaverywidespread hobbyistcultureinboththeUSandEurope, withpeoplemakingradiosets,models,items ofcarpentry,andsoon.Aswehavebecome moreefficientatmakingsuchitemscentrally bymassproduction,thisculturehas attenuated,withacorrespondingattenuation ingeneraltechnicalskillinthepopulationat large.Governmentencouragementof personalfabricationmaywellreversethat trend,creatingǦasabyǦproductǦa correspondinglylargerpoolofskilled personnelforindustry.””

‘’ƒ‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ…Š‹‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡ ‰‹˜‡–ƒš‹…‡–‹˜‡•–‘†‘ƒ–‡ ƒ…Š‹‡•–‘•…Š‘‘Ž•Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ‡”„‘–ǡ‹ƒDz„ƒ…–‘ •…Š‘‘Ž‰‹˜‡ƒ™ƒ›ǡdz‹•‰‹˜‹‰ͳͲ ––AdrianBowyer,UniversityofBath,UK –‡ƒ…Š‡”•‡ƒ…Šƒƒ‡”‘– —’…ƒ‡‡Ž—š‡‹–™‹–Š •–ƒ†ƒ”†Ͷš–”—†‡”ƒ†ƒ„‘—•‡ƒ–‡†—‹Ž†Žƒ–ˆ‘”‹–Ǥƒ‡”‘–‹•‘– ”‡…‡‹˜‹‰ƒ–ƒš„”‡ƒǡ„—–‹ˆ•—…Šƒ–Š‹‰‡š‹•–‡†ǡ–Š‡›…‘—Ž†„‡ƒ‰‘‘†…ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡Ǥ ‘–Š‡”Œ—’•–ƒ”––‘ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•…‘—Ž†„‡ˆ‘” –Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡––‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒˆ‹˜‡Ǧ›‡ƒ”’‹Ž‘–’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘‰”ƒ‹–Š‡–‘’ ͳͲͲ’—„Ž‹…Š‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Ž•–Šƒ–ˆ‘…—•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‘•—„Œ‡…–••—…Šƒ•–—›˜‡•ƒ– Š‹‰Š…Š‘‘Žƒ†–Š‡ ŽŽ‹‘‹•ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹…•ƒ†…‹‡…‡…ƒ†‡›Ǥƒ…ŠŠ‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Ž …‘—Ž†”‡…‡‹˜‡ˆ—†‹‰–‘‡“—‹’ƒ ƒ„ƒ„ƒ†–‘Š‹”‡ƒ”‡•‹†‡–‡š’‡”––‘‹•–”—…– –‡ƒ…Š‡”•ƒ†•–—†‡–•‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ‡ƒ…Š‡”•ƒ† •–—†‡–•™‘—Ž†„‡‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡†–‘ˆ‹†™ƒ›•–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹–‘–Š‡‹” ’”‘Œ‡…–•ƒ†…‘—”•‡…—””‹…—Ž—•Ǥ––Š‡‡†‘ˆˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ‹ˆ†‡‡‡†•—……‡••ˆ—Žǡ –Š‡„‡•–’”‘‰”ƒ•™‘—Ž†„‡•…ƒŽ‡†—’ƒ†‡š–‡†‡†–‘‘–Š‡”ǤǤ’—„Ž‹…Š‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Ž•Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͺͷ 

O FFERTEACHEREDUCATIONINFABRICATIONTECHNOLOGIESAND RELATIONTO STEM EDUCATION  ‡ƒ…Š‡”•ƒŽ•‘‡‡†•—’’‘”–ǤŠ‡‰‘˜‡”‡–•Š‘—Ž†…‘•‹†‡”ƒ††‹‰ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’‘‡––‘–Š‡ƒ–Šƒ†…‹‡…‡ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’•’”‘‰”ƒǤ—…Šƒ …‘’‘‡–…‘—Ž†‹’”‘˜‡–‡ƒ…Š‡”…‘–‡–‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ„ƒ•‹…’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†Š‘™–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹–‘–Š‡‹”…—””‹…—Ž—Ǥ‡…‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‡”• •Š‘—Ž†…‘•‹†‡”…‘‡…–‹‰™‹–Š‡ƒ…Š’”‘‰”ƒƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‘”•–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡ ˜‹•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ•ƒ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹…ƒŽ–‘‘Žˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡ ‡†—…ƒ–‘”•Ǥ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡†‡•‹‰ƒ†ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘…‘—Ž†„‡…‘‡’ƒ”– ‘ˆ‡ƒ…Šǯ•…Žƒ••”‘‘’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ––Š‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›Ž‡˜‡Žǡˆ—†‹‰•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒŽŽ‘––‡†ˆ‘”ƒ  –‘—‹˜‡”•‹–› ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘†‡’ƒ”–‡–•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’—†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ƒ†‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž–‡ƒ…Š‡”–”ƒ‹‹‰ …‘—”•‡•–‘’”‡’ƒ”‡•–—†‡–•–‘„‡‡†—…ƒ–‘”•ǤŠ‡”‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡‘”‡ˆ—†‹‰ ƒ†•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘Œ‡…–•‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ„ƒ›™‡„•‹–‡Ǥ …‹‡–‹•–•ǡ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•ǡ‡‰‹‡‡”•ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•…‘—Ž†”‡ƒ…Š‘—––‘ ‡–‡”’”‹•‹‰Ǧͳʹ–‡ƒ…Š‡”•‘–Š‹••‹–‡–‘•Šƒ”‡‡š’‡”–‹•‡ƒ†–‘™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡” –‘ˆ‹†™ƒ›•–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹–‘–Š‡…—””‹…—Ž—Ǥ

E NHANCEAFTERSCHOOLLEARNINGTOINVOLVEMANUFACTURING RATHERTHANCONSUMPTION  ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘†‘‡•‘–•–‘’ƒˆ–‡”•…Š‘‘ŽǤ‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ž‡† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•™‡ŽŽ–‘ˆ—ƒ†…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–…‘—Ž†–ƒ‡’Žƒ…‡‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡ …Žƒ••”‘‘•Ǥ—„‡”‘ˆƒˆ–‡”Ǧ•…Š‘‘Žƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡š‹•–ǡ–Šƒ–…‘—Ž†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ †‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹–‘–Š‡‹”‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•Ǥ x

ƒ

ƒ ƒ

††ƒ ƒ„ƒ„‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡–‘‡š‹•–‹‰‡–—”›‘—‹–›‡ƒ”‹‰‡–‡”•ȋȌ •‘•–—†‡–•ˆ”‘ƒ–Ǧ”‹•„ƒ…‰”‘—†•…ƒ‰‡–ˆ‹”•–ǦŠƒ†‡š’‘•—”‡–‘’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ —†ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘…Šƒ‡Ž‹–Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽ…‹‡…‡†—…ƒ–‹‘”‘‰”ƒ –‘…”‡ƒ–‡’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡˜‹•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡™‘†‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹‰ƒ† ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ —†–Š‡’—”…Šƒ•‡‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ††‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ˆ‘” ƒˆ–‡”•…Š‘‘Ž’”‘‰”ƒ••—…Šƒ•”‘Œ‡…–š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†š’ƒ†‹‰›‘—”‘”‹œ‘•Ǥ ††ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–”ƒ…‘”’”‹œ‡–‘‡š‹•–‹‰…‘–‡•–••—…Šƒ• –Š‡‹‰‹–ƒŽ‡†‹ƒƒ†‡ƒ”‹‰‘’‡–‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ –‡Ž…‹‡…‡ƒŽ‡–‡ƒ”…Šǡ–Š–‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‹‡…‡ƒ†‰‹‡‡”‹‰ ƒ‹”ǡ–Š‡ ‘„‘–‹…•…‘’‡–‹–‹‘ǡƒ• ™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ›Ž‘…ƒŽƒ†”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ–Šƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰…‘’‡–‹–‹‘•Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͺ͸ 

C REATEHIGHQUALITY , MODULARCURRICULUMWITHAN OPTIONALMANUFACTURINGCOMPONENT  ǤǤ’—„Ž‹…•…Š‘‘Ž•ƒ”‡”‡…‡‹˜‹‰‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ƒ‘—–•‘ˆˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†‹’Žƒ• ƒ†’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ‹‡†ƒ–‹’”‘˜‹‰‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ

ƒ ƒ

ƒ ƒ

‡–ƒ•‹†‡‰”ƒ–‘‡›–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ ˜‡•–‹‰‹ ‘˜ƒ–‹‘ —†–‘ˆ—† “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†„—•‹‡••‡•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’†‡‡’Ž›†‹‰‹–ƒŽ…‘—”•‡™ƒ”‡ ƒ†…—””‹…—Ž—‘’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•Ǥ ††ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘…‘’‘‡––‘ ǯ•‹•…‘˜‡”›‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǦͳʹ ’‘”–ˆ‘Ž‹‘‘ˆ‹•–”—…–‹‘ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘”‰”ƒ–ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–•ˆ‘”ƒ…‡–‘–Š‡‘’ˆ—†‹‰ǡ‘ˆˆ‡”‡š–”ƒ’‘‹–•‹ˆ–Š‡‹” ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ•ƒ…‘”‡ …‘’‘‡–‘ˆ…‘—”•‡•Ǥ —†‘’‡•‘—”…‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’™‡„”‡’‘•‹–‘”‹‡•‘ˆ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰ „Ž—‡’”‹–•ƒ†‹•–”—…–‹‘ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ••‹‹Žƒ”–‘‘”‡ŽŽǯ•͵†’”‹–ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ‘”‰ —––‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ’Žƒ–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ–ƒ›…‘—”•‡™ƒ”‡–Šƒ–ǯ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†—•–ƒ†Š‡”‡ –‘•‡Ž‡…–‡†…‘‘–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†•–‘‡•—”‡‹–‡”‘’‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ •–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǧ„ƒ•‡†…—””‹…—Ž—™‘—Ž†…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‘”‡˜‹„”ƒ–•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‡…‘•›•–‡ –Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒ––”ƒ…–‘”‡…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

    A LLOCATEFEDERALSUPPORTFORPILOT MEP SPROGRAMS  ‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰š–‡•‹‘ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’•ȋ•Ȍƒ”‡ƒˆ‡†‡”ƒŽŽ›•’‘•‘”‡† …Šƒ‡Ž–‘†‹••‡‹ƒ–‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‹“—‡•–‘•ƒŽŽǡ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•Ǥ•™‡”‡•‡–—’‹ͳͻͺͻ„›–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆ –ƒ†ƒ”†•ƒ†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ȋ Ȍ–‘Š‡Ž’Ž‘…ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†‘’– ‘†‡”ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰–Š‡‡š’‡”–ƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡ƒ† ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡’”‘‰”ƒ‹•‘†‡Ž‡†‘ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡š–‡•‹‘’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ›’‹…ƒŽ ƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡’”‘˜‹†‡†–‘•ƒŽŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•ƒ”‡Dz‘ˆˆǦ–Š‡Ǧ•Š‡Žˆdz•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡••—…Šƒ•Š‡Ž’‹‰ƒ’Žƒ–‹•–ƒŽŽƒȀ•›•–‡‘”‡†—…ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ƒ„‘—– ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‡™Ž‘™‡”…‘•–ǡŠ‹‰Š‡”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‘•–•‘ˆˆ‡”„—•‹‡••ǡ ƒ”‡–‹‰ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”Dz•‘ˆ–‡”dz–›’‡•‘ˆƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡Ǥ͵Ͷ Š‡•’”‘‰”ƒ…‘—Ž†„‡ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ…Šƒ‡Ž–‘‹–”‘†—…‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ …‘’ƒ‹‡•–‘’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†„—•‹‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǤŠ‡

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͺ͹ 

‰‘˜‡”‡–…‘—Ž†•‡Ž‡…–•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•–‘Š‘•–ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆŠƒ†•Ǧ‘ǡ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŽ› •–ƒˆˆ‡†™‘”•Š‘’™Š‡”‡…‘’ƒ‹‡•…‘—Ž†–‹‡”™‹–Š‡™–‘‘Ž•ƒ†ƒ…Š‹‡•Ǥ ‘…ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•ǡ•‹…‡–Š‡›‘™–Š‡‹””‡‰‹‘•„‡––‡”–Šƒƒ›‘‡‡Ž•‡ǡ™‘—Ž† Ž‹‡Ž›…‘‡—’™‹–Š‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡‡™ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž•™Š‡‰‹˜‡ˆ”‡‡ ”‡‹–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ˆ‹”•–‘–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‡…‘‘›ǡˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ‡š–‡•‹‘ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Šƒ••Š”—•–‡ƒ†‹Ž›ˆ”‘̈́ͳ͵ͺǤͶ‹ŽŽ‹‘‹ͳͻͻͷ–‘̈́ͳͲ͸Ǥ͸‹ŽŽ‹‘ ‹”‡…‡–›‡ƒ”•–‘‘Ž›̈́ͻͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘‹ ʹͲͲͺȄ™‡ŽŽ—†‡”̈́͹ƒ—ƒŽŽ›’‡” ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰™‘”‡”Ǥ͵ͷˆ—†‹‰‹••Š”‹‹‰ǡ›‡–”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•Šƒ˜‡ ‡˜‡”‡‡†‡†ƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡ƒ†‡†—…ƒ–‹‘‘”‡–Šƒ‘™Ǥ

    P ROMOTEPUBLISHEDANDOPENHARDWARESTANDARDSAND SPECIFICATIONS  ‘†ƒ›ǯ•Žƒ…‘ˆŠƒ”†™ƒ”‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†•‹Š‹„‹––Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ–Š‹•ˆ‹‡Ž†ƒ†ƒ›ƒ‡‹– ‘”‡†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–ˆ‘”„—•‹‡••‡•–‘‹˜‡•–‹–Š‹•‡‡”‰‹‰ƒ”‡–Ǥ‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ˜‹„”ƒ– ‡…‘•›•–‡ǡ…‘’ƒ‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ‡͵’”‹–‡”•ƒ†‘–Š‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•—•–„‡‹…‡–‡†–‘…‘˜‡”‰‡ƒ”‘—†…‘”‡ǡ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ •–ƒ†ƒ”†•ƒ†•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ—„‡”‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡ƒ†•ƒŽŽ…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ”‡‹–”‘†—…‹‰ –Š‡‹”‘™˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡͵’”‹–‡”•Ǥƒ†‡”‘šƒ”‡‹˜‡•–‹‰‹͵ ’”‹–‹‰”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ”‹•‘ˆ’”‘’”‹‡–ƒ”›•–ƒ†ƒ”†•‹• –Šƒ––Š‡…‘’ƒ‹‡•–Šƒ–‰ƒ‹–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡™‹ŽŽ‡Œ‘›ƒDz„Žƒ…„‘šdz ‘‘’‘Ž›ǡ†”‹˜‹‰—’–Š‡…‘•–‘ˆ’ƒ”–•ǡ–”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†…”‡†‡–‹ƒŽ‹‰ǡƒ›„‡‰ƒ‹‹‰ …‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ†‡•‹‰ˆ‹Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ–•Ǥ ’‡Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡•’‡…•–Šƒ–ƒ›…‘’ƒ›…ƒ„—‹Ž†’ƒ”–•ƒ”‘—†™‘—Ž†‡•—”‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž ’Žƒ›‹‰ˆ‹‡Ž†–‘•’ƒ”–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ‡™Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡…‘’ƒ‹‡•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‘’‡ƒ† •–ƒ†ƒ”†Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡•’‡…•™‹ŽŽƒ‡‹–‡ƒ•‹‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡…‘’ƒ‹‡•™Š‘ƒ‡ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ˆ‘”–Š‹•‡‡”‰‹‰‡†‹—–‘™”‹–‡–‘ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•Ǥ

D EVELOPSTANDARDFILEFORMATSFORBLUEPRINTDESIGNFILES  ‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡…‘’ƒ‹‡•‡‡†•–ƒ†ƒ”†ˆ‹Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ–•ƒŽ•‘Ǥ‹‰Š–‘™ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘ƒ‰”‡‡† —’‘ˆ‹Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ–•ˆ‘”‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…„Ž—‡’”‹–†‡•‹‰•Ǥˆ‡™†‡…ƒ†‡•ƒ‰‘ǡ –‡”‡–—•ƒ‰‡ ‡š’Ž‘†‡†–Šƒ•–‘‘Ǧ’”‘’”‹‡–ƒ”›•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ƒ†•–ƒ†ƒ”†’”‘–‘…‘Ž••—…Š ƒ•–Š‡‹—šȀ’ƒ…Š‡Ȁ›Ȁ’Š’™‡„•‡”˜‹‰’Žƒ–ˆ‘”–Šƒ–”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‹œ‡†–Š‡™‡„ „›‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰™‡„†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”•Ž‘™…‘•–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––‘‘Ž•ƒ†–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡– •Ǥ   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͺͺ 

‘’—–‡”Ǧƒ‹†‡††‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡™‹ŽŽ•‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ˆŽ‘—”‹•Š‹ˆ…‘‘•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†• ƒ”‡‘„•‡”˜‡†Ǥ ˆƒ•‹‰Ž‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰…‘’ƒ›‰ƒ‹•ƒ‘‘’‘Ž›„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ’”‡†‘‹ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’”‘’”‹‡–ƒ”›„Ž—‡’”‹–ˆ‹Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ–ǡ’‘‘”’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†Š‘„„›‹•–• ™‹ŽŽ‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ……‡••–‘Ž‘™…‘•–†‡•‹‰–‘‘Ž•Ǥ ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ…Š‹‡•™‘” ™‹–Š‘Ž›ƒˆ‡™ǡ…‘‡”…‹ƒŽˆ‹Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ–•ǡ‘Ž›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‘”ƒˆˆŽ—‡–†‡•‹‰‡”•™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ƒ……‡••–‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰•’ƒ…‡Ǥ

