DEPARTEMENT SIGNAL ET TELECOMMUNICATION

Réseaux Hauts Débits Réseaux Optiques 5

2008-2009

ème

Année B IRT

Stephan ROULLOT

Agenda

Cours Réseaux Optiques Partie I - PDH, SDH, Carrier Ethernet, FTTx

1. 2.

Introduction Alcatel-Lucent Transport Protocols in Public Networks

3.

Multiplexing techniques

4. 5.

PDH Overview SDH Overview & Advantages of SDH

6. 7.

Basic SDH Frame Structure and Transmission Principles SDH Multiplexing Structure

8. 9.

SDH Pointer Function Overheads

10. Synchronization 11. Protection Mechanisms : MSP, MS-SPRING, SNCP, DNI, hardware

Stéphan Roullot Alcatel-Lucent Optical Networking Division [email protected]

12. Classification of optical interfaces & Transmission Range All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

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Agenda

13. Functional Equipment Specification 14. Typical Equipment Types & Network Applications 15. OAM&P 16. ASTN / GMPLS 17. Standardization 18. Conclusion on SDH, evolution to Next-Generation SDH, MSPP 19. Native Ethernet

Introduction Alcatel-Lucent

20. Example of prolonging SDH life: Ethernet over SDH, 21. Recent developments around Carrier Ethernet Technologies 22. Transport Network Evolution 23. FTTx 24. Overview Optical Market & Competition 3 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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1

A Portfolio of Wireline Solutions at the Forefront of IP Network Transformation

Lucent Technologies History Lucent Technologies spun-off from AT&T in 1996 § Acquired PKI, TRT, etc in Europe § Manufactures equipment for telecommunication networks § Transmission, Switching, Wireless, Data, Access, IMS

Federated Control IMS

IPTV

Intelligent Transport

Enterprise

Web

Policy-Driven Subscriber and Resource Management

§ Bell Laboratories § ~35.000 employees world-wide France (300 employees): Le Plessis-Robinson, Lannion § Formerly TRT

Gateways, Mobility HA

Residential Broadband

§ Activities: Wireless R&D, Marketing & Sales, Support Services Optical Networking Group (~600 employees in R&D): § R&D centers in the USA (Holmdel, Westford, Whippany) for SONET, DWDM equipments, and Germany (Nürnberg) for SDH, OXC equipments § Manufacturing outsourced in China

PON

UMTS/LTE

Service Edge

IP/MPLS/ Optical Core

Converged Network Scalable service delivery across resilient, IP-rich Infrastructure

NG IP Base Station

CDMA WiMAX

Distributed per-subscriber and per-service control

Next Generation Wireless

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Service Aggregation

Universal Access

Merge with Alcatel effective December 1st 2006

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PSTN, ISPs, Peer IP Networks

DSL

Integrated network, element, service and subscriber management

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Alcatel-Lucent in Optical Networking Alcatel-Lucent Optics Division: More Value for Our Customers Industry’s strongest and most diversified customer base The partner of choice of converged global service providers

Global Expertise, Widespread Local Presence Alcatel-Lucent is a leader in every growing segment of the optical networking market

#1 worldwide

§ WDM - 21% § OXC - 50.8% (source Dell‘Oro, 3Q06)

Alcatel-Lucent brings together

1 2 3

• We can serve customers better everywhere

• We can better help customers transform their networks for the future

Tellabs 7% Siemens 7%

the widest optical presence worldwide

the most comprehensive optical portfolio

#1 worldwide

Nortel 12% 150,000 138,000 14,300 11,200 461,500

Alcatel -Lucent 25% Optical Networking

Others 10%

#1

Source: OvumOvum- RHK

§ Submarine § MSPP - 28.5% (source Dell‘Oro, 3Q06)

Fujitsu 10%

ADMs Ericsson 5% Huawei 10% MSPPs WDM Systems NEC 6% Cisco 7% Cross-Connects Km Submarine Networks

390,000 ADMs 80,000 MSPPs 20,000 WDM Sys/Nodes 8,200 Cross-Connects

the best of innovation and research in optics • We can deliver richer optical networking solutions Best technology

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à Massive customer references à Best market share More than 700 customers in 150 countries All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

2

Optics: Locations

Greenwich

Shanghai

Plano

Transport Protocols in Public Networks

Chengdu Murray Hill, Holmdel Vimercate, Trieste, Genoa

Paris, Calais Westford Stuttgart, Nuremberg

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Transport Networks (wire-line)

Protocols for Transport Networks

Transport networks are the means to transport end-user services

Various protocols are in use for transport of information over (wire-line) public networks

§ Access networks: Transport from the end-user premises (CP = Customer Premises) to a "service node" § Metro or Core networks: Transport between two "service nodes" Examples of service nodes

§ DWDM (OTN) - Layer 1 § SDH / SONET - Layer 1 § ISDN - Layer 1

§ Digital Switch for voice services § IP router for IP services

§ Ethernet (CSMA/CD) - Layer 1 and Layer 2 § ATM - Layer 2 § MPLS - Layer 2~3

Metro

X Access

X

X Core

CPE

CP

§ IP - Layer 3

Metro

Multiple protocols need to be "stacked" to get the desired capabilities

X

§ IP -> ATM -> SDH Access

Service Nodes

§ IP -> Ethernet -> DWDM § IP -> MPLS -> Ethernet -> MPLS -> SDH

CPE

CP

§ etc (any meaningful combination)

Public Network 1 1 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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3

Protocol Stacking

Technical Factors distinguishing protocols (1) Bandwidth Efficiency

X.86

FR

RPR POS

Video

DVI*

Ethernet* ESCON*

Private Lines

SANs

FICON*

Data (IP, IPX, MPLS, etc.)

Fibre Channel*

Voice

§ Statistical multiplexing gain is inherently present in datagram protocols § High protocol stacks decrease efficiency (e.g. ATM "cell-tax") § In case of congestion, delay sensitive traffic should be favored Scalability § Scalability of speed: the bandwidth of links can be increased without adding hardware or by adding minimal hardware

HDLC* ATM

§ The ability to transport any traffic volume from the end-users and keep the public network well filled

§ Scalability of size: network elements can be added to an existing network without loss of performance

GFP

e.g. impact of network diameter on convergence time of routing protocols

SONET/SDH (Under Study)

WDM/OTN Fiber

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Delay, delay variation § This is predominantly an issue for continuous bit-rate services (voice, video) § TDM (SDH, ISDN) is optimized for these services § Connection-oriented datagram protocols (ATM) are "good-enough" 1 4 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Technical Factors distinguishing protocols (2)

Non-technical factors to favor protocols

Complexity

Cost (at the network level)

§ Complexity covers the operational aspects of a network. The more effort is required to add/change network paths/parameters or to isolate faults, the costlier it is for a service provider § The advantage of IP & Ethernet is that routing is taken care of automatically. However, this is not a principal difference. ASTN/GMPLS is a new development, which provides SDH with capabilities comparable to OSPF and IS-IS.

Robustness

§ The installed base often limits the choices for a service provider when it comes to buying new equipment § Changing means building a separate network (overlay), train the staff, maintain new sets of spares, solve inter-working issues with old network Management Systems

§ The network must be fault-tolerant: failed nodes may not bring down a network; traffic is automatically rerouted after link or node failures § There is some resilience against human error Security § Keep traffic streams of different end-users separated. Much more difficult in case no dedicated "layer" is available for the service provider (e.g. IP) § Prevent customers from using more bandwidth or higher priority than their contract allows 1 5 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

§ The number one selection criteria Installed Base

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§ The availability of a good network management system saves a lot of operational costs in the day-to-day running of the network: adding nodes, adding customers/bandwidth, troubleshooting, collecting network statistics Standards Compliance § Necessary to get inter-working with other service providers § Necessary for inter-working between equipment vendors; allows a service provider to buy systems from multiple vendors: keeps prices down 1 6 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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4

Difficulties in changing protocols Companies are often strongly bound to certain protocols. Only big companies can afford to support multiple protocols § Cisco -- IP § Lucent ONG -- DWDM, SDH Equipment Vendors

Multiplexing Technologies

§ Protocol choice is coupled to Technology § Product Range is built around certain protocols Service Providers § Installed Equipment base § Existing Customer base In practice it is impossible for a company to change protocol quickly § Adapt evolutionary (preferred, but takes time) § Buy other company (costly, but quick)

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Multiplexing Techniques

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Multiplexing Techniques - TDM

Multiplexing is a method to aggregate low speed traffic onto a high speed communication link. Multiplexing techniques:

Frequency Domain Multiplexing (FDM)

Time Domain Multiplexing (TDM)

Each analog channel is modulated using a different carrier frequency

Each digital channel is given its own time slot. Examples: PDH, SDH and SONET

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Each channel is given its own optical wavelength (color)

Bits or bytes successively retrieved from the different channels to build a single bit stream Flexible traffic management; fixed bandwidth Mux/demux feature required

PDH = Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy, SDH= Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, SONET= Synchronous Optical Network)

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Multiplexing Techniques - WDM

Multiplexing Techniques - Capacities

Gbit/s 40 32

100 8 10

Merging of optical traffic on a single fiber

DWDM = Dense WDM

Expansible bandwidth

CWDM = Coarse WDM

Cost reduction (reuse of existing optical signals) Independence of bit rates and frame formats

2

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128

Data

STM256

STM-N

STM64

STM4 STM1

0,01 1985

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16

4

NxSTM16 80

STM16

1

0,1

NxSTM64

128

1000

1990

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1995

2000

2005

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PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) Voice codec according Shannon/Nyquist theorem: § Phone analog signal band = 3.4 kHz (rounded up to 4 kHz) § Required sampling rate : 8000Hz (i.e. 1 sample every 125 µs) No gain above since higher harmonics are cut by the low-pass filter

Before SDH: PDH

§ All Time Intervals in digital transport networks are multiple of 125 µs PCM (MIC (Modulation par Impulsion et Codage) is the basis of digital transmission in PSTN: § Codec delivers data blocks of 8 bits ð 64 kbit/s per channel § All timeslots in digital transport networks are multiple of 64 kbit/s

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6

E1 Frame Structure (MIC 2G)

PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)

Basic E1 frame at 2.048Mbit/s (T1 at 1.544Mbit/s in the US) contains 30 TS, 1 framing byte (TS0), 1 signaling channel (TS16) synchronously multiplexed

Old TDM technique (G.702) of E1 channels (“tributaries”) Nodes have their own clock; E1 channels are plesiochronous (2.048.000 Hz ± 102 Hz)

32 x 8 = 256 bits (125 µs)

Rate adaptation during multiplexing steps:

Voice sample 8bits

TS1

TS15

4 signaling bits per channel

TS17

TS31

1 2 34 5 67 8

TS0

TS16

Frame Alignment

§ Synchronization and signaling bits added (stuffing bits must be signaled for the remote end to eliminate them) § No direct access to tributary signals, requirement for complete demultiplexing

Need 15 frames for signaling of the 30 voice channels. These 15 frames + 16 th constitute a multiframe (G.704)

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§ Addition of stuffing bits to each plesiochronous tributary to make them synchronous and in phase (process called “positive justification”)

§ Bitrate of Multiplex N+1 > 4 x bitrate of Multiplex N

Out-of-band Signaling

Digital channel: 8 bits x 8000 Hz = 64 kbit/s

Multiplexing of 4 tributary channels into the next multiplex

No (or little) standard for optical signals at PDH speeds Still used for the lower multiplexing stages

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PDH Multiplexing

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PDH Transmission Rates

Add and drop of low bit rates is very difficult as all channels must be demultiplexed and then multiplexed again

Japan J5

North America

Europe & rest of the world

397 200 kbit/s

564 992 kbit/s

x4 J4

97 728 kbit/s x3

J3

34 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s

DS2, J2

2 Mbit/s

DS1, J1

x7

DS3

G.752

34 368 kbit/s

x4

G.747

1 544 kbit/s

E3

G.751

E2

G.742

2 048 kbit/s

DS0, E0, J0

E4

G.753

8 448 kbit/s x3

G.743

x24

xN: Multiplexing factor

x4

x4

6 312 kbit/s x4

2 Mbit/s

G.755

44 736 kbit/s x5

139 264 kbit/s

x4

x6

32 064 kbit/s

8 Mbit/s

DS4

274 176 kbit/s

G.752

G.752

8 Mbit/s

E5

x4

140 Mbit/s

E1

x30 64 kbit/s

Interworking (G.802) 2 7 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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SDH Historical Background 1984: Difficulties encountered with the interconnection of high-bitrate systems 1985: Solution by Bellcore SONET § Introduction of synchronous multiplexing bases

SDH Overview & Advantages

§ Frame at 49.920 Mbit/s adapted for T1 1986: Investigations on synchronous transmission within CCITT § Objective: interface at about 150 Mbit/s 1987: First CCITT Task force on the subject § USA proposition based on SONET solution and taking into account of the European hierarchy 1988: Definition of the SDH principles 1989: Publication of first Recommendations - G.707, G.708, G.709 - which form the basis of SDH

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SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

Advantages of SDH (1)

Derived from North American SONET standard in 1988

High transmission rates

State of the art synchronous TDM technology for backbone communication over optical fibers Synchronous means that

§ Payload > 150 Mbit/s for STM-1 § Currently up to 40 Gbit/s, above DWDM is used § Future proof platform (STM-256, STM-1024)

§ multiplexing is synchronous, direct access/visibility to tributaries § transmission is synchronous: reception clock is extracted incoming signal § the whole network is synchronized to a single master clock which is distributed to all network elements In order for this clock not to become a single point of failure, most networks have several backup clocks

International technology (except US with SONET) § SDH is based on international standards from ITU -T (former CCITT) and ETSI

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Optical fiber support § High transmission quality § Standardized physical interfaces with confined optical parameters Simplified add & drop function § Direct access to tributary signal (2 Mbit/s for example) in STM-1 aggregate signal § Mixing of signals of different hierarchies/technologies in a single STM-1

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8

Advantages of SDH (2)

Network Layering, Data Transparency

Flexibility § Network able to transport different signals (Ethernet, Video, PABX, PDH, SDH, ATM, IP, etc)

Voice, Data, Video, Multimedia...

