Easy-to-Implement Integral Numerical Simulation of Multi ... - eric semail

Many authors have proposed a new model of the machine taking ... Using the electromotive force vector (emf) dqr dq d e dt λ. = ..... Each term of this matrix has ...
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Easy-to-Implement Integral Numerical Simulation of Multi-phase Drives under Fault Supply Condition X. Kestelyn, F. Locment, Y. Crévits and E. Semail L2EP ENSAM, 8 Bd Louis XIV, 59046 Lille France [email protected] Abstract - This paper presents an easy way to model multiphase electrical drives in fault supply conditions. The presented technique makes it possible to simulate the drive in various configurations with keeping the same integral model established in normal mode. Simulations of a seven-leg seven-phase drive are carried out and compared to experimental measurements.

I. INTRODUCTION More and more electrical systems need a high level of reliability. Among the potential solutions, multi-phase machines take a particular place to improve the reliability of AC drives [1]. Efficient current controls lead to the use of the multiple dq spaces concept [2]-[3]. As for three-phase case, this control mode needs to transform the real electrical variables expressed into a stationary reference frame into fictitious variables expressed into multiple one or twodimensional dq rotating reference frames. For a n-phase machine, the first harmonics of electrical variables can be regarded as DC components and the use of PI controllers in the current loops leads to null steady state errors [11]. When one or several phases are short or open-circuited, ripples appearing in the dq currents require a particular attention. Many authors have proposed a new model of the machine taking into account these asymmetrical connections [4]-[5]. These models have made it possible to deduce efficient current controls. However, a new model is built for each new case. For machines with a high number of phases, this technique becomes rapidly cumbersome and time consuming. Moreover, some authors use the derivative operation to model voltages across open-circuited phases which can lead to problems of convergence, stability and long simulation time when using numerical simulations [7]. This paper proposes a simple and easy-to-implement way of integral modeling which makes it possible to achieve numerical simulations of multi-phase drives under fault conditions with keeping the original model of the drive. II. MULTI-PHASE DRIVE MODELLING IN NORMAL MODE Under the assumptions of balanced phases, linear magnetic behavior, no eddy currents and slots phenomenon, the electrical behavior of a n-phase machine can be modeled using (1):

JJJG

JJJG JJJG d λabc

vabc = ℜ iabc +

JJJG

JJJG

JJJG

dt

(1)

with vabc , iabc , λabc stator voltage, current and flux vectors with real variables as coordinates and ℜ a n-by-n diagonal stator resistance matrix. Using the multiple dq spaces concept [3]-[11], a vector JJJG JJJG xabc is transformed into a vector xdq using a transformation Tabc − dq from abc to dq references frames.

JJJG

JJJG

( )

xdq = Tabc − dq xdq

(2)

Equation (1) can then be rewritten as: JJJG JJG JJG d λdq (3) vdq = ℜ idq + dt JJG JJG JJJG with vdq , idq , λdq stator voltage, current and flux vectors with dq variables as coordinates. In (3), the flux vector can be broken down into two components due to the stator currents and the rotor effect: JJJG JJJG JJJG λdq = λdqs + λdqr (4) JJJG Transformation Tabc − dq is then chosen in the way that λdqs JJG depends to idq by a diagonal stator inductance matrix A dq . This choice leads to magnetically two-dimensional independent systems and makes it possible to achieve efficient and simple current controls. JJJG JJG d λdqr , Using the electromotive force vector (emf) edq = dt (3) becomes for the jth two-dimensional dq space n    j ≤ + 1 : 2   JJG JJJG JJG didqj JJJG (5) vdqj = ℜ idqj + Ldqj + edqj dt with Ldqj the dq self inductance of the jth dq system. As (5) models a symmetrical two-phase machine, the nphase machine can then be considered as equivalent to a set n of + 1 two-phase fictitious machines (for n odd). 2 Machine torque T is then obtained by summing each torque Tj provided by each two-phase fictitious machine:

n +1 2

n +1 2

T = ∑ T j =∑

JJJG JJG

edqj idqj

(6) Ω 1 1 If the emfs of the n-phase machine are only composed of harmonics which ranks are inferior to n, transformation Tabc − dq from abc to dq vectors is chosen in a way that emfs of JJG the fictitious machines edq are constant during steady state operation. This transformation can be considered as an extended Park transformation. These previous remarks make it possible to achieve efficient current controls using classical Proportional Integral (PI) controllers [3]. Fig. 1 shows the overall control structure based on the multiple dq spaces concept. Electrical machines are in the major cases supplied by a voltage source inverter (VSI). If, for reliability considerations, the machine phases are sometimes independent, the economy of static switches often leads to wye-coupling topologies [10]. Fig. 2 depicts a n-phase machine wye-connected to a n-leg VSI. Voltages across the phases are dependent on the electrical coupling mode. If a wye-coupling is considered, stator voltage k is related to VSI voltages by (7): n n−1 1 n vkN − ∑ viN + ∑ em (7) n n i =1,i ≠ k m =1 with em the emf induced in phase m by the rotor. Equation (7), usually used to model wye-coupled drives, can be rewritten as (8): JJJG JJJJG JJG JJG (8) vabc = vabcN − vz + ez

vk =

JJG JJG with vz and ez the zero-sequence stator voltage and emf vectors composed of all nth order harmonics. JJJG ∗

idq1

JJJG ∗

+

JJJG

-

PI

vdq1

+

idq1

JJG∗

idqj

JJG ∗

vdq

JJJG ∗

+

JJG

-

PI

vdqj

JJJJG ∗

Tdq −abc

vabcN

Vbus VSI

JJJG

vabc

+

idqj

JJG

iabc

+

JJG

idq

Tabc −dq

Fig. 1. Multiple dq spaces concept control structure.

n-phase machine

sk1

Vbus/2 N Vbus/2

s(k+1)1 ik+1

ik

vkN sk2

vk

s(k+1)2

vk+1

N’ Fig. 2. Topology of a n-phase wye-coupled drive.

III. DRIVE MODELLING UNDER FAULT CONDITIONS

A. Analytical modeling If no internal fault in the machine is considered (loss of permanent magnets, broken rotor bars, turn-to-turn faults), the machine model established in normal mode can be used under fault supply conditions. In a case of short-circuited phases, it is sufficient to put the voltage terminal to a null value v k = 0 . In a case of open-circuited condition, the terminal requirement is ik = 0 . However, if the machine is wyecoupled, (7) and (8) are no longer correct and stator voltages have to be recalculated. Stator voltages are dependent on the number of open-circuited phases and their locations. Moreover, the determination of transformed dq voltages needs to have an analytical expression of the open circuit voltages. This latter voltage should be calculated by differentiating the flux across the considered open-circuited phase [6]. For numerical simulation, the use of derivative operations can lead to known problems of convergence, stability and long simulation time [7]. The previous problems can be overcome by modeling the connection between the VSI and the machine terminals by a resistor whose value depends on the functioning condition. The relation between VSI voltages and stator voltages are then given by (9). vk = vSIk − RCk ⋅ ik (9) where vSIk is obtained using (8) and connection resistance RCk is null under normal condition and tends to infinite when phase k is open-circuited. Fig. 3 graphically depicts the chosen way of opencircuited conditions modeling.

JJJG

eabc

JJJJG

vabcN

+ + -

Machine model

Wye-coupling model 0  0 0  0 0 

Tabc− dq

 RC1   0  0   0  0 

0 RC 2 0 0 0

0  0 0  0 0 ... ...  0 0 ... 1  0 0 1 0 0 1

0 0 0

      ... RCn 

0 0 0 0 RC 3 0 0 ... 0

Tdq − abc

0 0 0 ...

1 ℜ + A abc s

JJG

iabc

It is important to note that, contrary to ℜC , matrix ℜCdq is not diagonal. It implies that in the case of open-circuited phases, the two-dimensional systems are no longer independent. Moreover, according to (11), the knowledge of the different terms of matrix ℜCdq makes it possible to determine the effect of open-circuited phases over dq variables. IV. CASE OF A SEVEN-LEG SEVEN-PHASE AXIAL PERMANENT MAGNET MACHINE

Connection model

Fig. 3. Graphical description of open-circuited condition modelling.