C REATEADATABASEOF CAD FILESUSEDBYGOVERNMENT AGENCIES  

‘˜‡”‡–ƒ‰‡…‹‡••Š‘—Ž† ’Žƒ…‡ˆ‹Ž‡•ƒ† ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘„Ž—‡’”‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•–Šƒ––Š‡ǤǤ ‰‘˜‡”‡–’”‘…—”‡•ˆ”‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•˜‡†‘”•‹–‘ƒ ‘Ž‹‡†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǤƒŽŽǡ †‘‡•–‹…ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”• •Š‘—Ž†„‡‰‹˜‡ƒ……‡••–‘–Š‹• ––JorisPeels,i.Materialise †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ȋ•—„Œ‡…––‘ …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ……‡••™Š‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ȌǤŠ‡–Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹••—‡•ƒ ‘ˆ—–—”‡…‘–”ƒ…–•ǡ•ƒŽŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•…‘—Ž†„‹†–‘ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡–Š‡†‡•‹”‡†’ƒ”–ǤŠ‹•™‘—Ž†‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡…‘’‡–‹–‹‘ƒ‘‰•–’ƒ”–• ˜‡†‘”•ƒ†™‹ŽŽ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ•ƒŽŽǡ†‘‡•–‹…ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡• –Šƒ–…ƒ•‡”˜‡–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ‘Ž‹‡†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡‘ˆˆ‹Ž‡•™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘‹…‡– ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’’ƒ”–ƒ††Ǧ‘ǡ‡š–‡•‹‘•ǡ”‡’Žƒ…‡‡–•ǡƒ†‹’”‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ

““Withitspurchasingpowerthegovernmentcanmandatethat theyneedtheCADdataforanyandallpartstheyorder.Froma Boeingaircraftparttoatapemeasure.Thiswillenable interoperability,hackingbytroops,allowthegovernmentto easilysourcereplacementpartsandcheapercomponents. Therewillbenoplacefortheripoffartiststohide.Nomore "let’’sputadifferentlabelontheseglassesandtriplethe price"...Thegovernmentwillsourceitfromthecheapest supplier.Thecostsavingswillbeenormous.””

 Ƭ     E STABLISHAN ““I NDIVIDUAL I NNOVATION R ESEARCH P ROGRAM ””  FORVERYSMALLMANUFACTURINGBUSINESSESAND DIY  ENTREPRENEURS  ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ ˆ—†‹‰ǡ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–•Š‘—Ž†‹•–‹–—–‡ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ̶ †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘˜ƒ–‹‘‡•‡ƒ”…Š”‘‰”ƒ̶–Šƒ–‘ˆˆ‡”• ǦŽ‹‡ˆ—†‹‰‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†•ƒŽŽ†‘‡•–‹……‘’ƒ‹‡•ȋˆ‡™‡”–Šƒʹͷ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•Ȍ™Š‘•‡ „—•‹‡••‡•ƒ”‡‡š’Ž‘”‹‰…—––‹‰Ǧ‡†‰‡•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ǡ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽǡ’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰ƒ† ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‡–Š‘†•ǤƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡•ƒ”‡ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›…”‹–‹…ƒŽ•‘—”…‡‘ˆ   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͺͻ 

’”‘†—…–ƒ†’”‘…‡••‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡•ƒ”‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽǡ‡ƒ‹‰ –Š‡›…”‡ƒ–‡Œ‘„•…Ž‘•‡–‘Š‘‡ǤŠ‡‹”‡š’‡”–‹•‡‹•Dz•–‹…›ǡdz‹–Šƒ–‹–ǯ•†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž––‘ ‘—–•‘—”…‡Ǥ ˆ•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡•ƒ”‡•—’’‘”–‡†‹–Š‡‹”—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ƒ† ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•–‘ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”’”‘†—…–‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‡ˆˆ‘”–•ǡ–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽŠ‡Ž’ ‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‹”‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••ƒ†…‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’”‡–ƒ‹•ƒŽŽ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹–Š‡ ǤǤ

G IVE RFP PRIORITYTORURALMANUFACTURERSTHATUSE PERSONALMANUFACTURING  

““WidespreadadoptionofRepRap[atypeof3D —”ƒŽ•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ printer]wouldreducetransportation.Most ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡• consumeritemsundergomanyseparate •Š‘—Ž†”‡…‡‹˜‡‡š–”ƒƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡ journeysbetweentheproductionoftheirraw ƒ†Š‹‰Š‡”’”‹‘”‹–›™Š‡ materialsandtheirfinalarrivalataperson's …‘’‡–‹‰ˆ‘”ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽˆ—†‹‰ home.Butifpeopleweretobeginmaking ƒ™ƒ”†•Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ thingsbydownloadingdesignsfromtheweb –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒ‰‘‘†ˆ‹–ˆ‘” totheirownrapidprototypingmachine,then ”—”ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ justrawmaterialwouldhavetobe …‘’ƒ‹‡••‹…‡–Š‡ transported.”” –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ‡‹–’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡ ––AdrianBowyer,creatoroftheRepRapproject, •‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†ǡ…—•–‘ UniversityofBath,UK ’”‘†—…–•ƒ†‘„Œ‡…–•…Ž‘•‡–‘ Š‘‡Ǥ—”ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›•‡”˜‡‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽŽ›Ǧ…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡† ”‡‰‹‘•ǡ„‘–Šƒ•…‘•—‡”•ƒ†ƒ•‡’Ž‘›‡”•Ǥ—”ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•™Š‘…ƒ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡‡†‹…ƒŽ†‡˜‹…‡•ƒ†•—’’Ž‹‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡– •—„•‹†‹‡•‘””‡…‡‹˜‡ƒ–ƒš„”‡ƒǤ

     E STABLISHAN IP  ““S AFE H ARBOR ”” FORAGGREGATORSANDONE Ǧ OFFPRODUCERS  Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰…‘…‡”ƒ‘‰•–…‘’ƒ‹‡•‹–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘•’ƒ…‡‹•–Šƒ–‘ˆ ‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǤƒŽŽ•…ƒŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡŽ‹‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽ—•‹… ƒ†‡†‹ƒǡ•Šƒ––‡”•‡š‹•–‹‰‘†‡Ž•‘ˆ‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›ƒƒ‰‡‡–„ƒ•‡†‘ ’ƒ–‡–•ƒ†…‘’›”‹‰Š–•Ǥ Žƒ™•‡‡†–‘ƒ†ƒ’––‘‡™”‡–ƒ‹Ž‘†‡Ž•ǡ‡™’”‘†—…– †‡•‹‰‘†‡Ž•ƒ†‡™’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ‹‰Š–‘™ǡ   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͻͲ 

…‘’ƒ‹‡•™Š‘Š‘•–„Ž—‡’”‹–†‡•‹‰•ƒ†–Š‘•‡™Š‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡…—•–‘‘„Œ‡…–•ˆ‘” …‘•—‡”•ƒ”‡ƒ–”‹•‘ˆ„‡‹‰’‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†ˆ‘”˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰…‘’›”‹‰Š–‹ˆ–Š‡›—‘™‹‰Ž› ƒ‡ƒ‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ…‘’›‘ˆƒ…‘’›”‹‰Š–‡†‘”’ƒ–‡–‡†‘„Œ‡…–Ǥ Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ƒ”‘—†‘™‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ•…ƒŽ‡ǡ†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ‡‡†•–‘„‡—’†ƒ–‡†ǤǤǤ’ƒ–‡–ƒ†…‘’›”‹‰Š–Žƒ™‹•–‘‘”‹‰‹†Ǥ›‘‡™‘”‹‰™‹–Š ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰™‹ŽŽ‡‡†ƒ‰‘‘†ˆƒ‹–ŠDz•ƒˆ‡Šƒ”„‘”dzˆ”‘ ’”‘•‡…—–‹‘Ǥ ”‘–‘–›’‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡—•ƒ„Ž‡—†‡”ƒˆƒ‹”—•‡…Žƒ—•‡Ǥ‘”‡Ž‡‡™ƒ›‡‡†•–‘„‡‰‹˜‡ ˆ‘”’”‹˜ƒ–‡‘”Š‘‡—•‡‘ˆ‘„Œ‡…–•ǡ•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡ ‡š‡’–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›—•‡†‹—”‘’‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡…‘‘‹…ˆ‡ƒ•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ”—‹‰ƒ„—•‹‡•••‡ŽŽ‹‰‘’‡ •‘—”…‡Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡†‡˜‹…‡•‹•”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ

M ICRO P ATENTS –– ASMALLER , SIMPLER , ANDMOREAGILEUNIT OFINTELLECTUALPROPERTY  ‰‘‘†‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽǦ’”‘’‡”–›ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‹•‡›–‘ƒ’”‘•’‡”‘—•‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‡…‘‘›ǡ „—––Š‡…—””‡–‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›̶—‹–̶ˆ‘”–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǧƒ—–‹Ž‹–›’ƒ–‡–Ǧ ƒ›„‡–‘‘…‘’Ž‡šǡ…‘•–Ž›ǡƒ†•Ž‘™ˆ‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹˜‡–‘”•ƒ†•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡•Ǥ ‹…”‘Ǧ’ƒ–‡–•ǡƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›—‹–ǡ•Š‘—Ž†„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‡‡”‰‹‰‡…‘‘‹…Žƒ†•…ƒ’‡‘ˆ”ƒ’‹†ǡ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ›Ǧ†”‹˜‡•ƒŽŽ‹˜‡–‹‘•–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ Ž‹‡Ž›–›’‹ˆ›–Š‹•‡™‡…‘‘›Ǥ –Š‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆ•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ǡ‘†‡ƒ†…—•–‘ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǡ‹…”‘Ǧ’ƒ–‡–•…‘—Ž†‘ˆˆ‡”Ž‘‡‹˜‡–‘”•ƒ†•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡••‹’Ž‡ǡ ƒ‰‹Ž‡ƒ†…‘•–Ǧ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›’”‘–‡…–‹‘–Š‡›‡‡†–‘‰‡––Š‡‹”‹†‡ƒ‘ˆˆ –Š‡‰”‘—†Ǥ –Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›–Šƒ–‹…”‘ǦŽ‘ƒ•‰‹˜‡Ž‘™Ǧ‹…‘‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘ˆ‘—†ƒ•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••ǡ‹…”‘Ǧ’ƒ–‡–•…‘—Ž†Ž‡˜‡Ž–Š‡’Žƒ›‹‰’ƒ–‡– ’Žƒ›‹‰ˆ‹‡Ž†„‡–™‡‡Žƒ”‰‡ƒ†•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡•Ǥ ‡”‡ǯ•Š‘™‹…”‘Ǧ’ƒ–‡–•™‘—Ž†™‘”Ǥ‹˜‡–‘”™‘—Ž†•—„‹–ǡˆ‘”ƒˆ‡™Š—†”‡† †‘ŽŽƒ”•ǡƒ†‘…—‡–†‡•…”‹„‹‰–Š‡‹”‹˜‡–‹‘–‘ƒ…‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†‰‘˜‡”‡–‹…”‘Ǧ ’ƒ–‡–”‡’‘•‹–‘”›ǤŠ‡†‘…—‡–™‘—Ž†„‡–‹‡Ǧ•–ƒ’‡†ƒ†‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›’—„Ž‹…ƒŽŽ› ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ǡ™‹–Š‘—–Šƒ˜‹‰–‘„‡•—„Œ‡…––‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ–‡•–•‘ˆ‘˜‡Ž–›ǡ—–‹Ž‹–›ƒ† ‘Ǧ‘„˜‹‘—•‡••ǤŠ‡‹˜‡–‘”ǯ•‹…”‘Ǧ’ƒ–‡–ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž†…Žƒ‹˜‡”›ˆ‡™ ˆ‹‡Ž†•‘ˆ—•‡ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡”‡…‘—Ž†‡˜‡„‡ƒƒ†ƒ–‘”›Ž‹‹–‘•…‘’‡–‘“—ƒŽ‹ˆ›ƒ•ƒ ‹…”‘Ǧ’ƒ–‡–ǡ•—…Š–Šƒ–‹–—•–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ƒ†—•‡†‹’”ƒ…–‹…‡ƒ––Š‡ –‹‡–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‹ˆˆ‹Ž‡†Ǥ›ˆ‹Ž‹‰–Š‹•†‘…—‡–ǡ–Š‡‹˜‡–‘”™‘—Ž†‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› „‡‰”ƒ–‡†ƒ‹’Ž‹…‹–ǡ•Š‘”–Ǧ–‡”ȋ•ƒ›ͷ›‡ƒ”Ȍ‡š…Ž—•‹˜‡”‹‰Š––‘Š‡”‡™†‹•…Ž‘•‡† ‹†‡ƒ‹ƒ–Šƒ–ƒ””‘™ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ‹˜‡–‹‘ǡƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•–Š‡‹†‡ƒ™ƒ•‘–ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›†‹•…Ž‘•‡† ’—„Ž‹…ƒŽŽ›‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǤŽ›‹–Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆƒŽŽ‡‰‡†‹ˆ”‹‰‡‡–ǡ™‘—Ž†‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–›‡š’‡”–•ǡŽƒ™›‡”•ǡƒ†–Š‡Œ—†‹…‹ƒŽ•›•–‡„‡„”‘—‰Š––‘„‡ƒ”‘–Š‡…ƒ•‡™‹–Š –Š‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡…‘•–•ǡ–‹‡ǡƒ†…‘’Ž‡š‹–‹‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͻͳ 

–‹Ž‹–›’ƒ–‡–•ǡ…‘…‡‹˜‡†‘”‡–Šƒƒ…‡–—”›ƒ‰‘ǡƒ”‡†‡•‹‰‡†ˆ‘”ƒ†—•‡†‘•–Ž› „›Žƒ”‰‡…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ™Š‘…ƒ•’‡†–‡•‘ˆ–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ†‘ŽŽƒ”•‘’”‡’ƒ”‹‰ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ•‡‡‹‰–Š‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š›”‡˜‹‡™’”‘…‡••ǡƒ†–Š‡†‡ˆ‡†‹‰ ƒ†‡ˆ‘”…‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”ͳ͹Ǧ›‡ƒ”ǦŽ‘‰Ž‹ˆ‡–‹‡Ǥ ”‡–—”ˆ‘”–Š‹•’”‘–‡…–‹‘ǡ ’ƒ–‡–Š‘Ž†‡”•ƒ‰”‡‡–‘†‹•…Ž‘•‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”‹˜‡–‹‘ǡ •‘–Šƒ–‹–…ƒ„‡—•‡†„›‘–Š‡”•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡’ƒ–‡–‡š’‹”‡•ǡƒŽ‘•––™‘†‡…ƒ†‡•Žƒ–‡”ǡ„—– •–‹ŽŽ—…Š„‡––‡”–Šƒƒ‹†‡ˆ‹‹–‡–”ƒ†‡•‡…”‡–Ǥ‘•–…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•†‘‘–”‡Ž›‘Œ—•– ‘‡’ƒ–‡–ǡ„—–†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒƒ”•‡ƒŽ‘ˆ’ƒ–‡–•–‘…‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›ˆ‡…‡‘ˆˆƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‡˜‡–…‘’‡–‹–‘”•ˆ”‘‡–‡”‹‰Ǥ Š‹Ž‡—•‡ˆ—Žˆ‘”…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘•–‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹˜‡–‘”•ƒ†•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡•‹•• ‘—–‘–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ–‡–•›•–‡ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ ƒ ƒ ƒ

–Š‡›…ƒ‘–ƒˆˆ‘”†–‘•’‡†–Š‡–‡•‘ˆ–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ†‘ŽŽƒ”•‘’”‡’ƒ”‹‰ǡ †‡ˆ‡†‹‰ǡƒ†‡ˆ‘”…‹‰’ƒ–‡–• –Š‡›†‘‘–‡‡†–Š‡•ƒ‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ’”‘–‡…–‹‘Ǧ–Š‡›ƒ›‘–„‡–”›‹‰–‘ˆ‡…‡ ‘ˆˆƒ‡–‹”‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ‘”ƒ”‡–Š‡›Ž‘‘‹‰ˆ‘”–™‘†‡…ƒ†‡•‘ˆ’”‘–‡…–‹‘ –Š‡›…ƒ‘–™ƒ‹––™‘‘”–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’ƒ–‡––‘„‡”‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ† ƒ’’”‘˜‡†ǤŠ‡›‡‡†•‘‡–Š‹‰•‹’Ž‡ǡ“—‹…ǡƒ†…Š‡ƒ’Ǥ

‘†ƒ›ǡ–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘’ƒ–‡–•–Šƒ–ǯ•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹˜‡–‘”•‹• –Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡̶–”ƒ†‡•‡…”‡–Ǥdz‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–”ƒ†‡•‡…”‡–•™‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‹–‡–‘ˆ ‘—”ƒ–‹‘ǯ•’ƒ–‡–’”‘…‡••ƒ†ƒ›†‹•…‘—”ƒ‰‡‹†—•–”›Ǧ™‹†‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘†—‡–‘ –Š‡‹”‹†‡ˆ‹‹–‡Ž‹ˆ‡•’ƒǤ ‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‹••—‡†ǤǤ’ƒ–‡–•ƒ”‡‡˜‡”Ž‹…‡•‡†‘”–‡•–‡†‹ …‘—”–ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‹…”‘Ǧ’ƒ–‡–•™‘—Ž†•Š‹ˆ––Š‡…‘•–•„—”†‡‘ˆ ’”‘–‡…–‹‘–‘–Š‘•‡ ”ƒ”‡…ƒ•‡•™Š‡”‡ƒ…‘’ƒ›™ƒ–•–‘‹˜‡•–‹„”‘ƒ†’ƒ–‡–’”‘–‡…–‹‘ǡ‹’Ž›‹‰ƒ Š—‰‡…‘•–•ƒ˜‹‰–‘–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ ‘”†‡…‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ǡ”ƒ’‹†Ž›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ˆ‹‡Ž†••—…Šƒ• ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹…”‘Ǧ’ƒ–‡–•™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ•‹’Ž‡”ǡ‘”‡ƒ‰‹Ž‡ǡ•Š‘”–‡”–‡”ƒ† …Š‡ƒ’‡”ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘–‘†ƒ›ǯ•—–‹Ž‹–›’ƒ–‡–•Ǥ ‘‡ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ†˜‡–‘ˆ‹…”‘’ƒ–‡–•™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†–‘ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›•’ƒ…‡ǡ…ƒ—•‹‰ƒ‰”‹†Ž‘…‹‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘–‡Š‘™‡˜‡”–Šƒ––Š‹• ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡Ž‹‹–‡†„›–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•Š‘”––‹‡•’ƒ–Šƒ–ƒ‹…”‘Ǧ’ƒ–‡– ™‘—Ž†Š‘Ž†ǡ‹–•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ƒ””‘™•…‘’‡‘ˆ—•‡ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡––Šƒ–‹–‹•—•‡†‹ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ǥ‹…”‘Ǧ’ƒ–‡–•ƒ›–Š—•—Ž‡ƒ•Š‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†‘–Š‡”™‹•‡„‡‡’– –”ƒ†‡•‡…”‡–ǡ—…Š‹–Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›–Šƒ–•–ƒ†ƒ”†—–‹Ž‹–›’ƒ–‡–•ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰‡†–‘Ǥ Š‡•‡’”‘•ƒ†…‘•‡‡†–‘„‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†ƒ††‹•…—••‡†…ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͻʹ 