§ Guarantees services down to PDH High availability and reliability § Provides various transmission protection schemes § Highly reliable System Design with redundant hardware

IP

Built-in Operation, Administration, Maintenance and Provisioning (OAM&P) functions

Ethernet

§ Associated with strong Network Management support International standardization in ITU -T

ATM SDH/SONET

§ Guarantee Multi-vendor Interoperability § Compatibility of transmission equipments and networks worldwide

WDM

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Bit Ordering conventions The order of transmission of information in all the diagrams is first from left to right and then from top to bottom. Within each byte the most significant bit (MSB) is transmitted first. The most significant bit (bit 1) is illustrated at the left in all the diagrams.

Basic SDH Frame Structure and Transmission Principles MSB

LSB

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Transmission order

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9

Basic STM-1 Frame Structure (rectangular form)

SDH Transmission Principle Frame period = 125 µs

261 columns (payload)

9 columns (OH)

270 bytes

3

RSOH

Payload (VC-4)

AU Pointer 9 rows

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

payload

payload

payload

payload

payload

payload

payload

payload

payload

t RSOH

150, 336 Mbit/s MSOH

5

125 µs

SOH = Section OverHead

SDH is transmitted in frames. Each frame is exactly 125 µs in time. The basic SDH frame is called STM-1 and is often represented as a block of 9 rows with 270 bytes STM-1 = RSOH = MSOH = AU =

MSOH

Pointer (9 bytes)

Synchronous Transport Module Level 1 Regenerator Section Overhead Multiplex Section Overhead Administrative Unit

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Scrambling

The transmission of STM-N frames is made serially row by row starting from the left with row 1 column 1 through column 270, then row 2 column 1… The frame rate is always 8 000 frames per second, which is equivalent to a frame period/length of 125 µs 270 x 9 = 2430 bytes per frame x 8 bits/byte = 19 440 bits/frame 19 440 bits/frame x 8 000 frames/sec = 155.520 Mbit/s = STM-1

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STM-N Multiplexing/Interleaving Principle

The STM-N (N=0, 1, 4, 16, 64, 256) signal must have sufficient bit timing content for clock recovery. A suitable bit pattern, which prevents a long sequence of "1"s or "0"s is provided by scrambling the STM-N signal with a frame synchronous scrambler of sequence length 127 operating at the line rate and with generating polynomial = 1 + X6 + X 7 . The scrambler runs continuously throughout the complete STM-N frame, except the first row of the STM-N (N = 64) SOH (9 × N bytes, including the A1 and A2 framing bytes) which is not scrambled.

4 x STM-1 STM-1 A STM-1 B STM-1 C

Bytes A B C D A B C D A STM-4

STM-1 D

A higher order signal is created by byte interleaving the payload from the lower order signals. De-multiplexing is done in the opposite way. The bit rates of the higher order hierarchy levels are integer multiples of the STM-1 transmission rate. Frame rate of higher order hierarchy signals as well as lower order signals are the same: 8000 frames per second (125 µs) The overhead bytes are not carried forward. The multiplexer adds new overhead bytes in both directions 3 9 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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10

SONET and SDH Transmission Rates

SONET signals electrical optical

Bit rates Mbit/s

Equivalent SDH signals electrical optical

STS-1 STS-3 STS-9 STS-12 STS-18 STS-36 STS-48 STS-192 STS-768

51,84 155,52 466,56 622,08 933,12 1244,16 2488,32 9953,28 39813,12

STM-0 STM-1

STM-0o STM-1o

STM-4

STM-4o

STM-16 STM-64 STM-256

STM-16o STM-64o STM-256o

OC-1 OC-3 OC-9 OC-12 OC-18 OC-36 OC-48 OC-192 OC-768

SDH Multiplexing Structure

These hierarchy levels are not existing and are shown only for the sake of completeness

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Synchronous Multiplexing Synchronous Transport Module

x256

Administrative Unit x1

AUG

STM-256 : 39,808 Gbit/s

Definitions

Administrative Unit Group

SOH

Tributary Unit Group

Tributary Unit

Virtual Container

PTR

Container

C4

POH POH

x64

Tributaries

139264 kbit/s ATM

VC-4

x16 x4

x3

PTR TUG 3

AU4

x1

POH

POH

C3

44736 kbit/s 34368 kbit/s

C2

6312 kbit/s

C12

2048 kbit/s

C11

1544 kbit/s

SOH VC-3

STM-16 : 2,488 Gbit/s

x1

x7 (L)

PTR TUG 2

X1

POH

POH

SOH

(M) PTR Tributary Unit or Administrative Unit -->TU= Tributary Unit -->AU = Administrative Unit Tributary Unit Group or Administrative Unit Group --> TUG : Tributary Unit Group -->AUG : Administrative Unit Group

VC-2

x3

STM-1 : 155 Mbit/s

Cn

Container

TU-2

PTR POH POH

POH POH Virtual Container

TU-1 2

VC-1 2 = 1 4 0 octets POH

VCn AUG

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Synchronous S Transport O H Module All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

§ Information structure which forms the network synchronous information payload for a virtual container. Size of C-n matches PDH, ATM, etc tributary bit-rates. § LO VC consists of a single container i (i=11, 12,2,3) and associated POH (Path OverHead). § HO VC consists either of a single container i (i=4) or of an assembly of Tributary Unit Groups, together with Virtual Container POH appropriate to the level.

TU-3

SOH STM-4 : 622 Mbit/s

C-n (Container):

VC-n (Virtual Container):

(K)

SOH STM-64 : 9,953 Gbit/s

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TU-n (Tributary Unit): Consists of a VC-n and its associated pointer. TUG-n (Tributary Unit Group): not a physical entity, virtual structure grouping different sized TU to increase flexibility of the transport network. AU-n (Administrative Unit): Consists of an information payload (higher order virtual container) and associated pointer. AUG-n (Administrative Unit Group): Consists of a homogeneous group of AU -3s or AU-4s. STM-N (Synchronous Transport Module): Contains N AUGs together with SOH.

VC-1 1

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Synchronous Multiplexing TU-12, klm numbering

Synchronous Multiplexing Processes x1

STM-64

AU-4-16c

VC-4-16c

AU-4-16c

VC-4-16c

C4-64c

AU-4-4c

VC-4-4c

C4-4c

AU-4

VC-4

C-4

x4 x64 STM-16

contiguous concatenation

x1

C4-16c

x4

STM-1

1

1

4

contiguous concatenation

x16 STM-4 x4

KLM address of TU-12 defines its row in the VC4 : - K indicates TUG-3 rank used (1 to 3) - L indicates TUG-2 rank used (1 to 7) - M indicates TU-12 rank used (1 to 3) TU12 N°1 is marked with KLM address = 111 . TU12 N°32 is marked with KLM address = 242 . TU12 N°63 is marked with KLM address = 373

x1 AUG

5 6 7 1 2

x3

(adding SOH)

x1

x3

TUG- 3

TU-3

VC-3

STM-1

3

AU 4 2

AUG

x1 STM-0

AU-3

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

2 3

VC-3

4 5

C-3

6 x7 Note : Concatenation (Rec. G707, G803) = A procedure whereby a multiplicity of Virtual Containers is associated one with another with the result that their combined capacity can be used as a single container across which bit sequence integrity is maintained. There is two types of concatenation : contiguous or virtual

x7

7 x1

1

TUG- 2

TU-2

VC-2

C-2

2 3 4

x3

Pointer processing x1

3

TU-12

Multiplexing/Interleaving

VC-12

C-12

VC-11

C-11

5

x4

6

Aligning (adding pointer)

7 TU-11

Mapping + Justification + POH addition 4 5 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

VC 4

TUG 3 K

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Multiplexing Structures Different Regional Options

TUG 2 L

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63

TU 12 M

VC 12

2 PI

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Steps of Multiplexing (1) 140Mbit/s – VC-4 – STM-1

X 1

STM-N

AUG

X 1

AU-4

VC-4

C-4

STM-1

139264 ATb i t / s K M

AUG

AU-4

VC-4

C-4

139264 Kbit/s ATM

X 3

X 3 X 1

TUG-3

European Structure of Multiplexing

AU-3

TU-3

X 1

VC-3

TU-2

VC-2

C-2

44736 Kbit/s 34368 Kbit/s

LOWER ORDER MULTIPLEXING

TU-1 2

TU-1 1

AUG

AU-4

AU-3

VC-1 1

VC-4

44736 Kbit/s 34368 Kbit/s

VC-2

C-2

C-1 2

C-1 1

2048 Kbit/s

6312 Kbit/s

TU-1 2

VC-1 2

C-1 2

1544 Kbit/s

2048 Kbit/s

TU-1 1

VC-1 1

C-1 1

C-4

139264 Kbit/s AT M

1544 Kbit/s

TUG-3

TU-3

C-3

44736 Kbit/s 34368 Kbit/s

6312 Kbit/s

VC-3

VC-3 X 7

X 1

TUG-2

TU-2

VC-2

C-2

TU-1 2

VC-1 2

C-1 2

2048 Kbit/s

TU-1 1

VC-1 1

C-1 1

1544 Kbit/s

VC-3

HIGHER ORDER MULTIPLEXING

TUG-2 X 3

SOH LOWER ORDER MULTIPLEXING

AU- 4 Pointer

SOH

X 3

North America and Japan Structure of Multiplexing

VC-1 2

AU-3

6312 Kbit/s

X 3

STM-N

C-3

TU-2

X 7

C-3

TUG-2

HIGHER ORDER MULTIPLEXING

VC-3

TUG-3

X 7

VC-3

TU-3

P O H

C-4

X 3 X

HIGHER ORDER MULTIPLEXING

4 7 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

LOWER ORDER4 MULTIPLEXING

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VC -4

4 8 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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12

Asynchronous Mapping of 140 Mbit/s Signal into a VC-4

Steps of Multiplexing (2) 34/45Mbit/s – VC-3 – TU-3 – VC-4 – STM-1

One of nine rows in a VC-4 1

1

12 Bytes

W

96 I

X 1

STM-1

AUG

AU-4

C-4

139264 Kbit/s ATM

C-3

44736 Kbit/s 34368 Kbit/s

C-2

6312 Kbit/s

C-1 2

2048 Kbit/s

C-1 1

1544 Kbit/s

VC-4 X 3

X

96 I

Y

96 I

Y

96 I

Y

96 I

Y

96 I

Y

96 I

Y

96 I

X

96 I

X 1

TUG-3

TU-3

VC-3

TU-2

VC-2

X 7

AU-3

X

96 I

96 I

96 I

Y

96 I

Y

96 I

X

96 I

Y

TUG-2

HIGHER ORDER MULTIPLEXIN G

SOH

Y

VC-3

X 3

LOWER ORDER MULTIPLEXIN G

POINTER AU Pointer

TU-1 2

TU-1 1

VC-1 2

VC-1 1

POH

Y

96 I

96 I

Y

96 I

X

96 I

Y

P O

96 I

Z

SOH

TU-3

H C-3

Y

: RRRRRRRR

W

:IIIIIIII

X

: CRRRRROO

Z

:

I: R: O: S: C:

I I I I I SI R

: Path Overhead

VC-3

Information Bit Fixed Stuff Bit Overhead Bit Justification Opportunity Bit Justification Control Bit VC-4

5 0 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Asynchronous Mapping of a 45 Mbit/s Signal in a VC-3

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Asynchronous Mapping of a 34 Mbit/s Signal in a VC-3

One of nine rows in a VC3

84 Bytes

8R 8R

200 I

8R

8I

200 I

8R

8I

200 I

24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

24

24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

24

24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

C1 C2

R R C

I

I

I

I

I

C C R

R

O O R S

J1

8

R

R R

R R I: R: O: S: C:

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Information Bit fixed Stuff Bit Overhead Bit stuff opportunity stuff control bit

C2

8

information bits

B3 C C R

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

fixed stuff fixed stuff

8

8

3 rows of 9

POH

1/3 P OH

85 Bytes

8 fixed stuff fixed stuff

fixed stuff

information

bits

S1 S2

= stuff opportunities average (bits / STM frame) = 4296 bits / STM frame = 34368 kbit/s

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13

Steps of Multiplexing (3) 2Mbit/s – VC-12 – TU-12 – VC-4 – STM-1

STM-1

AUG

X 1

AU-4

VC-4

C-4

139264 Kbit/s ATM

X 3 X 1

TUG-3 STM-1 : 270 columns * 9 rows

RSOH pointer AU- 4

TU-3

VC-3

X 7

C-3

44736 Kbit/s 34368 Kbit/s

TU-2

VC-2

C-2

6312 Kbit/s

TU-1 2

VC-1 2

C-1 2

2048 Kbit/s

TU-1 1

VC-1 1

C-1 1

1544 Kbit/s

J1

SDH Pointer Function

VC-4 : 261 columns * 9 rows TUG-2

MSOH

X 3

TUG-3

86 columns

Note : To decrease the relative size of the path overhead with regard to the payload, the C12 duration is 500us (and not 125us), it means four 2 Mbits/s frames. The 2 Mbits/s signal is then inserted in a C12 container of 139 bytes.