B. Numerical simulation As this method of modeling can be regarded as a resistive companion modeling of the connection [7], the values of connection resistances RC have then to be chosen accordingly to a compromise between the expected model accuracy and the overall computation time. For linear systems, the computation step time of the numerical solver is first chosen in regard to the smallest time constant of the system. This precaution allows avoiding problems of convergence and accuracy. In normal or short-circuited condition, the smallest time constant corresponds to the fastest current closed-loop time constant (i.e. R , Ldqj first order system and associated PI control loop). In open-circuited conditions, the time constants to be considered become from the internal closed-loop composed of connection resistances RC and machine electrical variables ( R , L ). A large value for connection resistances RC can lead to small step time and consequently large computation time. The previous remark leads to consider that connection resistance RCk can not tend to infinity. As a direct consequence, current ik in the open-circuited phase does not tend to zero. However, as the machine is supplied by a VSI, current ik can not have a magnitude higher than: V ( ik )max = bus (10) RC

A. Presentation of the seven-phase drive A six-pole seven-phase NN TORUS [9] machine with two external rotors has been designed for fault-condition operations. Fig. 4 shows a picture of the axial flux sevenphase machine. The stator, with Gramme-ring windings, is soft magnetic composite made with 42 slots. Fig. 5 shows one sixth of the machine. The drive is designed for a rated torque of 65Nm and supplied by a seven-leg voltage source inverter controlled with pulse width modulation. The DC bus voltage is set to 300V and pulse width modulation switching frequency is set to 20kHz. As depicted in Fig. 1, multiple PI dq current controls are used to achieve high performances. In the case of a sevenphase machine, the drive is equivalent two a set of three fictitious two-phase machines (M1, M2 and M3) and one onephase machine Mz. Due to the wye-coupling, machine Mz is not supplied.

Fig. 4. Seven-phase double rotor permanent.

MAGNETS

C. Effects of connection resistances over dq variables Using the multiple dq spaces concept, (9) becomes: JJG JJJJG JJG vdq = vSIdq − ℜCdq idq (11)

ROTORS COILS

with matrix ℜCdq calculated according to (12): ℜCdq = Tdq −abcℜCTabc−dq

(12) ℜC a n-by-n diagonal matrix with connection resistor values as variables. ℜC = diag ( RC1 , RC 2 , ..., RCn ) (13)

STATOR

Fig. 5. One sixth of the machine.

C. Numerical simulation of the drive under fault conditions Fig. 7 shows the experimental and simulated phase currents when three consecutive phases are open-circuited. dq current references are kept the same as in normal mode. Connexion resistance RCk of open-circuited phases A, B and C is set to 5kΩ. This choice leads to use a step time of 1e-6 second which is ten times larger than in the normal mode. This step time value makes a good compromise between the total time simulation and the desired accuracy. The comparison between experimental and simulated waveforms shows that this way of modeling leads to an accurate model slightly longer to simulate compared to the normal mode.

8 6

iF exp iG exp

0

iD sim

-2

iE sim

-4

iG sim

iF sim

-8 0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

Time (s)

0.4

Fig. 7. Experimental and Simulated phase currents in the case of three open-circuited phases.

D. Connection resistance versus harmonic contents of dq variables According to (12), connection matrix ℜCdq has been calculated for a seven-phase machine. Each term of this matrix has harmonic components as shown in Table I. According to (11), the value of each ℜCdq term has an impact over the dq variables. For example, using Table I it can be deduce that it exist harmonics 0 and 2 in dq variables of machine M1. Fig. 8, Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 show the experimental and simulated dq currents of the three fictitious machines and confirm the expected harmonics given by matrix ℜCdq . The use of expected harmonic content of dq variables has already been used for the control of a three-phase induction machine under fault-conditions [8]. TABLE I HARMONIC CONTENT OF CONNECTION RESISTANCE MATRIX ℜCdq

2

Current (A)

iE exp

2

-6

3

ℜCdq

1

iA exp iB exp

0

iA sim iB sim

-1

-2

-3 0.2

iD exp

4

Current (A)

B. Numerical simulation of the drive under normal conditions The drive is first simulated in normal mode to serve as a reference for comparison between simulated and experimental results. The simulation has been carried out with Matlab-Simulink in respect with the structures shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 3. Machine and controllers parameters have led to a step time of 1e-5 second. Fig. 6 shows the experimental and simulated currents of phases A and B for the following conditions: id1, id2, iq2, id3 and iq3 references set to zero, iq1 set to 4A, all connexion resistances RCk set to 0Ω. In this case, the seven currents are sinusoidal and shifted by 2π . Since it exist a good similarity between an angle 7 simulated and experimental results, the model of the drive is considered to be correct.

0.25

0.3

Time (s)

0.35

0.4

Fig. 6. Experimental and Simulated phase currents in the case of normal condition.