    R E Ǧ VISITCONSUMERSAFETYREGULATIONSFORPERSONALLY Ǧ FABRICATEDPRODUCTS  ‡™”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”•ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†–‘’”‘–‡…–…‘•—‡”•‹–Š‡‡‡”‰‹‰‡”ƒ‘ˆ •ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ǡ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Ǥ‘•—‡”•ƒˆ‡–›”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡„ƒ•‡† ‘ƒ‘†‡Ž‘ˆƒ••’”‘†—…–‹‘‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡ ȋ‘”‘–Š‡””‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›ƒ‰‡…›ȌŠƒ•–Š‡ …‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†’‘™‡”ƒ†…‘–”‘Ž–‘‘˜‡”•‡‡–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‡™’”‘†—…–•Ǥ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡† …‘–”‘ŽǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‰‘‡•ƒ™ƒ›™Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ†’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰–ƒ‡’Žƒ…‡‹ –Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ”‡‰—Žƒ”’‡‘’Ž‡ǤŠ‡„‡ƒ—–›‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽ•…ƒŽ‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹• –Šƒ–…‘•—‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒ……‡••–‘’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›‹ –Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆƒˆ‡™Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹••ƒ‡’‘™‡”‘’‡•—’‡™…‘…‡”•ƒ„‘—– …‘•—‡”•ƒˆ‡–›‹…‘‡…–‹‘™‹–Š•‡ŽˆǦ†‡•‹‰‡†’”‘†—…–•–Šƒ–ƒ›ƒŽˆ—…–‹‘ǡ„‡ –‘š‹…ǡ‘”„‡…‘—–‡”ˆ‡‹–Ǥ

I NTRODUCEAMOREGRANULARDEFINITIONOFA ““ SMALL ””  MANUFACTURINGBUSINESS  ‡”•‘ƒŽ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡ—Ž‹‡‘Ž†Ǧ•…Š‘‘ŽDz•ƒŽŽdzƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ …‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡ–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›Š‹”‡ˆƒ”ˆ‡™‡”–ŠƒͷͲͲ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ǡ…—””‡–Ž›–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ™Šƒ–“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡•ƒ•ƒ•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••Ǥ‘”‡‰”ƒ—Žƒ”†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ „—•‹‡••‡‡†•–‘„‡†‡ˆ‹‡†„›–Š‡ǤǤƒŽŽ—•‹‡••†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǤͷͲͲ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•‹•—…Š–‘‘Žƒ”‰‡‘ˆƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•–‘ƒ……—”ƒ–‡Ž›”‡ˆŽ‡…––Š‡ ‰”‘™‹‰—„‡”‘ˆͷǡͳͲǡƒ†ʹͲ’‡”•‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•‹–‘†ƒ›ǯ••ƒŽŽǦ •…ƒŽ‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Ǥ‘”‡‰”ƒ—Žƒ”†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘™‘—Ž†‰‹˜‡ ‡‡”‰‹‰ƒ†‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡„—•‹‡••‡•ƒ„‡––‡”•Š‘–ƒ– ƒ™ƒ”†•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒʹͲ ’‡”•‘•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡•…ƒ‘–…‘’‡–‡™‹–ŠƒͶͻͲ’‡”•‘•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‹ • ƒ†‘–Š‡”…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡„‹†•Ǥ ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†‹•—„Ǧ‰”‘—’•ǡ•–ƒ”–‹‰™‹–ŠŽ‡••–ŠƒʹͲǡʹͳǦͷͲǡ ͷͲǦͳͲͲƒ†•‘‘Ǥ ‘˜‡”‡–•‡–Ǧƒ•‹†‡•ˆ‘”˜‡”›•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡•™‘—Ž†Ž‡˜‡Ž–Š‡ ’Žƒ›‹‰ˆ‹‡Ž†–‘Ž‘™‡”–Š‡„ƒ””‹‡”–‘‡–”›–‘„”‹‰Š–ƒ†Šƒ”†Ǧ™‘”‹‰•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡•• ‘™‡”•™Š‘ƒ”‡•‡‡‹‰‰‘˜‡”‡–•—’’‘”–Ǥ

P ASSTHE N ATIONAL F AB L AB N ETWORK A CTOF 2010,  HR  6003 —””‡–Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘„‡ˆ‘”‡‘‰”‡••ƒ‹•–‘Dz‘’”‘˜‹†‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ„ƒ„‡–™‘”ȋ Ȍ–‘„—‹Ž†‘—–ƒ‡–™‘”‘ˆ…‘—‹–›„ƒ•‡†ǡ ‡–™‘”‡† ƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”‹‡•ƒ…”‘••–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•–‘ˆ‘•–‡”ƒ‡™

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͻ͵ 

‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š•…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰•‹ŽŽ•ƒ†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ™‘”ˆ‘”…‡…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ’”‘†—…‹‰™‘”Ž†…Žƒ••‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†‰‘‘†•Ǥdz‘”‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡…–™ƒ–•–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‘‡ ƒ„ƒ„’‡”‡˜‡”›͹ͲͲǡͲͲͲ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‹ –Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‡›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‹–•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ —‡Ž‡†„›‡ƒŽ ‡”•Š‡ˆ‡Ž†ǯ•–‹”‡Ž‡••‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘’”‘‘–‡ ƒ„ƒ„•ƒ•ƒ–‘‘Žˆ‘” ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†…‘—‹–›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ–Š‡ ƒ„ƒ„‡–™‘”…–™‘—Ž†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ ‡™‹†‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡–‘–ƒ‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†‹‰‡†‰‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‘•‡…—”‡–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•̵Ž‡ƒ†‹‰’‘•‹–‹‘‹•…‹‡…‡ƒ† ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǤŠ‡…–’”‘’‘•‡•–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ‘Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹–‡–‹–›–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒƒ‰‡ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–™‘”‘ˆˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”‹‡•ƒ†…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ǥ Š‡‡™‘Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹–‡–‹–›ǡ–Š‡ ǡ™‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’‘‹–‘ˆ…‘–ƒ…–ˆ‘”ƒ›‘‡ ™‹•Š‹‰–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‡™ ƒ„ƒ„ǡ•‡–•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ˆ‘” ƒ„ƒ„•ƒ†Œ—†‰‡™Š‡–Š‡” ”‡“—‡•–‘”•ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡‡––Š‡ǡŠ‡Ž’ ƒ„ƒ„•ˆ‹†•’‘•‘”•ƒ†ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ† ’”‘‘–‡–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹…Ǥ

    ““C LEANCOMPANY ”” TAXBENEFITS  ““Oneofthepotentialadvantagesofhome fabbingisthemassivereductioningoods transportthatwouldbeconsequenton people'smakinglotsofstuffforthemselves, withallthegreenhousegassavingsthat thatimplies.Well,forenergyitselfwenow havefeedǦintarifflaws,whichobligeutilities topayafixedpriceforhomeǦgenerated greenelectricity.Thiscostsgovernment nothing,astheutilitiespassthechargeson totheirothercustomers.Dirtyenergyusers arepayingapremium,whichisthenusedto rewardcleangenerators.Byanalogy,one canimaginechangesin,say,salestaxlaws thatwouldincreasethecostoffinished goods,butreducethatofrawmaterialsused bypersonalfabricators.Thiswouldbe revenueǦneutralforgovernment,butwould encouragetheuseofthetechnologywith