TUG-2 12 columns

PTR TU- 12 POH

VC- 12

C12

5 3 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

5 4 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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AU/TU -n Pointer Function

AU/TU -n Pointer

Position Determination (addressing): –

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Pointer addressing only every 3 bytes

The pointer indicates where the VC-n path overhead begins in higher order frame

Bit Rate Adaptation: –

The pointer provides a method of allowing flexible and dynamic alignment of the VC-n within the AU/TU -n frame: the VC-n is allowed to "float" within the AU/TU -n frame. Thus, the pointer is able to accommodate differences, not only in the phases between VC-n and the higher order frame, but also in the frame rates

H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3H3H3 O O O

J1 SOH Pointer FRAME N

FRAME N

- AU pointer

J1 SOH

Negative Positive Justification Justification (3 Bytes) (3 Bytes)

VC4

- TU pointer SOH Pointer

FRAME N+1

FRAME N+1

SOH

SOH

SOH

Pointer

SOH

SOH

SOH J1

5 5 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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SOH

SOH

SOH

t

SOH

5 6 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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14

AU/TU -n Pointer Justification

Positive Justification/Stuffing

Pointer use is associated to a justification process PT J1

J

J1

FRAME N

Step 1:

empty

PT J

J

J1

J

J1

Pointer value n before stuffing

H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3H3

n PT

PT

FRAME N+1

Step 2:

empty H1 Y Y H 2 PT-1

1 1 H3 H3H3

PT+1 J

FRAME N+2

J1

S

n

J1

empty PT-1

PT+1 J

J1

Negative Justification: Positive Justification: • bit-rate of the container > bit-rate of • bit-rate of the container < bit-rate of the frame the frame • there are more data received than can • there are less data received than can be transmitted in the frame be transmitted in the frame 5 7 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

... J1- Byte (1. Byte of VC -4) ... Stuff bytes ( “1,1,1”) 5 8 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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AU-n/TU -3 Pointer Coding

Step 1:

Pointer value n before stuffing

H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3H3

H1

H2

H3 Note : The TU12 pointer is elaborated by associating in the 500us period, 4 bytes named V1, V2, V3, V4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 N N N N S S I D

I D

I D I D I D

10 bit pointer value I D N

n

Step 2:

data H1 Y Y H 2

1 1 H3 H3H3

n empty

Step 3:

H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3H3

The pointer value is inverted in the D-bits. Missing payload bytes are transmitted using H3 bytes which contains valid information The pointer has the pointer value n-1 “VC-4 is accelerated”

n-1 ... J1- Byte (1. Byte of VC -4) ... Stuff bytes ( “1,1,1”) 5 9 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

The pointer has the pointer value n+1 “VC-4 is slowed down”

n+1

Negative Justification/Stuffing

empty

Step 3:

H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3H3 J

FRAME N+3

J1

The pointer value is inverted in the I-bits. The three bytes following the H3-bytes contain stuffing bits

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Increment Decrement New data flag

T 1 5 1 8 1 8 0 -9 5

Negative justification opportunity

Positive justification opportunity

V1, V2 = pointer which position V5 V3 = positive/negative justification opportunity V4 = reserve

New Data Flag (bit 1-4 of H1): Pointer value (bit 7-8 of H1 + bit 1-8 of H2): Normal range is: • Notification of a new pointer value for AMU-4, AU-3: 0-782 decimal • Set/Enabled when at least 3 out of 4 bits match for TU-3: 0-764 decimal "1001“ • Reset/Disabled when at least 3 out of 4 bits Negative justification match "0110“ (normal operation) • Invert 5 D-bits • Invalid with other codes • Accept majority vote SS bits (bit 5-6 of H1): Positive justification •Composition of the AU-n /TU-n frame (AU/TU type) • Invert 5 I-bits Concatenation Indication • Accept majority vote • 1001SS1111111111 (SS bits are unspecified) H3: Pointer action byte (Used for information bytes in case of negative stuffing)

NOTE – The pointer is set to all "1"s when AIS occurs. 6 0 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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15

SDH Frame Structure - Overheads

RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead MSOH: Multiplex Section Overhead POH: Path Overhead

Overheads

9 COLUMNS

1

Virtual Container 4 260 COLUMNS Regenerators

J1

STM-N

STM-N

B3

RSOH

VC-4

C2 AU Pointer

G1

RSO H

VC-4 MSOH

VC-4

VC-4 POH VC-4

F2

VC-i

VC-i

H4 POH VC-i G 703

G-7 0 3

K3 N1 Section Overhead bytes

VC-i

VC-i

F3

MSOH

These three path and line sections are associated with Equipment Layers

Path overhead bytesPayload data bytes

Note: Bytes B1, D1-D12, E1, E2, F1, K1 and K2 are only defined for the first STM-1 6 1 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

6 2 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Tasks of the SOH

Overheads Bytes – RSOH Regenerator Section OverHead

Quality Supervision

AU Pointer

Maintenance Functions

Frame Alignment

SOH

Data Channels

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Multiplex Section OverHead

A1

A1

A1

B1

A2

A2

A2

E1

D1

D2

J0

NU

NU

F1

NU

NU

H3

H3

D3

H1

Y

Y

H2

B2

B2

B2

K1

K2

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D10 S1

Line Protection

Voice Connection

6 3 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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1*

1*

D9

D11 Z1

Z1

Z2

H3

D12 Z2

M1

E2

A1-A2: Frame Alignment pattern, A1= 11110110 (F6) A2=00101000 (28) - not scrambled The FAW word of an STM-N frame is composed of 3×N A1 bytes followed by 3×N A2 bytes (6xN bytes). J0 : Regenerator section trace identifier, 16 bytes frame (First byte = CRC-7) B1: Regenerator section error monitoring function, BIP-8 : Bit Interleaved Parity 8 code E1: Orderwire channel for voice communication, accessed at regenerators F1: User channel allocated for user specific purposes D1-D2-D3: Data Communication Channel (DCCr = 192kbit/s) NU : Bytes reserved for national use : Bytes reserved for future international standardisation 6 4 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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16

Bit Interleaved Parity n (BIP-n) code

Entire block for the BIP-n check n bit sequence

Overhead Bytes – MSOH of STM-N frame for B1 {allall bits bits minus RSOH for B2

n bit

n bit

1 2 3 ….. n 1 2 3 ….. n 1

…..

Regenerator Section OverHead

A1

AU Pointer

H1

Y

Y

H2

B2

B2

B2

K1

K2

D5

D6

1 2 3 ….. n Multiplex Section OverHead

J0

NU

NU

B1

E1

F1

NU

NU

D1

D2

D3

Even Parity Check #2

…….

P1 P2 P3 ….. Pn n bit 6 5 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

Even Parity Check #n

BIP-n codeword: computed over relevant part of frame of frame X after scrambling and is placed in byte B1/B2 of the frame X+1 before scrambling

H3

H3

Tasks of the POH

A2

1*

A2

1*

H3

D7

D8

D9

D11

D12

Z1

Z1

Z2

Z2

M1

E2

NU

NU

B2: Multiplex Section error monitoring function, BIP-N x 24 : Bit Interleaved Parity N x 24 K1-K2 (b1 -b5): Automatic Protection Switching (APS) channel K2 (b6 -b8): MS-RDI (Multiplex Section Remote Defect Indication) or AIS Indication D4 to D12: Data Communication Channel (DCCm = 576kbit/s) S1 (b5 -b8): Synchronization Status Messages (SSM), timing marker for clock traceability M1: MS-REI, Multiplex Section Remote Error Indication detected by B2 Z1-Z2: Spare bytes, not yet defined E2: Orderwire channel for voice communication between multiplexers NU : Bytes reserved for national use : Bytes reserved for future international standardisation All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

Overhead Bytes – VC-4/3 POH The POH provides for integrity of communication between the point of assembly of a Virtual Container (VC) and its point of disassembly.

VC Quality Supervision

J1

Mapping Identification

User Channel

POH Connectivity Check

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B3 C2 G1 F2

Alarm Information

Maintenance Functions

6 7 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

A2

D10

6 6 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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A1

D4

S1

Even Parity Check #1

A1

H4 F3 K3 N1

J1 : Path Trace/Trail Trace Identifier (TTI): this byte is used to transmit repetitively a Path Access Point Identifier so that a path receiving terminal can verify its continued connection to the intended transmitter, 16 bytes string (first byte = CRC-7) B3: Path error monitoring function for VC-4-Xc/VC -4/VC-3, BIP-8 C2: Trail Signal Label = Composition of the VC-4-Xc/VC-4/VC -3 (00 = Unequipped, 01= Equipped - non-specific, 02 = TUG structure, 04 = Async. mapping of 34 or 45 Mbits/s into the C-3, 12 = Async. mapping of 140 Mbits/s into the C-4, 13 = ATM mapping, 16= PPP/HDLC, 1B = GFP, FF= VC-AIS) G1 : Remote path status (REI (bit 1-4), RDI (bit 5)) detected at remote end by B3 F2/F3: user data channel reserved for user communication purposes between path elements and payload dependent. H4 : Position indicator (e.g. used as a multiframe position indicator for the TU -12) K3 (b1-b4): Automatic Protection Switching (APS) channel for VC Trail Protection at VC4/3 path levels (not used today) N1: Network operator byte, allocated for Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM)

6 8 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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17

Overhead Bytes – VC-12 POH

V5:

BIP2

REI

RFI

1 2

3

4

L1 L2 L3 5

6

7

RDI

V5

8

J2 N2

BIP-2 = VC-12 error monitoring REI = Remote Error Indication, detected by BIP-2 RFI = Remote Failure Indication L1, L2, L3 = VC-12 signal label

K4

000 ---> unequipped 001 ---> equipped - non-specific 010 ---> asynchronous 011 ---> bit synchronous 100 ---> byte synchronous

Synchronization

RDI = Remote Defect Indication: Alarms on the remote VC-12, after protection J2 : VC-12 Path Trace / Trail Trace Identifier , same as J1 for the VC -4/3 N2: Network operator byte allocated to provide a Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM) function K4: - bits 1 - 4 : Automatic Protection Switching (APS) channel - bits 5 - 7 : Reserved for optional use - bit 8 : Spare for future use

6 9 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

7 0 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Why Synchronization?

Synchronization Rules in SDH

Phase differences cause frame slips § Frame slips cause data loss

2 Mbit/s (VC-12) not usable for synchronization (pointer jitter) Single “master clock ” is used for synchronization (G.811)

Two signals to be synchronous must have: § The same frequency (bit rate) § The same phase

§ Primary Reference Clock (PRC) § Global Positioning System (GPS)

The variation in position of bits on the time axis (Phase) relative to the ideal position (UI) is called jitter § Jitter & wander tolerance specified by ITU standards

time

All transmission nodes have to be synchronized § The synchronization network is a network that reliably distributes synchronization information from a common reference source (masterclock) to those network elements that need to be synchronized. § The synchronization network uses the STM-N links of the SDH transport network as “physical layer” for inter-office distribution. § Intra-office distribution is build up with dedicated cabling.

time

7 1 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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2 MHz or dedicated 2 Mbit/s

7 2 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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18

Synchronization Protection

S1 byte (b5-b8), Synchronization Status Message

Failures in the synchronization distribution network can be overcome § By duplication of routing in combination with some selection mechanism at the receiving end (SDH nodes have several timing references)

S1 bits (b5-b8)

SDH synchronization Quality Level description

0000 (00) Quality unknown

Reference selection mechanisms can be: 0010 (02) Rec. G811, PRC Quality (Primary Reference Clock): 10-11

§ Manual restoration § Automatic restoration based on Network Management

Rec. G812 Transit SSU-T Quality (Synchronization Supply Unit Transit): 1,5x10-9 Rec. G812 Local SSU-L Quality 1000 (08) (Synchronization Supply Unit Transit): 3x10-8 Rec. G813, Synchronous Equipment Timing Source 1011 (11) SEC Quality (SDH Equipment Clock) 0100 (04)

§ Automatic restoration based on Priority assignments § Automatic restoration based on the Synchronization Status Messages (SSM) algorithm (ITU -T G.781) using the S1 byte of the STM-N overhead

Increasing Clock quality

§ By duplication of equipment and/or

1111 (15) Do not use for synchronization, DUS (Don’t Use) or DNU (Do Not Use)

7 3 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

7 4 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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SDH Network Synchronization Example

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SDH Network Synchronization Example

SSMs applied in SDH ring network: normal situation

SSMs applied in SDH ring network: restoration in progress PRC

PRC PRC

PRC

1

1

SEC

PRC

SEC 2

PRC

PRC

F

DUS

2

A

DUS

2

PRC

Synchronization Status Message Reference Priority

Active synchronization Stand-by synchronization

E

2

DUS

2

2

C

D

DUS

SEC 1

7 5 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

PRC

DUS

Active synchronization Stand-by synchronization

2

Reference Priority

1

SEC

B

SEC

DUS

PRC

2

SEC

SEC

1

1

PRC

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C

D 2

SEC

Synchronization Status Message

2

DUS

2

SEC

E

A

2

DUS

DUS 2

PRC

SEC

PRC

PRC

F

1

1

2

SEC

SEC

SEC

SEC

B

PRC 1

1

PRC 1

SEC

DUS

7 6 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

1

SEC

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19

SDH Network Synchronization Example

SSMs applied in SDH ring network: restoration completed PRC PRC

DUS 1

1 2

A

DUS

Active synchronization Stand-by synchronization

1

SEC

PRC

PRC

F

PRC

2

E

Synchronization Status Message

SEC

SEC

DUS

2

Protection Mechanisms

Reference Priority

1

SEC

B 2

2

C

D

PRC

PRC

PRC

PRC

2

2

DUS

SEC

SEC 1

1

DUS

7 7 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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7 8 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Protection Mechanisms

Importance of Automatic Protection Switching

Terminology

SDH networks are high capacity systems

Network Configurations

STM-64 = 129,000 voice telephone calls!