M1 M2 M3

M1 0.2 2 4.6 4.6 2.4 2.4

M2 2 0.2 4.6 4.6 2.4 2.4

4.6 4.6 0.1 10 2.8 2.8

M3 4.6 4.6 10 0.1 2.8 2.8

2.4 2.4 2.8 2.8 0.6 6

2.4 2.4 2.8 2.8 6 0.6

V. CONCLUSION

8

Current (A)

6

4

id1 exp iq1 exp

2

id1 sim iq1 sim

0

-2

-4 0.2

0.25

0.3

Time (s)

0.35

0.4

This paper provides an easy-to-implement way to model multi-phase drives in various configurations using a unique integral model. This opportunity makes it possible to rapidly analyze the effect of the total number of phases, of the topology of connection or of the type of fault on machine variables. Used for numerical simulation, the connection resistances make the deduction of multiple dq variables harmonic content possible, which is essential for advanced current controls. Experimental measurements on a seven phase drive show the effectiveness of the proposed solution. VI. REFERENCES

Fig. 8. Experimental and Simulated M1 dq currents in the case of three open-circuited phases. [1] 5

[2]

4 3

Current (A)

2 id2 exp

1

[3]

iq2 exp

0

id2 sim

-1

iq2 sim

[4]

-2 -3 -4 -5 0.2

[5] 0.25

0.3

Time (s)

0.35

0.4

Fig. 9. Experimental and Simulated M2 dq currents in the case of three open-circuited phases. 4

[6]

[7]

3

[8]

Current (A)

2 1

id3 exp iq3 exp

0

id3 sim

[9]

iq3 sim

-1

[10]

-2 -3 -4 0.2

[11] 0.25

0.3

Time (s)

0.35

0.4

Fig. 10. Experimental and Simulated M3 dq currents in the case of three open-circuited phases.

T.M. Jahns, “Improved reliability in solid state ac drives by means of multiple independent phase-drive units”, IEEE Trans. on Industry Appl., vol. IA-16, pp. 321-331, May-June 1980. Y. Zhao and T. Lipo, "Space Vector PWM Control of Dual Three-Phase Induction Machine Using Space Vector Decomposition", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 31, no. 5, Sept./Oct. 1995, pp. 1100-1109. H-M Ryu, J-W Kim and S-K Sul, "Synchronous Frame Current Control of Multi-Phase Synchronous Motor, Part I. Modeling and Current Control Based on Multiple d-q Spaces Concept Under Balanced Condition", Proc. of IEEE-IAS’04, Vol. 1, pp. 56-63, Seattle (USA), Oct. 2004. H. A. Toliyat, “Analysis and Simulation of Five-Phase VariableSpeed Induction Motor Drives under Asymmetrical Connections”, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol.13, No.4, pp.748-756, July 1998. H-M Ryu, J-H Kim and S-K Sul, "Synchronous Frame Current Control of Multi-Phase Synchronous Motor, Part II. Asymmetric Fault Condition due to Open Phases", Proc. of IEEE-IAS’04, Vol. 1, pp. 268-275, Seattle (USA), Oct. 2004. V. Pant, G.K. Singh and S.N. Singh, “Modelling of a Multi-phase Induction Machine under Fault Condition”, Proc. of IEEE 1999 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, PEDS'99, July 1999, Hong Kong. Dougal, R., Liu, S., Gao, L. and Blackwelder, M., “Virtual test bed for advanced power sources”, Journal of Power Sources 110 (2): 285–294. Y. Crevits, X. Kestelyn, E. Semail, "Investigation on vector control of three-phase synchronous machines under supply fault condition", Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, 2006. SPEEDAM 2006. International Symposium on May, 23rd-26th, pp. 439-444, 2006. F. Locment, E. Semail and F. Piriou, "Design and Study of a Multi-phase Axial-flux machine", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 1427-1430, April 2006. Bennett J.W., Jack A.G., Mecrow B.C., Atkinson D.J., Sewell C., Mason G., “Fault-tolerant control architecture for an electrical actuator”, 2004 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, June 20-25, 2004, Aachen, Germany. E. Semail, X. Kestelyn, and A. Bouscayrol, "Right Harmonic Spectrum for the back-electromotive force of a n-phase synchronous motor", Proc. of IEEE-IAS’04, Vol. 1, pp.71-78, Seattle (USA), Oct. 2004.pp 1364-1371.