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͻͶ 

consequenttransportsavings.”” ––AdrianBowyer,UniversityofBath,UK

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‘”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•‡‡†‡†–‘’‹’‘‹––Š‡‘’–‹ƒŽ …”‹–‡”‹ƒˆ‘”Dz…Ž‡ƒ…‘’ƒ›dz–ƒšƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•Ǥ šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ’‘••‹„Ž‡…”‹–‡”‹ƒ™‘—Ž†„‡–‘‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•–‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ …‘’ƒ‹‡•–Šƒ–ǣ ƒ ƒ ƒ

x •‡ƒ…‡”–ƒ‹’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ”‘–Š‡‹”Ž‘…ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘ •‡ƒ…‡”–ƒ‹’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ”ƒ™ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‘ˆ”‡Ǧ—•‡†™ƒ•–‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ”‘†—…‡ˆ‡™–Šƒƒ…‡”–ƒ‹—„‡”‘ˆ–‘•‘ˆ™ƒ•–‡’‡”›‡ƒ” ‹–ƒ…‡”–ƒ‹ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‡šŠƒ—•–‹–‘–Š‡ƒ‹”‘”‡ƒ”„›‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”

T AX Ǧ FREERAWMATERIALSFORPERSONALMANUFACTURING BUSINESSES  ‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡–ƒš„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆ„‡‹‰ƒDz…Ž‡ƒ…‘’ƒ›ǡdz…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ™Š‘’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›—•‡’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡••Š‘—Ž†‘–’ƒ›–ƒš‡• ™Š‡–Š‡›’”‘…—”‡–Š‡”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–Š‡›—•‡ˆ‘”’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ ˆ…‘’ƒ‹‡•™Š‘ƒ”‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡…‘Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž›‹–Š‡‹”ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘’”‘…—”‡–Š‡”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ–ƒŽ‘™‡”…‘•–ǡ–Š‡›…ƒ’ƒ••ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡…‘•–•ƒ˜‹‰•–‘–Š‡‹”…—•–‘‡”•‹ –Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆŽ‘™‡”’”‹…‡•Ǥ‘™‡”…‘•–ǡ…Ž‡ƒǡ†‘‡•–‹…ƒŽŽ›’”‘†—…‡†‰‘‘†•™‹ŽŽ„‡ „‡––‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘…‘’‡–‡‘’”‹…‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ••’”‘†—…‡†‰‘‘†•‹’‘”–‡†ˆ”‘Š‹‰ŠŽ› ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‰ƒ†—”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡†ˆƒ…–‘”‹‡•Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͻͷ 

   E NCOURAGEAN NSF/D O ED STUDYONPERSONALDIGITAL MANUFACTURINGASATOOLIN STEM  E DUCATION  ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰”ƒ–‘‡›•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘‰ƒ‹‹•‹‰Š–‹–‘–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆŠƒ†•Ǧ ‘ǡ•ƒŽŽ•…ƒŽ‡’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•‹–Š‡•…‹‡…‡ƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ …Žƒ••”‘‘Ǥ—…Š•–—†›Šƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‡†‘‡‘–Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆŠƒ†•Ǧ‘Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‹ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘’—–‹‰ƒ†‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‹‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘•‹‹Žƒ”Ž›™‡ŽŽǦ‡š’Ž‘”‡†Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•’‘––›ƒ‡…†‘–ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒƒ„‘—––Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–‘ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽǡ†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹‡†—…ƒ–‹‘‹•‘–‡‘—‰ŠǦǦƒ ‘”‡”‹‰‘”‘—•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹•‡‡†‡†ǤŠ‡”‡‹•…—””‡–Ž›‘†ƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡‹’ƒ…–ȋ‘ •–—†‡–•ƒ†–‡ƒ…Š‡”•„‘–ŠȌ‘ˆƒ‹‰Šƒ†•Ǧ‘’‡”•‘ƒŽǡ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ƒ† ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ…‘”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆǦͳʹ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽˆ—†‹‰ƒ‰‡…›•Š‘—Ž†‹‹–‹ƒ–‡ƒ…ƒŽŽˆ‘”…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†ǡŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•–Šƒ– –”ƒ…–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†”‡–‡–‹‘‘ˆ•–—†‡–•‹‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰‡†—…ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ –™‘…‘–”‘Ž‰”‘—’•ǣ•–—†‡–•™‹–Š”‡‰—Žƒ”Šƒ†•Ǧ‘ƒ……‡••–‘†‹‰‹–ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ƒ† ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ•ƒ…‘”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…—””‹…—Ž—˜•Ǥ •–—†‡–•™‹–Š‘—–ƒ……‡••–‘†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǤŠ‡•–—†›•Š‘—Ž† ‡š’Ž‘”‡‡›“—‡•–‹‘••—…Šƒ• ƒ ƒ

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™Š‡–Š‡”•–—†‡–•™Š‘•‡…‘—”•‡™‘”‹˜‘Ž˜‡††‡•‹‰‹‰ƒ†ƒ‹‰–Š‡‹” ‘™‘†‡Ž•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„‡––‡”‘•–ƒ†ƒ”†•…Š‘Žƒ•–‹…–‡•–• ™Š‡–Š‡”Ǧͳʹ•–—†‡–•™‡”‡‘”‡‹…Ž‹‡†–‘˜‹‡™ƒ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ƒ†•…‹‡…‡ …ƒ”‡‡”‘”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›‹ˆ–Š‡‹”…—””‹…—Ž—‹˜‘Ž˜‡†’‡”•‘ƒŽ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ™Šƒ–’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–ƒ”‰‡–˜•…‘–”‘Ž‡ƒ…Š‰”‘—’•‡Ž‡…–‡†ƒ•…‹‡…‡‘” ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ƒŒ‘”—’‘‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘Š‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Ž ™Š‡–Š‡””‡–‡–‹‘”ƒ–‡•ƒ‘‰•–‰‹”Ž•ƒ†‹‘”‹–›•–—†‡–•‹’”‘˜‡†‹ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‡”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”…Žƒ••”‘‘ …—””‹…—Ž—Ǥ

‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡǦͳʹ–‡ƒ…Š‡”••Š‘—Ž†„‡•–—†‹‡†‹–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ‡”Ǥ

L EARNMOREABOUTUSERLEDPRODUCTDESIGN  ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡’‡”ˆ‡…–’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘”—•‡”ǦŽ‡† ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒŽ’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––‘‘Ž‹–•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŽ‹––Ž‡‹•‘™ƒ„‘—– –Š‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒ†„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆ—•‡”Ž‡†‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‘•ƒŽŽ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ†Žƒ”‰‡•…ƒŽ‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǡ‘—”‡…‘‘›ǡƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‹–Š‡…‘–‡š–‘ˆˆ‘”ƒŽ …‘’ƒ›Ǧ‹••—‡†’”‘†—…‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––‘‘Ž‹–•Ǥ•‡”•–Šƒ–…‘‡—’™‹–Š•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–   ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͻ͸ 

‹’”‘˜‡‡–•–‘’”‘†—…–•Šƒ˜‡‘–„‡‡ˆƒ…–‘”‡†‹–‘‘—”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆŠ‘™–Š‡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••™‘”•Ǥ—„Ž‹…’‘Ž‹…‹‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡”‡˜‹‡™‡†‹ƒ‡™ …‘–‡š–‹™Š‹…Š•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ǡ†‡…‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†’‡”•‘ƒŽ†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Ǥ‘”‡ ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•‡‡†–‘ƒ•™‡”“—‡•–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘„—•‹‡••‡•‹ˆ”‡‰—Žƒ”’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ‡–Š‡‹”‘™’”‘†—…–•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ™Šƒ–™‹ŽŽŠƒ’’‡–‘ Žƒ”‰‡…‘’ƒ‹‡•–Šƒ–”‡Ž›‘–Š‡•ƒŽ‡‘ˆŽ‘™ƒ”‰‹ǡƒ••’”‘†—…‡†‰‘‘†•–‘ƒ‡ƒ ’”‘ˆ‹–ǫ ˆ…‘•—‡”•‰‡–Š‘‘‡†‘†‡•‹‰‹‰ƒ†’”‘†—…‹‰–Š‹‰•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡŠ‘™ ™‹ŽŽ–Šƒ–‹’ƒ…–ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•ƒˆ‡–›”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ǫ‘”‡–ƒ”‰‡–‡† “—‡•–‹‘•ƒŽ•‘†‡ƒ†‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡŽƒ”‰‡…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡Ƭ •—„•‹†‹‡•ƒ†–ƒš…”‡†‹–•™Š‡–Š‡›‹˜‡•–‹’”‘†—…–‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–™‘—Ž† „‡—•‡ˆ—Ž–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ†‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ‰‹˜‹‰•‹‹Žƒ”–ƒš„”‡ƒ•–‘•ƒŽŽ …‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒŽ•‘™Š‘‹˜‡•––‹‡ƒ†”‡•‘—”…‡•‹’”‘†—…–‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͻ͹ 