Network Protection Schemes: § Sub-Network Connection Protection (a.k.a Path Protection) SNC/N SNC/I

Failure requires instant restoration SDH has Automatic Protection Switching (APS) § Perhaps the most critical aspect of the technology, what distinguishes it most from IP

Trail Protection

§ Multiplex Section Protection Multiplex Section Protection (MSP) Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring (MS-SPRing)

§ Dual Node Interworking (DNI)

§ Linear networks use duplicate fiber(s) and sometimes duplicate piece of equipment for protection § Ring/Mesh networks use diverse routing

Golden rule: 50 ms restoration time

Equipment Protection: § 1:N equipment protection for electrical tributaries

7 9 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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20

Terminology

SDH Network Configurations

Revertive

Non-Revertive

§ After the failed state has stopped to exist all protection switches automatically revert back to their original nonfailed state § Configurable Wait-to-Restore (WtR) Timer

§ After the failed state has stopped to exist all protection switches remain in their current position thus becoming the normal non-failed state

SDH Terminal Multiplexer

Point-to-point Configuration

Linear Configuration

SDH Terminal Multiplexer

SDH Terminal Multiplexer

SDH Add/Drop Multiplexer

SDH Terminal Multiplexer

Repeaters

Shared

Ring configuration

§ Each protection channel can be shared by more than one working channel, e.g. 1:N. Otherwise 1+1

Ring implementation choices: §

§ The shared protection channel may be used for Extra-Traffic, e.g. 1:N

§ § §

8 2 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Sub-Network Connection Protection (SNCP) (a.k.a. “Path Protection”)

ITU-T Rec. G.841

2-fiber or 4-fiber unidirectional or bidirectional line switched or path switched STM rate

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SNCP Inherently Monitored: SNC/I

Path-level protection: SNCP protects a portion of a path (Subnetwork Connection) for VC-12, VC-3, VC-4, VC-4-4/16/64c

Subnetwork Connection

§ SNCP is based on transmitting the signals to be protected over both a working and a protection path through the network. The SNC endpoint selects the best signal out of the two

Server Layer

SSF

§ SNCP can be configured in any mix of topologies (e.g. ring, mesh, unprotected, MSP and MS-SPRING) Switch Criteria: transmission failure or external request Always Unidirectional (No APS signaling possible) SDH Network

Either Revertive or Non-Revertive

Head End Bridge Tail End Switch

No Extra Traffic : permanently bridged Different types of SNCP :

• Signals are not terminated in front of the switch • No monitoring is done on the protected signal itself, only the Server Layer defects (SSF) generate switch: Switching criteria at TU or AU level (TU -LOP & TU -AIS)

§ SNC-I (Inherent) § SNC-N (Non intrusive)

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21

SNCP Non Intrusively Monitored: SNC/N

VC Trail Protection Trail

Subnetwork Connection

Subnetwork Connection

Server Layer

Server Layer

SF,SD

SSF SF,SD

Head End Bridge

Non-Intrusive Monitors Tail End Switch

Non-Intrusive Monitors Tail End Switch

Head End Bridge

• Signals are not terminated in front of the switch • Non intrusively Monitored (SNC/N): Switching criteria at TU/AU level and at VC level (VC-12 UNEQ, VC-12 TIM, VC-12 SD non-intrusively monitored)

• Signals are terminated in front of the switch • APS protocol necessary (K3) in Bidirectional mode • Not implemented today

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ITU-T Rec. G.841

Multiplex Section Protection (MSP)

1+1 Multiplex Section Protection (MSP)

Protects whole frame except RSOH RSOH

Point-to-point protection

HO PTR

Need the duplication of the STM-N interface board and the transmission support

HO-VC

Network Element A

Switch Mode: either Revertive or Non Revertive 1+1 MSP has no Extra Traffic: permanently bridged § 1:1 also defined, allowing extra traffic but less common

Network Element B

STM-N port

MSOH

(W) (P)

Worker channel

STM-N port

W

W

P

P

STM-N port

Protection channel (Standby)

Tail End Switch

STM-N port

Head End Bridge

Communication/switching mode: unidirectional or bidirectional 1+1 protection protocol using K1 and K2 (b1-b5) bytes of MSOH following ITU -T Rec. G.841 Switch criteria: transmission failures (Server layer defects: LOS, LOF, MSAIS, MS DEG (B2 errors) or external requests Also implemented on POS interfaces of routers (called APS)

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Unidirectional Switching: • Both directions are independent: switch is performed in the tail end (failure detecting end) only • No APS protocol required (although reporting is possible)

Bidirectional Switching: • Both directions switch simultaneously • APS protocol using K1/K2 byte (carried on the protection line) to signal switch coordination

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22

Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring (MS-SPRing)

ITU-T Rec. G.841

MS-SPRing Basic configuration – no failure

Principles:

A

§ MS-SPRING works in ring-type network with maximum 16 nodes. Protection is implemented by utilizing redundant bandwidth (capacity) § For STM-64 MS-SPRING, each bi-directional line carries 32 working channels and 32 protection channels of STM-1 equivalent capacity in each direction. For STM-16, the system utilizes 8 working and 8 protection channels in each direction. § Traffic is rerouted around a faulty segment using the redundant protection channels in case of a line-card or fiber failure

B

#1

D

Working (1-8) Protection (9-16)

Always bidirectional, requires APS signaling (K1,K2)

#1

Always Revertive (Shared Protection!) Possibility of Extra Traffic: use of protection capacity Optimal bandwidth use for meshed traffic #1

#1

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MS-SPRing Single failure

MS-SPRing Single failure (2)

A

A #9

Protected traffic + APS signalling

B

#1

Switching nodes

D

Working (1-8)

B

#1

Protection (9-16) #9

#1

D

Working (1-8)

Protection (9-16) Bridge

#1

#9

Intermediate Nodes (APS + Protection Pass-Through)

Bridge

Protected traffic + APS signalling

#1

#1

C All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

#1

#1

C All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

23

MS-SPRing Single failure (3)

MS-SPRing Ring Segmentation

A Restored traffic + APS signalling

A

Switch

#9

B

#9

#1

D

Working (1-8) APS #1

Switch

#1

B

#1

#1

Protection (9-16) #9

Intermediate (APS + Protection Pass-Through)

D

Working (1-8)

Protection (9-16) Bridge

#9

#1

#1

#1

C

Bridge

#1

C

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MS-SPRing Ring Segmentation (2)

MS-SPRing Squelching

A

A

Switch

Switch

AIS

#9

B

#9

#1

D

Working (1-8)

#9

#1

B

#1

AIS

Protection (9-16) Bridge

AIS

Working (1-8)

AIS

D

Protection (9-16) #9

#1

Bridge

Misconnections !

AIS #1

#1

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#1

#1

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24

ITU-T Rec. G.842

Dual Node Interworking (DNI)

DNI between two MS-SPRing rings

The DNI protection scheme protects the interconnection between two subnetworks within which the traffic is already protected by another network protection like MS-SPRING or SNCP

Service Selector

§ Different combination possible: Drop & Continue

DNI between 2 MS-SPRing rings DNI between 2 SNCP rings

Primary Node

DNI between a MS-SPRing and a SNCP ring

§ Connection between the two ring networks is made using 2 or 4 nodes

STM-16 or STM-64 MS -SPRING

DNI offers

STM-16 or STM-64 MS -SPRING

Secundary Node

§ Protection against node failures and failures in the interconnection between the rings § Independence of protection actions in both rings § Better reliability than end-to-end path protection, especially for very long paths

9 7 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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DNI – Interconnect Failures

Active VC -4 Connection Stand-by VC -4 Connection

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DNI – Node Failure

Service Selector

Service Selector

Drop & Continue

Drop & Continue

Primary Node

Primary Node

STM-16 or STM-64 MS -SPRING

STM-16 or STM-64 MS -SPRING

Secundary Node

STM-16 or STM-64 MS -SPRING

Secundary Node

Active VC -4 Connection Stand-by VC -4 Connection

9 9 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

STM-16 or STM-64 MS -SPRING

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Active VC -4 Connection Stand-by VC -4 Connection

1 0 0 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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25

DNI between a MS-SPRing and a LO-SNCP Ring Vc12/3

Sub- Network A MS -SPRING

Sub- Network B SNCP

Sub- Network C MS -SPRING

Termination VC4

A

MS -SPRING HO SNCP Connection

HO DROP Connection

B

C

LO Connection Group (DNI - W Connection)

Classification of Optical Interfaces & Transmission wavelengths

LO Connection Group (DNI - P Connection)

LO-SNCP D

Vc12/3 1 0 1 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

1 0 2 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Classification of Optical Interfaces

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Classification of Optical Interfaces - Legend

ITU-T G.957: Intraoffice

Application Source nominal wavelength (nm) Type of fibre Distance (km)

1310

a)

1310

1550

Rec. G.652 Rec. G.652 Rec. G.652 a)

STM-1 STM level

Inter -office Short-haul

≤2 I-1

∼ 15 S-1.1

Long-haul 1310

1550

Rec. G.652 Rec. G.652 Rec. G.654 ∼ 40

S-1.2

Rec. G.653

L-1.1

L-1.2

S-4.1

S-4.2

L-4.1

L-4.2

L-4.3

I-16

S-16.1

S -16.2

L-16.1

L-16.2

L-16.3

These are target distances to be used for classification and not for specification. The possibility of applying the set of optical parameters in this Recommendation to single-channel systems on G.655 fibre is not to be precluded by the designation of the fibre types in the application codes.

ITU -T G.957 for STM-1, 4, 16 systems ITU -T G.691 for STM-64, 256 or STM-16 with OA systems

(blank) or 1 = nominal 1310 nm wavelength sources on G.652 fibre; 2 = nominal 1550 nm wavelength sources on G.652 fibre for short-haul applications and either G.652 or G.654 fibre for long-haul applications; 3 = nominal 1550 nm wavelength sources on G.653 fibre.

STM-n level

L-1.3

I-4

STM-16

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L-16.2

∼ 80

STM-4

1 0 3 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

Letter: Intra-office (I), Short-Reach (S), Long-Reach (L) Very-Long-Reach (V) Ultra-Long-Reach (U)

G.652 (SSMF) : Characteristics of a standard single-mode optical fiber cable G.653 (DSF) : Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted optical fiber cable G.654 (CSF) : Characteristics of a cut-off shifted optical fiber cable G.655 (NZDSF) : Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion shifted optical fiber cable

1 0 4 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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26

Transmission Ranges Loss

ITU G.692 comb

1300

1500

1600

Functional Equipment Specification Wavelength

50 GHz

Supervisory channel

WDM :

SDH :

1 0 5 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

1310 nm

80 traffic channels

1550 nm

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Functional Block Diagram Representation ITU -T G.783 (1) - PI, RS, MS layers

Functional Block Diagram Representation ITU -T G.783 (2) - HO-VC, LO-VC layers

1 0 7 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

1 0 8 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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27

Old G.783 Functional Block Diagram Representation LOI

PPI

LPT

M Physical Interface

PDH Tributary

C4

HOA

LPA L Cn Creation

LPC K

VCn Creation

Cn

HPT

J

H

VCn

PPI: LPA: LPT:

Plésiochronous Physical Interface Low order Path Adaptation Low order Path Terminaison

n

LPC:

Low order Path Connection

n

HPA: HPT:

High order Path Adaptation High order Path Terminaison

n

HPC:

High order Path Connection

MSA: MSP: MST: RST: SPI:

Multiplex Section Adaptation Multiplex Section Protection Multiplex Section Terminaition Regeneration Section Terminaition Synchronous Physical interface

n

n

n n n n n

1 0 9 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

MSA

MSP

F

E

MST D

RST

SPI

C

B

A

Protection VC4 Creation

TUG3

n

n

HPC G

TU & TUG 3 Creation

VCn Cross connect

VCn

TTF

HPA

VC4 Croos connect

VC4

L.O.I:

AU 4 AUG Creation

VC4

MSOH Creation

RSOH Creation

AU4/AUG

Physical Interface

STM-n

Synchronous Frame

Lower Order Interface

H.O.A:High Order Assembler

T.T.F: Transport Terminal Function

1 1 0 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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SDH Network Element Types VC-i processing

An Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Add & Drop is used to to add or drop PDH or SDH signals to a high speed communicationMultiplexer link. Has always at least two high speed connections. A Digital Cross-Connect can do everything the other network elements can and has even greater flexibility.

VC-4 processing STM-N

STM-N frame

STM-N frame West

East

STM-N

STM-N

G. 703

STM-M

STM-N

VC-i

M>N VC-4

Multiplexer

Multiplexer

Type I.1, I.2 STM-N

STM-N

VC-i

G. 703 STM-N

Aggregate signals

Aggregate signals

Type II.1, II.2 STM-N

STM-N

VC-4

Type III.1

STM-N VC-i

STM-N STM-M

Type III.2

1 STM-M

VC-4

Type I G. 703

1 1 1 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Add & Drop Multiplexer

A Regenerator has the same speed on bothRegenerato input and output. It is used to retime rand amplify the line signal. A Terminal Multiplexer (TM) is Terminal used to connect lower speed PDH or synchronous signals to a Multiplexer high speed communication link.

Typical Network Element Types & Network Applications

Notation: ADM–N/M N: Line/Aggregate STM-level M: Tributary STM-level

n

Tributary Signals

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28

Metropolitan Network Applications of SDH

Typical SDH Network Designs

Metro - Edge

LAN

Point to point 2 / 8 / 34 / 140 Mbit/s

ATM switch

STM-1 (155 Mbit/s)

Ring structure

HO-SNC/ MS-SPRing STM-64

L2 D/OXC

2 / 8 / 34 / 140 Mbit/s

STM-1 (155 Mbit/s)

ATM switch

Backbone/Core

2 / 8 / 34 / 140 Mbit/s

L2 D/OXC

Ring or Mesh scalable from STM-16 to STM-256

L2 D/OXC E/FE GbE

L O-SNCP Ring STM-16

L2 ADM 16/1

End Office

STM-1 6 GbE

L2 L2 ADM 16/1

L2 ADM 16/1

DCS 4/4/1 L2 Ethernet / MPLS D/OXC switch STM-1 .. 64 1/10 GbE

L2 ADM 1/1

LAN

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ADM 1/1

Metro -Access

STM-1/4 L O-SNCP Ring

L2

L2 ADM 1/1

1 1 3 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

PBX

E1, E3 DS1, DS3 STM-1/4 E/FE/GbE

PBX

DWDM DWDM Managed DWDM

2 / 8 / 34 / 140 Mbit/s

PBX

ADM 16/1

STM-1 6 GbE

IP Svcs Switch

L2 ADM 16/1

L2

Hub Office

POP/CO

Bus structure

STM-16 L O-SNCP Ring

L2 ADM 64/1

ADM 64

Metro -Core

E1, E3 DS3 STM-1/4 E/FE/GbE

End Office

ADM 1/1

E1, E3 DS1, DS3 STM-1 E/FE S(H)DSL

E1, E3 DS1, DS3 STM-1 E/FE S(H)DSL

Passive DWDM

1 1 4 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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SDH Communication Layers Circuit Switch SDH Terminal Multiplexer

Repeaters

SDH Add/Drop Multiplexer

Repeaters

SDH Terminal Multiplexer

Circuit Switch

OAM&P Regenerator Sections

Regenerator Sections Multiplex Section

Multiplex Section Path

SDH Layering:

Path Layer Multiplex Layer Regenerator Layer Photonic Layer

1 1 5 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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1 1 6 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

Construction of AU-n Construction of STM-n Management of STM-n Transmission Electro -Optical Conversion

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29

Fault Management (1)

Fault Management (2) STM-N Alarm Scheme

SDH alarms

High order path Multiplex section Regenerator section LOS/ LOF

MS -AIS

MS -RDI

MS -RDI

AIS

AIS

K2

HPRDI

HPRDI

K2

G1

BIP Err. B1

HPREI

MS -BIP B2

MS -REI

HPBIP

M1

B3

G1

SDH multiplexer

1 1 7 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

SDH regenerator

SDH multiplexer

LOS NES AIS Regenerator Section OOF LOF RS DEG RS TIM Multiplex Section MS-AIS MS-RDI MS-REI MS-DEG Administrative Unit AU-LOP AU-AIS AU-PJE High order path VC-4 UNEQ V C-4 RDI VC-4 REI VC -4 TIM VC-4 PLM VC-4 DEG 1 1 8 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Fault Management (3)

Description

OH Byte

Out of frame Loss of frame RS Degraded Signal RS trace identifier mismatch

A1, A2 A1, A2 B1 J0

Multiplex section AIS MS remote defect i ndication MS remote error i ndication MS Degraded Signal

K2 K2 M1 B2

Loss of AU pointer AU alarm indication signal AU pointer justification event

H1, H2 AU incl. H1, H2 H1, H2

HO path unequipped HO path remote defect indication HO path remote error i ndication HO path trace i dentifier mismatch HO path payload label mismatch HO path error monitoring

C2 G1 G1 J1 C2 B3

Loss of signal Non expected signal Alarm indication signal

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Performance Monitoring Bit error monitoring § Locally via BIP parity check on B1, B2, B3, V5 Overhead bytes

SDH alarms Tributary unit TU-LOP TU-AIS TU-LOM Low order path VC-12/3 UNEQ VC-12/3 RDI VC-12/3 REI VC-12/3 TIM VC-12/3 PLM VC-12/3 DEG

1 1 9 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

Description

OH Byte

Loss of TU pointer TU alarm i ndication signal TU l oss o f multiframe

V1, V2 TU incl, V1 to V4 H4

LO path unequipped LO path remote defect indication LO path r emote error indication LO path trace identifier mismatch LO path payload label mismatch LO path Degraded Signal

V5 / C2 V5 / G1 V5 / G1 J2 / J1 V5 / C2 V5 / B3

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§ Far-End using REI Definitions according ITU -T Rec. G.826 : § Errored Block (EB): A block in which one or more bits are in error. § Errored Second (ES): A one-second period with one or more errored blocks or at least one defect. § Severely Errored Second (SES): A one-second period which contains ≥30% errored blocks or at least one defect. SES is a subset of ES. § Unavailable Second (UAS) : if more than 10 consecutives SES. § Background Block Error (BBE): An errored block not occurring as part of an SES

1 2 0 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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30

Performance Monitoring - Examples

Network Management Architecture

VC-4 : § 1 VC-4 block = 18792 bit/s § VC-4 rate : 150336 kbit/s (18792 bits/125 µs) ---> 8000 blocks/s § SES if > 30% false blocks ---> SES if more than 2400 false blocks

Server

TCP/IP Network

VC-12 : § 1 VC-12 block : 1120 bits (140 bytes x 8 bits) § VC-12 rate : 2240 kbit/s (1120 bits/125 µs/4) ---> 2000 blocks/s § SES if > 30% false blocks ---> SES if more than 600 false blocks

1 2 1 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

SDH Network ECC

- ECC or DCC : Embedded Control Channel, Data Communication Channel = D1 -D3 (DCCr) or D4 -D12 (DCCm) - GNE = Gateway Network Element

1 2 2 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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- Configuration Management - Fault management - Performance Management - Security Management

PC, Workstation

GNE ECC

NE ECC ECC

NE

NE

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Network Management Architecture

Service Management

Service Subscription

Service Impact

ASTN / GMPLS

Network Management

Network Circuit Design

Filtered Alarms Configuration Information

Element Management

NE Provisioning Commands Local Management (craft terminal)

1 2 3 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

Raw Alarms Configuration Data

Network Element

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SDH & DWDM Technologies

1 2 4 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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31

Market Drivers for Optical Mesh Networking Today the SONET/SDH and DWDM layers of the network are quasi-static, and connection management is prone to human operator via the management plane

ASTN/GMPLS: Distributed Control Plane

I-NNI Signaling based on IETF CR-LDP

Introduction of a ASTN/GMPLS control plane allow: § Reduced Network Costs (CapEx) - Equipment and Fiber Infrastructure: § Controlled network resource sharing § Improved Network Utilization in meshed networks

§ Reduced Operation Costs (OpEx) - Maintenance & Network Design Flexibility: § Less design effort, easy enhancement and local elimination of bottlenecks as needed § Cheaper and more accurate inventory (via automatic self-awareness, topology discovery, verification of physical neighbor) and “plug-and-use” operations § Automatic connection set-up: reduce the operational burden of manual circuit provisioning

§ Enhanced Services: § Support multiple Quality of Service (QoS) for differentiated services with multiple grade of protection/restoration § Support opportunities for operators to develop sustainable revenues through new services opportunities such as Optical Virtual Private Networks (VPN) with dynamic bandwidth § Automatic path setup via O-UNI: create end-to-end connections with only the start and endpoint specified by the User or external equipment (router) 1 2 5 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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I have a flexible software architecture that supports module replacements

I can manage revenue producing services, bridge connection domains, and optimize network performance

I-NNI

ONNS™

Signaling Control Plane

I can request connections and change QoS

Centralized Intelligence:

Management Plane NMI

O-UNI / E-NNI O-UNI / E-NNI

Optical Transport Plane

Distributed Intelligence:

We can auto -discover topology and resource availability Via Link State Advertisements (LSA) based on OSPF 1 2 6 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

We can calculate best routes for connections and restoration

We can set-up, tear down, and restore connections

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The Role of Standards Standardization is extremely important § To ensure inter-operability § To defend/promote certain protocols (and their underlying technologies) Once a standards battle is lost, investments may have become worthless

Standardization

Standards bodies become part of the "battleground" § Only technical argumentation is accepted Different standards bodies have each there "jurisdiction" § ITU -T (Int'l, UN mandate), T1 (USA): DWDM, SDH, ATM, Ethernet § IEEE (US dominated): Ethernet § IETF (US dominated): IP, MPLS § This creates some competition between these standards bodies In addition numerous industry fora are rallied around certain protocols § IP/MPLS (MFA) Forum, Metro Ethernet Forum, RPR Alliance, 10 GbE Alliance

1 2 7 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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1 2 8 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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32

SDH Standardization Linkage between Recommendations

Standard Bodies

International ITU -T ETSI ISO/IEC

Europe

USA

X

Focus Transport, Switching

X

Telcordia

X

Management

ANSI

X

Transport

X

IETF

X

EEC

1 2 9 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

Performance

G.707 (SDH Frame)

X

IEEE

G.810, G.811, G.812, G.813 (Synchronization)

Transmission Hierarchy

G.781/783 (Multiplexer)

Ethernet

G.784 (Management) G.957 (Line System)

IP X

EMC, Envir.

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ITU -T Recommendations SDH technology

G.821, G.826 (Errors)

TMN (Management)

Equipment

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ITU -T Recommendations Management of SDH - Architecture

G.703: G.704:

Physical/electrical characteristics of hierarchical digital interfaces Synchronous frame structures used at 1544, 6312, 2048, 8488 and 44 736 kbit/s hierarchical levels G.705: Characteristics of plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) equipment functional blocks G.707: Network node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) G.781: Synchronization Layer Functions G.783: Characteristics of synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) equipment functional blocks G.812: Timing requirements at the outputs of slave clocks suitable for plesiochronous operation of international digital links G.813: Timing characteristics of SDH equipment slave clocks (SEC) G.823: The control of jitter and wander within digital networks which are based on PDH G.825: The control of jitter and wander within digital networks which are based on SDH G.841: Types and characteristics of SDH network protection architecture G.842: Interworking of SDH network protection architectures G.957: Optical interfaces for equipments and systems relating to the synchronous digital hierarchy G.691: Optical Interfaces for SDH Systems with Optical Amplifiers, and STM-64/256 systems G.7041/Y.1303: Generic framing procedure (GFP) G.7042/Y.1305: Link capacity adjustment scheme (LCAS) for virtual concatenated signals

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G.784: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) management G.803: Architecture of transport networks based on the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) G.807/Y.1302: Requirements for automatic switched transport networks (ASTN) G.826: Error performance parameters and objectives for international constant bit rate digital paths at or above the primary rate G.7712/Y.1703: Architecture and Specification of Data Communication Network M.2100: Performance limits for bringing-into-service and maintenance of international digital paths, sections and transmission systems M.2101.1: Performance limits for bringing-into-service and maintenance of international SDH paths and multiplex sections Q.811: Lower Layer Protocol Profiles For the Q3 Interface Q.812: Upper Layer Protocol Profiles For the Q3 Interface

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33

ITU -T Recommendations Fibers G.650: G.652: G.653: G.654: G.655: G.664: G.911: systems

Definition and test methods for the relevant parameters of single-mode fibers Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre cable Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre cable Characteristics of a cut-off shifted single-mode optical fibre cable Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion shifted single-mode optical fibre cable General automatic power shut-down procedures for optical transport systems Parameters and calculation methodologies for reliability and availability of fiberoptic

Conclusion and Future of SDH

1 3 4 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Conclusion – Multiple Benefits of SDH High-capacity, granular bandwidth Powerful bandwidth management capabilities Interoperability between different vendor equipments § International standard § Compatible with PDH Network Multi-service transport (protocol opaque) § Network able to carry different services (ATM, Ethernet, IP, SAN, etc) Robustness: § Carrier-class design, high availability components § APS supports millisecond fault tolerance Sophisticated OAM&P and network management capabilities Without theoretical limitation for high bit rates § Limitation by electronics and PMD to STM-256 (40G) today § Not enough bandwidth: optical backbones need multi-Tbit/s…DWDM…. Perceived as legacy technology § Investments shift away to Ethernet/IP technology but the latter are not “transport” oriented… All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

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The Evolution of SDH 1990

1992

1994

CCITT

1996

First Generation SDH: Transport Architecture Network Operating Model Interface Services Standardization focus Misc.

1998

2000

2002

ITU -T, ETSI, ANSI

Second Generation SDH:

– Point-to-point optical line systems – Basic path protection over mesh

– Ring subnetworks – SNCP, MS-SPRing and DNI protection

– Fixed mapping

– Flexible connectivity

– Static circuit, manual provisioning – 4/1 or 4/4 cross-connection in DXC and later ADM

– Automated provisioning – 4/4/3/1 cross-connection

– PDH (TDM PL) – SDH or SONET only

– SDH and SONET with SDH ó SONET conversion

– G.707,783,803 Managed transport

– Network Synchronisation (G.812,813) Protection (G.841,842)

– Mux mountains – Physically Large, multiple circuit packs for central functions

1 3 6 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

in muxes

– PDH + packet (ATM, POS)

– STM-64 line interfaces, colored optics – Some consolidation of central functions

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34

Characteristics of Third Generation SDH (“MSPP”) Miniaturisation and consolidation

Dynamic networking, On-demand § Narrowband and broadband grooming resources, efficiency, granularity and aggregation in single platform § “trio” GFP, VCAT, LCAS § E1 to STM-64 in one platform Multiple protocol support § Focus on Metro (= regional in Europe) § PDH, SDH Flexibility § legacy packet (ATM, POS) § Optimised for STM-16 or STM-64 § Ethernet w/ L2 support, SAN function § E1 through to STM-16 interfaces Cost savings § High capacity, non-blocking 4/4/3/1 local cross connect § Simple engineering rules: “any card, any slot” § Circuit packs used in several NE type Multi-layer mesh network architecture (G.807 ASTN)

1 3 7 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

Native Ethernet

§ Capex Price reduction of optics Installation requirements

§ Opex Power savings Floorspace

Inherent reliability

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Why so much fuss about Ethernet?