C ONCLUSION  ‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•—•‡–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘‡–Š‘†•ƒ•–Š‡‹” Žƒ”‰‡”ǡ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ…‡•–‘”•ǡ„—–ƒ”‡•ƒŽŽ‡”ǡ…Š‡ƒ’‡”ǡƒ†‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘—•‡Ǥ‘‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ•͵’”‹–‡”•ǡŽƒ•‡”…—––‡”•ǡƒ†’”‘‰”ƒƒ„Ž‡•‡™‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡ …‘„‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‡”‹‰Š–‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…†‡•‹‰„Ž—‡’”‹–ǡ‡ƒ„Ž‡’‡‘’Ž‡–‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡ ˆ—…–‹‘‹‰’”‘†—…–•ƒ–Š‘‡ǡ‘†‡ƒ†ǡƒ––Š‡’”‡••‘ˆƒ„—––‘ǤŠ‡•‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡–‘‡˜‡”›‘‡Ǣˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡ǡ†‡•‹‰‹‰ ƒ†ƒ‹‰…—•–‘‘„Œ‡…–•‹•…Š‡ƒ’ǡ‡ƒ•›ǡƒ†ˆ—Ǥ‡…‡–”ƒ’‹†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ†˜ƒ…‡•‹†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡ…‘„‹‡†™‹–Š •Š”‹‹‰…‘•–•‘ˆƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›ƒ…–‹˜‡ƒ†Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž‘Ž‹‡—•‡” …‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ’Ž—•‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡•ǯ–‡†‡…›–‘…‘†—…–‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡†ƒ‹Ž›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘Ž‹‡ǡ™‹ŽŽ–‹’’‡”•‘ƒŽˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‘ˆŠ‘„„›‹•–•ƒ†’‹‘‡‡”•–‘–Š‡ ƒ‹•–”‡ƒǤ ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‹ŽŽ’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž›‹’ƒ…–Š‘™™‡†‡•‹‰ǡƒ‡ǡ –”ƒ•’‘”–ǡƒ†…‘•—‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ’”‘†—…–•Ǥ•ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡ ’ƒ–Šˆ”‘ˆƒ…–‘”›–‘Š‘‡—•‡ǡŽ‹‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘’—–‡”•ǡDz’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹œ‡†dz ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•™‹ŽŽ‡ƒ„Ž‡…‘•—‡”•ǡ•…Š‘‘Ž•ƒ†„—•‹‡••‡•–‘™‘”ƒ†’Žƒ› ‹‡™™ƒ›•Ǥ‡”‰‹‰ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‹ŽŽ—•Š‡”‹ƒ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ Dz‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘dz–Šƒ–…‘„‹‡•–Š‡„‡•–‘ˆƒ••ƒ†ƒ”–‹•ƒ’”‘†—…–‹‘‘†‡Ž•ǡƒ†Šƒ• –Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›”‡˜‡”•‡–Š‡–”‡†–‘‘—–•‘—”…‹‰Ǥ‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‹ŽŽ—Ž‡ƒ•ŠDzŽ‘‰–ƒ‹Ždz‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ”‡–•ˆ‘”…—•–‘‰‘‘†•ǡ™Š‘•‡•ƒŽ‡• ˜‘Ž—‡•‘ˆ™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡‡‘—‰Š–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ‹…Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǡƒ† †‡•‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•–‘ƒ‡ƒ‰‘‘†Ž‹˜‹‰Ǥ†‡”•‡”˜‡†…‘—‹–‹‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ †‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡–Š‡‹”‘™‡†‹…ƒŽ†‡˜‹…‡•ǡ–‘›•ǡƒ…Š‹‡’ƒ”–•ƒ†‘–Š‡” –‘‘Ž•Ž‘…ƒŽŽ›ǡ—•‹‰Ž‘…ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ–•…Š‘‘Žǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž•™‹ŽŽ ‡’‘™‡”ƒ‡™‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‘”•ǡƒ†•’ƒ”•–—†‡–‹–‡”‡•–‹•…‹‡…‡ǡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ƒ†ƒ–ŠȋȌ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‹‡…‘’—–‹‰ǡ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ•Š”‹‹‰ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‘‘Ž• ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹…‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–Šƒ–Šƒ•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘…ƒ–ƒŽ›œ‡ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ›‘–Š‡”ˆ‹‡Ž†•ƒ†‹†—•–”‹‡•ǤŠ‡•‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•”‡‘˜‡–Š‡ „ƒ””‹‡”•‘ˆ‹˜‡•–‡–‹Š‡ƒ˜›ƒ…Š‹‡”›ƒ†•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•‹ŽŽǡ•‘ …‘•—‡”•ǡˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡•‹…‡–Š‡‡”ƒ‘ˆƒ”–‹•ƒ…”ƒˆ–’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†–Š‡ †‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‡™”‡–ƒ‹Ž ‡…‘•›•–‡ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‡…‘‘›‹–Š‡ǤǤ•‘™‡…ƒ…‘–‹—‡–‘Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡•– ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹’”‘†—…–‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Ǥ‡™„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž•™‹ŽŽ „‡…‘‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ•—…Šƒ••ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ǡ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Š—„•ǡ‘ƒ†’‘’

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͻͺ 

•Š‘’•–Šƒ–…”‡ƒ–‡‹…Š‡’”‘†—…–•ˆ‘”ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ”‡–ǡ…—•–‘ƒ†‘Ǧ†‡ƒ† ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǡƒ†–‘‘Ž‹–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡‹”‰”‡ƒ–’”‘‹•‡ǡ•—……‡••ˆ—Žƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹•‘–ƒ••—”‡†Ǥ—„‡”‘ˆ„ƒ””‹‡”••–ƒ†‹–Š‡™ƒ›–Šƒ–†‹•…‘—”ƒ‰‡ ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†Š‘‡ǡ•…Š‘‘Žƒ†„—•‹‡••—•‡•—…Šƒ••ƒˆ‡–›…‘…‡”•ǡ’ƒ”– •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†˜‡”•‹‘…‘–”‘Ž…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›‹••—‡•ƒ† …”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›…‘–”‘Ž•ǤŠ‘—‰Š–ˆ—Žƒ†˜‹•‹‘ƒ”›‰‘˜‡”‡– ‹˜‡•–‡–‹•‡‡†‡†–‘‡•—”‡™‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Š‡ǤǤƒ•–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ž‡ƒ†‡”‹’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–’‘Ž‹…‹‡•™‹ŽŽ‘—”‹•Š–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‘’”‘‘–‡‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡ…”‡ƒ–‡‡™‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ† ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡††‘‡•–‹…Œ‘„•ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ‡™†‡•‹‰•’ƒ…‡–‘ˆ‘•–‡”‹˜‡–‹‘ǡƒ† •’ƒ”–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡™„—•‹‡••‡•Ǥ 

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͻͻ 

B IBLIOGRAPHY    ͳ‘ƒ—–Š‘”‰‹˜‡ǤDz ƒ…–‘”›‘›‘—”†‡•Ǥdzƒ•‡Š‹•–‘”›‹TheEconomistprint

editionǡ‡’͵”†ǡʹͲͲͻǤ ʹƒ…‡ǡ•ŠŽ‡‡ǤDz͵Ǧ”‹–‹‰’—”•ƒƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǤdzNewYorkTimes,

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Ͷ ƒ‰‡ƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘‹‰‡”ǯ•™‡„•‹–‡ƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ•‹‰‡”…‘Ǥ…‘Ȁˆ—–—”ƒ ͷ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘”‘–Š‡”ǯ•™‡„•‹–‡ƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ„”‘–Š‡”Ǧ

—•ƒǤ…‘Ȁ‘‡‡™‹‰Ȁ”‘†—…–‹•–Ǥƒ•’šǫ…ƒ–ᇏ„”‘‹†‡”›ƬǤ•˜Žα„”‘‹†‡”›‘’ ƒ˜ ͸—’…ƒ‡’”‹…‡“—‘–‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ‡”‘–•–‘”‡ǯ•™‡„•‹–‡‹‘˜‡„‡”ǡʹͲͳͲǤ

’Ǧ–‘Ǧ†ƒ–‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀ•–‘”‡Ǥƒ‡”„‘–Ǥ…‘ ͹Š––’ǣȀȀˆƒ„ƒ–Š‘‡Ǥ‘”‰ ͺ’ˆ”‘–Ǥ‡‹‡ǯ•‹–‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Š‹Ž‹‘ —ƒ”‡œǤŽŽ„‘—–ǯ•–”ƒ–‡‰›ˆ‘”͵

’”‹–‹‰Ǥdz‘•–‡†ƒ›ʹͷǡʹͲͳͲƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ—’ˆ”‘–‡œ‹‡Ǥ…‘ȀʹͲͳͲȀ—’ˆǦ͸Ͷ͹ǤŠ– ͻ‡””›‘ŠŽ‡”•ǤAdditivemanufacturingstateoftheindustryannualprogressreport.