Native Ethernet in the Metro

Ethernet is one of the Hot Topics in the market today:

Based on carrier-class Ethernet Switches (L2/3)* performing Ethernet bridging, inter-connected using dark fibre or even WDM § Protection via STP or LAG or proprietary schemes

§ Cheap and ubiquitous technology § End customers are familiar with it, and perceive Ethernet Services as the solution to get a better bandwidth / price ratio since no protocol conversion § Service Providers like its flexibility In scaling bandwidth of services easier than with existing data services (ATM, FR, TDM) or Topology, service connectivity

§ Service Providers look at Ethernet as an enabler for Data transport in the network § Industry is developing new technologies to improve Ethernet for Service Providers environments

§ Security and service isolation with VLANs § Security (IEEE 802.1x, L2 ACL) § Vendor proprietary L2 enhancements § Administration via SNMP Topologies: P2P, Hub & Spoke, Dual Homing § Inefficient support of rings in terms of protection, bandwidth usage and fairness: this translates in higher fibre usage (Dual Homing architectures) Advantages: § Cheap (very good price/GbE port or per bit ratio), robust § Great scalability in bandwidth High port density: 1GbE, 10GbE Huge Switching capacity

* Assuming non-MPLS

§ Feature richness (“IP-aware”, enhanced statistics, etc) 1 3 9 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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1 4 0 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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35

Scalability Limits of Ethernet switching in the Public Network

Assessment of the Optical (plain) Ethernet approach

Scalability

Seems the more straightforward way to introduce Ethernet in SP network and corresponds to what was deployed during the Hype years Drawbacks: § Despite several innovative enhancements (IEEE, IETF or proprietary), still not considered carrier-grade solution

§ MAC Address Learning in Core (MAC Address Table explosion) Problems only in large, flat L2 networks. Mitigated by splitting MAC -domains by e.g. using a router (will be used by large corporate accounts anyway)

§ Broadcast flooding § VLAN label space limited to 4k § Upper limit on Network Diameter due to Spanning Tree (IEEE: 7) Lack of Fairness § Partially solved by policing and shaping, issue remains for “best effort” traffic Protection and Spanning Tree § Layer 2 protection relies on IEEE 802.1D STP with typically ~30 s convergence time § Now improved to less than 1s (with PHY fault monitors) with IEEE Std. 802.1w-2001 RSTP, but still not 50ms

Limited fast protection mechanisms (> 50 ms) Lack of fault isolation and poor OAM for network-level service management

§ Impossibility to address cost-effectively Private Services (only EoSDH can dedicate L1 resources) § Bad QoS perception, DiffServ QoS complex to engineer § Not multi-service (TDM services require CEM), need overlay networks Economic Studies available to show that Ethernet over SDH is more competitive for Ethernet + TDM scenario

§ Maximum link distances are shorter than 70km (w/ 1000BASE -ZX) § Difficulty to link MANs with end-end redundancy and protection § Ethernet scalability limits are applicable for the whole network

§ Bandwidth efficiency can be less than optimum with STP (unless MSTP) 1 4 1 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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1 4 2 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Ethernet over SDH One way to promote a protocol is to enhance it § Make it cover more applications, especially those covered by competing protocols

Next-Generation SDH: Ethernet over SDH

§ "Ethernet in the Metro" § "Voice over IP" Enhance the economic life-time of SDH based on the following ideas § Service Providers use largely SDH networks § End-users use largely Ethernet Ethernet interfaces are very cheap Ethernet is relatively simple

Mapping Ethernet in SDH as payload § Bandwidth adaptation is needed to gain efficiency Ethernet -- variable with upper-bounds at 10, 100 and 1000 Mbit/s SDH -- fixed at 2, 45, 150, 600, 2400 and 9600 Mbit/s

1 4 3 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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1 4 4 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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36

Encapsulation

Virtual Concatenation (1)

Encapsulation with GFP (Generic Framing Procedure) acc. ITU -T G.7041:

To overcome the fixed payload sizes of SDH an inverse multiplexing scheme known as "virtual concatenation" is defined § Possibility to make connections of which the bandwidth can be incremented in steps of a single VC-12, VC-3 or VC-4

§ Adaptation to synchronous transport layer § Add GFP-header (8 bytes) to each Ethernet frame to indicate frame length and payload type, used for delineation § Fill idle time with GFP idle-frames (4 bytes)

§ VC-12-Xv: X = 1 - 63 (one VC-12 ≈ 2 Mbit/s) § VC-3-Xv: X = 1 - 255 (one VC-3 ≈ 50 Mbit/s) § VC-4-Xv: X = 1 - 255 (one VC-4 ≈ 150 Mbit/s)

GFP Header indicates payload length and type IDLE

L/T

Ethernet frame

IDLE IDLE

L/T

SDH Network Ethernet frame

1 4 5 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

L/T

Ethernet frame

IDLE

IDLE

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1 4 6 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Virtual Concatenation (2)

Ethernet Bridging in SDH

The implementation of virtual concatenation only affects the source and sink nodes. All intermediate SDH network elements remain unaware of virtual concatenation § For this reason virtual concatenation is easier to introduce in existing SDH networks

To gain more efficiency, the statistical properties of Ethernet traffic can be used by including a IEEE 802.1D bridge function in an SDH box

The differential network delay of the VC's is compensated in the sink node § No routing constraints for the VC's in the concatenated group Inherent protection against failure § If a VC in the concatenated group fails the rest of the group continues operating, but at less capacity - "load-sharing" Possibility to increase and decrease the end-to-end channel capacity "in-service". No bit errors in the transported payload § LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme) Protocol, ITU -T G.7042

1 4 7 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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§ Traffic of multiple end-users can be combined § Since traffic peaks are unlikely to coincide a certain over-subscription of the bandwidth is possible § Use VLAN tags to distinguish frames from different end-users; the tags are removed when the traffic is returning In addition the bridge function can be used to support MAC Address learning, which makes multi-point connections possible Spanning Tree Protocol is used to keep the network "loop-free" and to provide restoration in case of link or node failures

1 4 8 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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37

Ethernet interface on SDH box

Ethernet Multi-point Transport LAN port

C P E

CP

Public

S D H

S D H

Network

Ethernet over SDH

C P E

C P E

CP

CP

Ethernet

S D H

LAN WAN

Ethernet Bridge

FE GbE

Virt. Concat.

PHY

2 3

CP

X

C P E

CP

Public Network

1 GFP Encapsulation

S D H

C P E

S D H

S D H

C P E

CP

VC

1 4 9 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

1 5 0 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Ethernet Frame

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Ethernet Protocols Automatic Address learning (IEEE 802.1D)

7

1

6

2

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46-1500

FCS

Data

(optional)

4

Length/Type

Source Address VLAN-tag 6

SFD = Start of Frame Delimiter FCS = Frame Check Sequence

1 5 1 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

§ Forward traffic to a certain port, based on destination address § Fill MAC address table automatically, based on source addresses of incoming frames § Age out learned addresses after 5 minutes, but timer is reset each time a learned address is confirmed by another frame

MAC frame (64-1522)

SFD Destination Address

Preamble

PHY dependent

§ Unknown addresses and Broadcast traffic is "flooded" (forwarded on all ports) Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) (IEEE 802.1D) § Remove loops in WAN network by blocking some links

4

§ Special BPDUs (Bridge PDUs) are transmitted by bridges One bridge is declared the "root" Other bridges determine which port offers "least cost path" to root, based on bandwidth

1 5 2 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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38

Automatic Address Learning

Spanning Tree Protocol

AB

2

A

3 1

1

X 3

25 10 20 0 25 Bridge #25

MAC A 3

2

MAC A

50

70 40 20 0 70 Bridge #70

X

X

20

X

2

10

10

B

A

1

10

8 X

MAC

1

20

Bridge #20 0 20

Bridge #32 20 32 10 0 Link 32Cost ≈

10

1000 / Capacity [Mbit/s]

BPDU: 1 5 3 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

1 5 4 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Ethernet Shared Transport

LAN WAN

Public Network

Router PoP

LAN WAN

SDH

CP

CPE

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Public Network

SDH

CPE

SDH

Trunking LAN interface

SDH

SDH

SDH

CPE

CPE

CPE

CP CP

CP 1 5 5 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

Own ID

Internet Single VCn-Xv pipe, multiple customers

SDH

CP

Cost

Ethernet Trunking

CPE

CPE

Root ID

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LAN Network

SDH

Bridge #96 96 0 96 20 20

100

X

1

D

1. All 2. 3. Initial Lowest bridges Situation BPDU assume "wins" 4. Spanning Tree formed they're the root

C

1 5 6 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

CP

SDH CPE

CP

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39

Packet Processing capabilities in SDH MSPP

Overview of Carrier Ethernet Technologies Recent Developments Source: RHK Inc. MS-ADM= Multi-service ADM; MSTN= Multi-service Transport Node; ETP=Ethernet Transport Device; CE = Circuit emulation

No packet features

L2 features

Packet-aware

“Pure packet” 1 5 7 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

1 5 8 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Broadband Access (Residential + Business) Network Architecture

Access Residential Voice Data

ATM DSLAM

FTTx DSL

Video

Aggregation STM/OC

GE N x GE

Scalable Circuit & Packet Transport

Edge/Core

High Speed Internet

Service k Router

SGSN VoD

FE E1/DS1 2G/3G Mobile, WiMAX FE/GE

Business

Service Delivery Platforms

IP-DSLAM 10GE

Wireless

Carrier Ethernet Technology Landscape

3G Core NetworGGSN

Ethernet/ MPLS/VPLS

IP/MPLS

IPTV

Ethernet/SDH/ WDM (ROADM)

Headend

VoIP PSTN

E1/DS3 STM/OC/λ

Softswitch Voice Gateway

Metro Transport

Some form of enhanced Ethernet ? 1 5 9 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

Video Servers

10GE

Ethernet/SDH/ WDM

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Core Transport

IP/MPLS

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“Metro Ethernet” encompasses all public Ethernet networking methods: § Native Ethernet Switching IEEE 802.1Q § IEEE 802.1ad PB § IEEE 802.1ah PBB § PBT (PBB-TE) § IEEE 802.17 RPR § MPLS L2 VPN: VPWS, VPLS, H -VPLS (using carrier IP/MPLS backbone) § T-MPLS Each Ethernet multiplexing layer option can run over any physical layers: § SDH/SONET/OTN with GFP/VCAT/LCAS Optical Transport § CWDM/DWDM Optical Transport § IEEE 802.3 Ethernet PHY directly over fiber § IEEE 802.3ah EFM (Ethernet/xDSL, E-PON) § MPLS § ATM The MEF has carefully defined Ethernet inatterms of services Competing and Carrier complementary the same time attributes and functions, not technology 1 6 0 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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40

Limitations of today’s Ethernet solutions

Evolution Objectives

Mature and widely deployed technology but… Service Provider devices switch based on customer addresses (C-MAC)

Change as little to existing data plane technology as possible

§ C-MAC address table scalability § Vulnerable to Denial of Service attacks

Limited network scalability

§ Maintain low prices § Backward compatibility with existing bridges Increase or Improve: § Scalability § Network utilization

§ VID space § STP bridge diameter

Very limited Traffic Engineering capabilities § Inefficient usage of network resources because of Spanning Tree requirement

Slow Protection switching § Inherently slow because STP is a distance-vector protocol

Weak security because of self-learning network And (but not inherently linked with the technology itself)

Enable traffic engineering § QoS § Fast protection switching § Security Support a wide variety of services efficiently

§ Limited OA&M (being worked in IEEE/ITU -T/MEF) § Limited control plane tools § Limited OSS tools (being worked by ITU -T/TMF/MEF)

1 6 1 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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1 6 2 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Ethernet Evolutions: IEEE 802.1ad Provider Bridges ( PB)

Ethernet Evolutions: IEEE 802.1ah Provider Backbone Bridges ( PBB)

Previously known as Q-in-Q, Now Approved Standard

MAC-in-MAC encapsulation

§ Enables segregation of customers and transparency for customer traffic § Specifies dual VLAN stacking C-VLAN: Customer VLAN, S-VLAN: Provider VLAN: same tag format, but different Ethertype in TPID field, supports encoding of Drop Eligibility in DEI bit)

Most common customer interface Unique Service ID per Service (S-VID) § 4K Services (12-bits)

Forwarding is basic L2 with flooding/learning based on MAC DA/SA at the S-VID level and xSTP for loop prevention Scalability § Limited to 4K instances § Still relies on (M)STP

1 6 3 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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§ Virtualization: Isolates customer network from service provider network § Hierarchical scaling

4K Interconnect Flood Domains Unique Service ID per Service using the I-Tag (I-SID) Forwarding is basic L2 with flooding/learning based on MAC DA/SA at the B-VID level and xSTP for loop prevention § Still uses (M)STP and does not address all scalability issues of Ethernet

Scalability § Massive service scale (24-bit) § No need to burn an I-SID at every node for every service to build a P2P mesh § C-MACs learned and associated per BVID/I-SID 1 6 4 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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41

Ethernet Evolutions: IEEE 802.1Qay Provider Backbone Transport ( PBT) or PBB-TE

Ethernet Encapsulations

PBT defines p2p Ethernet transport tunnels § Combines PBB with provisioned forwarding tables § Turning off flooding, broadcasting, learning, Spanning Tree Protocol Instead, end-to-end paths are explicitly configured § 60-bit label used as a global connection identifier New VID semantic: VLANs are not used to limit broadcast domains. -VIDs B are used a “path selector” to B-DA, to establish two paths to destination DMAC A No translation/swapping IVL forwarding mode § B-SA used to track source node

IEEE 802.3 Basic Ethernet Frame

IEEE 802.1Q VLAN Frame

IEEE 802.1ad Provider Bridge Frame

Resiliency § Primary and backup tunnels monitored by IEEE 802.1ag CFM

Unique Service ID per Service (I-SID) Scalability

IEEE 802.1ah Provider Backbone Bridge Frame

§ Tunnel scale (58-bit space) § Service scale (24-bit space) § I-SID per P2P service 1 6 5 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

MPLS Frame

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Ethernet Evolutions: IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Rings (RPR)

Ethernet Evolutions: IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Rings (RPR)

RPR is a packet-based transport technology

Fast restoration (50 ms) by using either traffic § §

RPR is a new MAC, different from the standard Ethernet MAC (IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD) leveraging §

Resiliency of fibre rings

§

Bandwidth efficiency of packet-switching technologies

Transport flexibility: RPR is Layer 2 protocol and independent of Layer 1 and 3 Supports multiple QoS classes Plug&Play

RPR applies strictly to Layer 2 (logical) ring topologies §

Compare with Token Ring (IEEE 802.5) or FDDI, but bi-directional

§

It does not need to be a physical ring, e.g. when RPR is transported over SDH, it is possible to have a logical ring over a physical network consisting of a mesh or multiple rings, but requires constant bandwidth over whole ring perimeter

Spatial Reuse*: bandwidth efficiency by using “destination stripping” and routing via shortest leg of ring from source to destination Shared bandwidth, ring-level aggregation Supports a “fairness” protocol at node level *: in theory, does not apply for bridged Ethernet services 1 6 7 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

Wrapping (compare with MS-SPRing/BLSR) Steering

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§ § §

node hot-insertion, >100 per ring (large ring diameter but limited by latency) topology discovery/awareness, no master/slave node minimum provisioning/engineering

Not very successful § §

Requires special (costly) hardware Only useful in specific topologies

§

E.g. limited ability to interconnect rings Benefits are local and don’t extend network-wide Limited interworking with native Ethernet and Provider bridges Amendment to avoid flooding of L2 bridged traffic

§

RPR has some application space but will remain isolated to certain metro regions

§

1 6 8 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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42

MPLS Evolutions: VPWS - Basic Concepts

Martini (PW) Circuits

PWE3 ( PseudoWire Emulation End to End) § Virtual Private Wire Services

VPN B

Layer2 link

§ Martini

CE

A PW is an Virtual Connection that emulates a physical link (such as an Ethernet, ATM, Frame Relay)

PE

VPN A CE

The payload of packets traveling over a pseudowire are L2 frames (Ethernet, ATM, FR) rather than IP datagrams (L3 frames)

Header 1 Header 2

L2 Data Packet

Header 1 Header 2

L2 Data Packet

P

Similar to ATM / FR services, uses tunnels and connections

P

MPLS

Carrier equipment does not peer with customer equipment § Increases scalability and security Provides true multi-protocol support through transparency

PE VPN Tunneling Protocols LDP

§ Upper Layer Protocol agnostic

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MPLS Evolutions: VPLS - Adds L2 Bridging Functions to PWE Provides Ethernet Private LAN (E-LAN) Builds on PWE signaling Adds switching intelligence to PE nodes § Full mesh of VC LSPs and Tunnels No forwarding between MPLS tunnels and VC LSP § Bundled Martini pseudo wires § Requires a full mesh of VC LSPs VPLS Forwarding § Learns MAC addresses per pseudo-wire (VC LSP) § Forwarding based on MAC addresses § Replicates multicast & broadcast frames § Floods unknown frames § Split-horizon for loop prevention drives full mesh requirement Standard IEEE 802.1D code § Used to interface with customer facing ports § Provides local switching 1 7 1 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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CE

SP Tunnels

§ Most applications may be IP but many customers want FR/ATM like services from their provider rather than IP-based services

1 6 9 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

PE CE

VPN Tunnels (inside SP Tunnels) VPN A VPN B

VPN A

VPN B

1 7 0 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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VPLS Reference Model Attachment circuit VPN-A

CE

Tunnel LSP VC

MTU-s PE

PE B

CE

VPN-A

B

CE

L2 aggregation Ethernet Network

P

VPN-B B

CE

PE

VPN-B

VPLS (bridge) instance CE VPLS-A

MTU-s

CE VPN-B

Defines an Ethernet (IEEE 802.1D) learning bridge model over carrier IP/MPLS § § § § § §

Full mesh of Tunnel LSPs is established between VPLS-aware PEs (via RSVP-TE) Layer-2 VC LSPs are set up in Tunnel LSPs (via e.g. LDP) PEs do MAC learning/bridging on a per LSP basis and map C-VLANs into VC LSP Emulates a single distributed IEEE 802.1Q switch VPLS topology can be point-to-multipoint, any-to-any (full / partial mesh) Benefit from all other MPLS advantages: Traffic Engineering, Fast Re-Route, QoS

1 7 2 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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43

VPLS Scalability: H-VPLS

VPLS

VPLS HVPLS

§ Tunnels tied to physical infrastructure § Dedicated P2P pseudowire mesh with split-horizon forwarding within the core between PEs for every service instance § Scalability PW sessions signaled via MPLS control plane

Inter -domain VPLS

Tunnels scale as PEs are added At a minimum for n PEs there are n tunnels (20 bits) Pseudowires scale n!/2(n-2)! * service count (20 bits)

1 7 3 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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H-VPLS

MPLS Evolutions: T-MPLS

§ Introduced to offload PW mesh scaling issues as service count grows

T-MPLS = "Transport MPLS“ § Attempt by ITU (SG13&SG15) to formalize a profile of MPLS for L2 transport network applications Functional modeling, strict decoupling fwd/ctl/mgmt, compliance with ITU -T's transport network principles

§ MTU -s introduction requires fewer PEs and smaller PW mesh

Defined as: § A co-ps transport network technology § Reusing MPLS principles and fwd-plane design

Implementations often seek to increase service count, which in turn drives larger MAC table size requirements

MPLS PDU format, MPLS processes (TTL, …)

§ Scalability

§ With some options fixed to suit ITU -style transport:

PW sessions signaled via MPLS control plane Hub and spoke PW architecture reduces PW mesh issue

No PHP, ECMP No uniform model Strictly connection- oriented -> ( no merging)

§ Strong Transport OAM based on G.8114 (vs. IETF LSP Ping) § Strong Resilience mechanisms based on G.8131/G.8132 (vs. IETF FRR) Currently no defined control nor management plane § Plan to use GMPLS/ASTN control plane

As service count grows, trade off MAC table size vs. PW mesh

1 7 5 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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44

Main Ethernet Standardization Organizations

Metro Ethernet Forum

ITU-T Primary SDO where most large carriers and equipment vendors participate and where the expertise in transport networks resides. Ethernet over Transport architecture and equipment standardization is in SG15, other functions such as OA&M are in SG13.

IEEE 802 Primary organization historically responsible for Ethernet specification. Recently engaged in specifications to carry Ethernet over carrier transport networks, including hierarchical forwarding and OA&M.

Metro Ethernet Forum Primary organization responsible for definition of Ethernet services, UserNetwork/Network-Network Interfaces and Implementation Agreements to foment the quick adoption of Ethernet transport services (Technical + Marketing committees).

IETF Primary organization responsible for definition of Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) in the L2VPN WG (Internet area), Ethernet tunneling on IP/MPLS network with pseudowires (VPWS) in the pwe3 WG (Transport area), and MPLS.

1 7 7 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

Carrier Ethernet

• Carrier Ethernet is a ubiquitous, standardized, carrier-class SERVICE defined by five attributes that distinguish Carrier Ethernet from familiar LAN based Ethernet • It brings the compelling business benefit of the Ethernet cost model to achieve significant savings • Standardized Services

Carrier Ethernet Attributes

• Scalability • Service Management • Reliability • Quality of Service

1 7 8 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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MEF Certified Companies January 2007

TM

SERVICE PROVIDERS

Transport network evolution

EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS

1 7 9 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

All Ethernet Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2006,Work ##### Contents Carrier Technical Future Marketing Certification

Membership

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45

Application drivers: Service Transformation

Application drivers: Impact for the Network

Diversity An unpredictable mix of technologies and protocols

Bandwidth Factor 6 traffic increase Between 2004 and 2008 11%

6%

2%

7%

§ Triple Play à VoIP, HSI and IPTV (unicast & multicast) § Mobile à Multimedia services, visiophony, video streaming

6x

24%

§ Ethernet Services à Managed Ethernet Services including Virtual leased line (E-Line) and Virtual private LAN service (E-LAN), IP-VPN

10%

Video Distribution Broadband Internet Access, Residential

4%

Broadband Internet Access, SMEs

27% Source: Alcatel Study 2005

New residential and business services drive the transport network transformation

2008

Growth in metro and core, but with important service diversity 1 8 2 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Transport Network – Definition and Requirements

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Meeting Operator Rationales: focus on scalability and operational simplification

Reliable aggregation and transport of any client traffic type, in any scale, at the lowest cost per bit

Client L1 L0

Scalability

Multi-service

Quality

Cost-Efficiency

Ability to support any number of client traffic instances whatever network size, from access to core

Ability to deliver any type of client traffic (transparency to service)

Ability to ensure that client traffic is reliably delivered at monitored performance e2e

Acting as server layer for all the rest by keeping processing complexity low and operations easy

Transport values have evolved through long TDM evolution They hold through transition to packets

Squeeze (stack)

Transport Network

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Data Services (ATM/FR, L2-VPN, L3-VPN)

31%

2004

§ Video transport à Production and contribution networks

1 8 3 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

Voice (Fixed + Mobile)

3%

§ SAN interconnect à Business continuity, disaster recovery

1 8 1 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

Private Lines (Enterprise DIA, Retail, Wholesale)

25%

50%

Map & Switch

Map at Edge

ATM, FR, Ethernet

SAN, PDH, IP/MPLS

WDM

Map at Edge SAN, PDH, ATM, FR, Ethernet, IP/MPLS, Clear Channel

Packet

SONET/SDH

Grow (BW)

More efficient transport for L2 and L3 services

Lot of sub 2.5G TDM clients are there and grow due to mobile

L1

SONET/ SDH

Networking L0

T-MPLS Packet

ODU

Photonic Switching

Aggregation Clear channel for Carriers’ Carrier and large enterprise Core Multi-vendor capable lambda networks Distributed regeneration and recoloring

To increase scalability, bring networking into layer-0 and packet into layer-1 Layer-1: universal matrix and transport-optimized MPLS Layer-0: Range from ROADM to tunable multi-degree switching 1 8 4 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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46

Technology Enabler: Universal Switch matrix for smooth transition from TDM to packet

Today / 100% Circuit Current practice - MSPP migration

Universal Switch

STM-64

MPLS

Vision / 100% Packet

Start with SDH only, introduce packets gradually

STM-1 E1

Technology Enabler: Transport MPLS (T-MPLS)

New practice - Transport Switch Start with packets only, introduce SDH gradually

Universal Switch

STM-64 10GE

TDM card

Universal Switch

Photonic card

BUT transport unfriendly

Purpose-designed for packet transport

Linked to IP Allows connection-less networking OAM below transport standards No separation of data & ctrl plane

Client-Server independence Strictly connection-oriented Transport-grade OAM & survivability NMS or GMPLS control plane T-MPLS

GE FE

10GE

Packet card

Deploy SDH networks with full scalability to packet transport Deploy packet-centric network with true TDM capability 1 8 5 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

Carrier-grade packet networking Strong market adoption

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New ITU -T standard Profile of MPLS improved and cost optimized

T -MPLS = MPLS – IP + OAM (+ GMPLS in option) 1 8 6 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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T-MPLS becomes MPLS-TP with IETF/ITU -T Joint Working Team IETF and ITU -T formed a Joint Working Team to find a way to bring the two technologies together Undertook a technical feasibility study, and identified NO show-stoppers

MPLS “Transport Profile” (MPLS-TP) definition

FTTx

Integration of MPLS-TP into transport network Alignment of current T-MPLS Recommendations with MPLS-TP

Convergent solution termed “MPLS Transport Profile” (MPLS-TP)

1 8 7 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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1 8 8 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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47

FTTP Market & Drivers Broadband Access Market - Current Status

FTTP Market & Drivers Major Drivers for Broadband Access migration

Broadband access market is mature now: § Broadband access penetration in Europe 30% today, 40% by 2008 § Full-blown (bandwidth) competition: DSL, Cable § Line prices have dropped (far) below $40 § Average Revenue per User (ARPU) is also decreasing § Limitations in bandwidth and coverage Careful introduction of: § New value-added services & bundles (triple play) Internet Services (Peer to peer, gaming, hosting) TV Entertainment Services (Video broadcast, VoD, PVR (SDTV), HDTV) Conversational Services (VoIP, Video conferencing) Business and Public Services (File sharing, Telemedicine, Distance learning) From a single provider (bundled services)!