‘”–‘ŽŽ‹•ǡǣ‘ŠŽ‡”•••‘…‹ƒ–‡•ǡ …ǤǡʹͲͳͲǤ ͳͲŠ”‹•–‡•‡ǡǤǤTheInnovator’’sDilemmaǤƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡǣƒ”˜ƒ”†—•‹‡••

…Š‘‘Ž”‡••ǡͳͻͻ͹Ǥ ͳͳ‘ƒ—–Š‘”‰‹˜‡ǤDz ’”‘Œ‡…–ǣƒŽ‘™Ǧ…ƒ”„‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥdz

‘—‰Š„‘”‘—‰Š‹˜‡”•‹–›‡™ƒ†˜‡–•’ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ǡʹͲͲͻǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ– Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŽ„‘”‘Ǥƒ…Ǥ—Ȁ•‡”˜‹…‡Ȁ’—„Ž‹…‹–›Ȁ‡™•Ǧ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡•ȀʹͲͲͻȀͲ͵̴ ǤŠ–Ž ͳʹ—”•ǤDzŠ‡ ”‡‡†‘–‘”‡ƒ–‡ǤdzTechnologyManagementͳȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ ͳ͵ƒ—”›Ž‡‹ǤTheGenesisofIndustrialAmerica,1870––1920.ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡǣ

ƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǤʹͲͲ͹Ǥ ͳͶ‘ƒ—–Š‘”‰‹˜‡ǤDz ƒ…–‘”›Œ‘„•ǣ͵‹ŽŽ‹‘Ž‘•–•‹…‡ʹͲͲͲ̶ǤUSATODAY.com.’”‹ŽʹͲǡ

ʹͲͲ͹Ǥ

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͳͲͲ 

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ͳͻǡʹͲͲͻǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘—”ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ„Ž‘‰Ǧ‡–”›ȀʹͲͲͻͳͲͶ͵ͳͻȀ‰ʹͲǦ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Ǧ‘—–’—–Ǧ…ƒ’‹–ƒǤ ͳ͸ ‘Š•‘ǡ ‘‡ŽǤGizmodoƒ‰ƒœ‹‡Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘Ž‹‡ƒ–

Š––’ǣȀȀ‰‹œ‘†‘Ǥ…‘ȀͷͶͷ͹Ͷ͸ͳȀƒ–‘•Ǧƒ”‡Ǧ‘–Ǧ„‹–•Ǧ™‹”‡†Ǧ‹•Ǧ‘–ǦƒǦ„—•‹‡••Ǧ ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡͓…‘‡–• ͳ͹ ‘””‡•–‡”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ‡’‘”–‘‘Ž‹‡”‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒŽ‡•Ǥ‘”‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ– Š––’ǣȀȀ–‡…Š…”—…ŠǤ…‘ȀʹͲͳͲȀͲ͵ȀͲͺȀˆ‘””‡•–‡”Ǧˆ‘”‡…ƒ•–Ǧ‘Ž‹‡Ǧ”‡–ƒ‹ŽǦ•ƒŽ‡•Ǧ™‹ŽŽǦ ‰”‘™Ǧ–‘ǦʹͷͲǦ„‹ŽŽ‹‘Ǧ„›ǦʹͲͳͶȀ ͳͺŠ”‹•†‡”•‘ǤTheLongTail.‡™‘”ǣ›’‡”‹‘ǤʹͲͲ͸Ǥ ͳͻŠ––’ǣȀȀ‡Ǥ™‹‹’‡†‹ƒǤ͹˜ƒŽǤ…‘Ȁ™‹‹Ȁ‘‰̴ƒ‹Ž ʹͲ‘‹’’‡Žǡ”‹…ǤDemocratizingInnovation.ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡǣŠ‡ ”‡••ǡʹͲͲͷǤ ʹͳ‡”•–ƒ––ǡǤǡƒ†Ǥ˜‘‹’’‡ŽǤDz ”‘š’‡”‹‡…‡ǣ‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰‡™”‘†—…–

‘…‡’–•˜‹ƒ–Š‡‡ƒ†•‡”‡–Š‘†ǤdzJournalofProductInnovationManagementͻ ȋͳͻͻʹȌǣʹͳ͵ǦʹʹʹǤ ʹʹ‹Ž‹‡ǡ ǤǤǡǤǤ‘””‹•‘ǡǤ‡ƒ”Ž•ǡǤ‘ƒ…ǡƒ†Ǥ˜‘‹’’‡ŽǤDz‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ••‡••‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ†•‡” †‡ƒǦ ‡‡”ƒ–‹‘”‘…‡••ˆ‘”‡™”‘†—…–‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥdz ManagementScienceͶͺȋʹͲͲʹȌǣͳͲͶʹȂͳͲͷͻǤ ʹ͵‘™‡ǡ ‡ˆˆǤ̶Š‡‹•‡‘ˆ”‘™†•‘—”…‹‰Ǥ̶Wired, —‡ǡʹͲͲ͸Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘Ž‹‡ƒ–

Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ™‹”‡†Ǥ…‘Ȁ™‹”‡†Ȁƒ”…Š‹˜‡ȀͳͶǤͲ͸Ȁ…”‘™†•ǤŠ–ŽǤ ʹͶ‡‡Žǡ Ǥƒ†˜‘‹’’‡ŽǡǤDz‡Žˆƒ”‡‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ—•‡”‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǤdzJournalof

TechnologyTransferǡ͵ͲȋʹͲͲͷȌǣ͹͵ǦͺͺǤ ʹͷ‹Ž‹‡ǡ ǤǤǡǤǤ‘””‹•‘ǡǤ‡ƒ”Ž•ǡǤ‘ƒ…ǡƒ†Ǥ˜‘‹’’‡ŽǤDz‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡

••‡••‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ†•‡” †‡ƒǦ ‡‡”ƒ–‹‘”‘…‡••ˆ‘”‡™”‘†—…–‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥdz ManagementScienceͶͺȋʹͲͲʹȌǣͳͲͶʹȂͳͲͷͻǤ ʹ͸Š‘‡ǡ–‡ˆƒƒ†˜‘‹’’‡Žǡ”‹…ǤDz—•–‘‡”•ƒ• ‘˜ƒ–‘”•Ǥ‡™ƒ›–‘

”‡ƒ–‡ƒŽ—‡ǤdzHarvardBusinessReviewǤ’”‹ŽʹͲͲʹǣʹǦͳͲǤ ʹ͹‘Ž—‡ͳǤͳ‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘—”…‡ƒ”†™ƒ”‡”ƒˆ––ƒ–‡‡–‘ˆ”‹…‹’Ž‡•ƒ†

‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘Ž‹‡ƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀˆ”‡‡†‘†‡ˆ‹‡†Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ̴†”ƒˆ– ʹͺʹʹͲ‘—–Šǯ• ƒ„”ƒ–‘”›Ǥ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹ƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘–Š‹‰‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ…‘™‡„•‹–‡

ƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ–Š‹‰‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ…‘Ȁ–Š‡ˆƒ„”ƒ–‘”›

  ƒ…–‘”›̷Š‘‡‘†‹’•‘Ƭ‡Ž„ƒ—”ƒͳͲͳ 

  ʹͻ”‡•‹†‡–ǯ•‘—…‹Ž‘ˆ†˜‹•‘”•‘…‹‡…‡ƒ†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǤDz”‡’ƒ”‡ƒ†‹•’‹”‡ǣ

Ǧͳʹ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘‹•…‹‡…‡ǡ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡƒ†ƒ–ŠȋȌˆ‘”‡”‹…ƒǯ• ˆ—–—”‡Ǥdz‡’‘”––‘–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ‡’–‡„‡”ǡʹͲͳͲǤ

͵Ͳƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‹‡…‡‘ƒ”†ǤDz…‹‡…‡ƒ†‰‹‡‡”‹‰ †‹…ƒ–‘”•ǣʹͲͳͲǤdz”Ž‹‰–‘ǡ

ǣƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‹‡…‡ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ǤʹͲͳͲǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘Ž‹‡ƒ– Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ•ˆǤ‰‘˜Ȁ•–ƒ–‹•–‹…•Ȁ•‡‹†ͳͲȀ•–ƒ”–ǤŠ–Ž ͵ͳƒŽ‹ŽǡŠ‘ƒ•ǤDz‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…‘‘•ˆ‘”‡ǦŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ǣ‡•‹‰‹‰ƒ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘’’‘”–—‹–›‹˜‡•–‡––”—•–ǤdzSpectrumSeries‘”‹‰ƒ’‡”ʹȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ‡™ ‡”‹…ƒ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤ ͵ʹ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡•—’‡”†—‡ˆ‘”—ƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ•—’‡”†—‡Ǥ‡– ͵͵‡‹„‡”‰ǡ‹…Šƒ‡ŽǤDz͵’”‹–‹‰ǣ –™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ™‡•‘‡‹ˆ–Š‡›†‘ǯ–•…”‡™‹–—’Ǥdz

”‘—„Ž‹…‘™Ž‡†‰‡„Ž‘‰Ǥ‘•–‡†‘˜‡„‡”ͳͲǡʹͲͳͲǤ ͵Ͷ ƒ”‹ǡ‘ƒŽ†ǤDz˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‡š–‡•‹‘‘

’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‰”‘™–ŠǤdzJournalofPolicyAnalysisandManagement18(ͳͻͻͻȌǣͻͻǦͳͳͻǤ ͵ͷ‡Ž’‡”ǡ—•ƒƒ† ƒ‡–‹‡ŽǤDz‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰•—’’Ž‹‡”…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǣƒ”‡–ƒ†‘Ǧ

ƒ”‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•ǤdzIndustry&InnovationͳͳȋʹͲͲͶȌǣͺͻǦͳͲ͹Ǥ

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