§ New technologies (ADSL2+, VDSL, FTTN, FTTP)

1 8 9 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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FTTP Market & Drivers Bandwidth Needs

Political Pressure § Worldwide access revolution taking place § Europe must keep up with Asia and US § Regulators and governments are actively stimulating new access technologies Competition § Increasing competition in Europe (on bandwidth and triple play services) § In some countries from CATV (NL, Belgium, Swiss) § In many counties from competitive carriers using ULL FT is losing 60% of new DSL connections to the competition Other examples: UK, Spain, and starting in Germany and Italy – all planning to provide triple play Reduce Cost § Single integrated network for voice, video, data § Easier installation, operation & maintenance Increase ARPU Increase bandwidth and coverage Overcome copper limitations Customer demand Retain and grow customer base Network renewal/replacement 1 9 0 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Comparison of DSL, Cable and FTTH Technology Bandwidth

Basic Triple is OK for approx 50-60% of households in Europe using ADSL § 1 video channel (4Mbit/s MPEG2), 1Mbit/s Internet and VoIP = 5Mbit/s § Commercial services: Telefonica, France Telecom, FastWeb, Free Telecom Many Service Providers target 20 Mbit/s § HDTV with MPEG4, multi video channels, 5-10Mbit/s for Internet services § Telemedicine, VPNs, video conferencing for business customers § Also require at least 3Mbit/s upstream (peer to peer traffic) § Coverage should be >80% Which technologies can accommodate this bandwidth need ?

Source: Belgacom Presentation at IIR Conference in Barcelona, 2004 1 9 1 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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1 9 2 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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48

Why Fiber Now?

The Broadband Access Network Evolution - Migration options

Worldwide acceptance, standardization & mass market for: § § § § §

IP-based services IP/Ethernet based networks SFP-based optical Ethernet technologies (IEEE 802) Standard Single Mode Fiber (SMF - G.652) Passive Optical Network (PON) standards

Technical improvements have driven down the costs of all FTTx components § § § §

QoS and reliability of (optical) Ethernet networks Processor power & link speed Signal processing Cable installation

FTTx economics § Need case-by-case business case to compare CAPEX of all FTTx technologies and bandwidth options Density, housing, cabling, trenching, CO and access equipment, CPE, CPE installation § For greenfield or renewal FTTx already serious alternative (the cost of laying fiber is the same as that of laying copper) § R e-use of existing copper makes a big cost difference and remains strong argument for DSL 1 9 3 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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FTTP Basics

Fiber to the Premises

Access/ Distribution

Fiber to the MDU

Fiber to the curb

Fiber Drop

Fiber or copper Drop

FTTP

Fiber Drop Retrofit Copper Drop Fiber Drop Retrofit

Central Office

Deep Fiber Node DLC & VDSL

Copper Drop

FTTN

Fiber Drop Retrofit Copper Drop

Fiber-fed DLC & ADSL End-to-end copper Option 1: Enhance CO-based DSL § Increase DSL speed and/or reach (ADSL2+, VDSL, …) 1 9 4 | Cours § Réseaux Increase Optiques –DSLAM Partie I | March capacity 2008 & performance All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####

Copper Drop

CODSL

FTTP Options

FTT-Premises means home, office, MDU, building, etc. § Typically within 100m of end-user § Fiber or cat5 copper drops (native Ethernet, no DSL) FTTP brings huge benefits of fiber to access network, e.g.: § Future proof investment § Zero interference § Virtually unlimited bandwidth, response to 3 play (HDTV, VoIP, IA) § Large distances Various FTTP technologies in the market: § Active or Passive § P2P or PMP (PON) § GPON or EPON (or BPON) § Video digital in-band vs analog overlay Common characteristics: § Native Ethernet based (in EMEA) § Average bit-rate per user at least 20Mbps (up & down) § Access line speed 100-2400Mbps 1 9 5 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

End-user Option 2: Extend fiber to the user § Fiber-to-the-Node (FTTN) – shorten copper loop § Fiber-to-the-Premises (FTTP) – no copper loop

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ITU G.983 BPON

1.2 G or 622 Mb/s down

ATM switch

155/622Mb/s up

t1

15.7-31.6 Mbps/sub

tn

3.9-15.6 Mbps/sub

t1

33.4-66.8 Mbps/sub

tn

3.8-60.4 Mbps/sub

BPON = Broadband-PON ATM-only transport Standardized form available today, introduced in the 1990s

Optical power splitter

ITU G.984 GPON

Multiservice switch OLT

IEEE 802.3ah EPON

Ethernet Switch OLT

1.2 or 2.5 Gbps down, 155M – 1.25Gbps up

GPON = Gigabit -PON Native protocol transport using ATM, GFP/SDH, Ethernet Standardized in 2004

Optical power splitter 1 Gbps

t1 tn Optical power splitter

100Bx

Ethernet P2P – DF

Ethernet Switch

Ethernet P2P -AON

Ethernet Switch

N x 1 Gbps or 10 Gbps

1 9 6 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

Active Switch/Mux

28.5 Mbps per sub 25.7 Mbps/sub

EPON = Ethernet-PON Ethernet/IP -only transport In-band video Standardized in 2004

100 Mbs per sub

Ethernet P2P – Direct Fiber (DF) Passive Outside plant Ethernet-only transport In-band video Standardized form available today

100 Mbs per sub

AON = Active Optical Network Active Outside plant Ethernet-only transport In-band video Standardized form available today

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49

Basics of PON Architecture

EPON vs GPON

Shared network, Tree topology with passive optical splitters

ITU (GPON) vs IEEE (EPON)

§ No active electronics, lower costs and simplifies operations

Hot debate in the market, vendors taking position (whitepapers etc.)

PHY specification dictates reach/bandwidth OLT: Optical Line Terminal, at Central Office ONU: Optical Network Unit, in CPEs

GPON benefits: 1

OLT

Downstream: § §

2

2

1

2 2

2

3 3

§ Higher efficiency (more advanced MAC, less overhead)

1

2

2

2

2

2

33

2

§ Operator Driven (FSAN): protection, security, long reach EPON benefits:

(N dependent on PON technology)

1

§ Supports native TDM, ATM, packet § Mature – Relies on B-PON foundations

3

1:N optical splitters

1

§ Cheaper (control electronics)

1

§ Uses regular Ethernet optics

1310nm

2

ONU sends packets in timeslots Must avoid timeslot collisions Burstmode Optics

§

3

2

1

OLT

TDMA protocol

3

1490nm

Uses either ATM, TDM or Ethernet Framing and Line Coding QoS / Multicast support provided by Edge Router

Upstream: §

1

§ Higher bitrates (up to 2.5Gbps)

ONU

2

2

2

33 3 3

BW allocation easily mapped to timeslots (MPCP)

§ Claims “TDM over Ethernet” support Packet-only GPON compares to EPON § Somewhat more expensive but offers more bandwidth and efficiency

ONU 1 9 7 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

1 9 8 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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PON vs E-P2P / Active vs. Passive Solutions Comparison CPE CO

CPE

PON vs E-P2P: application areas

CPE CO

SW

CPE

CPE

CPE CO

CPE

AON

Direct Fibre

Passive

Active

Passive

Less fibre

Less fibre

More fibre

N+1 transceivers Shared medium

2N+2 transceivers Dedicated links

2N transceivers Dedicated links

Expensive shared PON interface (optics and electrical)

Cheap interfaces (standard Ethernet)

Cheap interfaces (standard Ethernet)

Medium/Low CAPEX

Low CAPEX

Medium CAPEX

Low OPEX

Medium OPEX

Low OPEX

Low upgradability

Medium upgradability

Maximum upgradability

1 9 9 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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CPE CPE

Ethernet Point to Point

PON

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Both technologies are being explored and deployed throughout the world Both technologies have their merits and application areas § Access networks are too varied for a single solution PON application examples: § Long loop length § Congested ducts P2P application examples: § Shared indoor access applications (MTU/Building/Business) § When dedicated, upgradeable & secure bandwidth is required § Shorter loop length, no congested ducts § VDSL evolution towards AON Migration to direct fiber solutions § Combines best of both worlds (passive and dedicated bandwidth) § Fiber prices and installation techniques keep improving § Maximum future proof

2 0 0 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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50

IEEE 802.3ah EFM Three Technologies in one Architecture

PON Technology Comparison Parameter

BPON

EPON

GPON

WDMPON

Linerates

155, 622 Mbps, 1.2 Gbps ↓ 155 Mbps or 622 Mbps ↑

1.25 Gbps ↓ 1.25 Gbps ↑

1.2 Gbps or 2.4 Gbps ↓ 155, 622 Mbps,1.2, 2.4 Gbps ↑

Any

Wavelengths

1480 – 1500 nm ↓ 1260-1360 nm ↑ 1550-1560 (video-option)

1480 – 1500 nm ↓ 1260-1360 nm ↑ 1550-1560 (video-option)

1480 - 1500 nm ↓ (1 fiber) 1260 - 1360 nm ↓ (2 fiber) 1260 - 1360 nm ↑

Not yet standardized – could use DWDM, CWDM or G.983.3 compatible λ plan

Security

Rudimentary (Churning)

Not within 802.3ah scope

Secure (AES)

Secure (λ)

Physical reach

Max. 20 km Splits: 1:32 – 1:128

Max. 20 km (10 km is option) Splits: 1:32 – 1:64

Max. 20 km (10 km is option) Splits: 1:32 – 1:128

Depends on laser technology used and channel spacing

Typical useable bandwidth per subscriber (32 split)

15.9 Mbps + 870 Mhz RF ↓ 3 Mbps ↑

25 Mbps ↓ 25 Mbps ↑

30 Mbps ↓ 20 Mbps ↑

>100 Mbps ↓ >100 Mbps ↑

Dynamic BW Allocation

Yes. ATM UNI signalling for PVCs supported

Yes. Mandated but no signaling protocol

Yes. Same as BPON for ATM mode. GEM mode TBD

MAC layer dependent

TDM support

Yes

Partial – vendor specific

Yes

MAC layer dependent

Multicast support

No

Yes

TBD

No

EFMA and IEEE 802.3ah EFM-F

EFM-P

EFM over point-topoint Fiber: over SMF at speeds of 100 and 1000 Mbps up to at least 10 km

EFM over point-tomultipoint Fiber: EPON over SMF at a speed of up to 1Gbps, up to 20 km

CPE CPE

QoS

ATM 4.1 Classes of Service

802.1p priority queuing

ATM 4.1 Classes of Service 802.1 p, Diffserv TBD

Depends on MAC layer protocol

Management (OAM)

Extensive message and MIB defintion

Still evolving

Still evolving with BPON baseline definitions

λ OAM undefined, MAC layer dependent

Standards

ITU -T G.983.1

IEEE 802.3ah EFM

ITU -T G.984.1,2

CWDM ITU… DWDM ITU…

2 0 1 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

EMF-C EFM over point-topoint Copper: over existing copper wire (Cat1-5) at speeds of 10 Mbps up to at least 750m, or 2 Mbps up to 2700m

Access Node

Fiber 100Mbps

Optical Splitter

Access Node

Fiber 1Gbps

Fiber 1Gbps Shared

Access Node

Associated Ethernet OAM functions 2 0 2 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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CPE Fiber 1Gbps

Copper 10Mbps

EFM-H mix of the above (e.g. FTTC)

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EFM Standards Scope vs. existing IEEE 802.3 standards

Maximum Bandwidth (Symmetric)

Existing IEEE EFMC 802.3 standards IEEE 802.3 ah

EFMF IEEE 802.3 ah

EFMP IEEE 802.3 ah

10Gbps

Overview of the Optical Market and Competition

10GbE 1Gbps 100Mbps

1000BASE-SX (MMF) 100BASE-T (Cat5)

100BASE-FX (MMF)

10Mbps 2Mbps

10BASE-T (Cat5)

100BASE-L/BX10 (SMF)

10PASS-TS (VDSL)

100m

2 0 3 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

1000BASEB/L/PX10

1000BASE-LX (SMF)

1000BASEPX20 (SMF)

2BASE-TL (SHDSL)

500m

750m

Minimum 2000m

2700m

5km

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10km

20km

Reach

2 0 4 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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51

Optical Networking Companies ADVA ADTRAN Alcatel-Lucent Calient Ciena Cisco Corrigent Datang ECI Ericsson (Marconi)

FiberHome Fujitsu Hitachi Huawei Infinera Lantern Luminous Mahi Meriton NEC

Total Optical Market Share 2006 (pre-merge) Nokia Siemens Nortel Oki PacketLight Photonixnet Polaris RBN Sagem Samsung Sorrento/Zhone

Sycamore Telco Systems Tellabs Transmode Tropic Turin Networks UTStarcom Xtera ZTE Source: Dell’Oro Group

The top ten Optical Networking vendors control 85% of the market 2 0 5 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Optical Market Revenue Comparison (2005) by Product Group (post-merge)

•

Large equipment vendors generally have complete portfolio

•

Smaller vendors target specific applications

•

Market Share per product segment (ADM, OXC, DWDM) can look very different

2 0 6 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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Spending by Region

Source: Dell’Oro Group

• • • •

Source: Dell’Oro Group 2 0 7 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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EMEA remains the largest region NAR is now approximately 1/3 of the pie AP is now about 30% larger than China CALA is 4% of the total TAM

2 0 8 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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52

2006 Optical Total Addressable Market Revenue Split by Segment

www.alcatel-lucent.com Note: Carrier Ethernet not included

• The TAM estimate for 2006 was approximately $9B • The Traditional ADM and MSPP segments combined continue to represent about 2/3 of the market in 2006. • The contribution of each segment remains unchanged 2 0 9 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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2 1 0 | Cours Réseaux Optiques – Partie I | March 2008

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53