CONTENTS
Contributors Preface xxi
Part 1
HAZARDOUS MATERIAL PROGRAMS
Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17
Preparedness for and Response to Accidental Marine Pollution— A Regional Perspective
1.3
Introduction / 1.3 Global Initiatives for Dealing with Accidental Marine Pollution / 1.4 UNEP’S Regional Seas Programme / 1.5 The Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) / 1.7 Regional Agreements on Preparedness for and Response to Accidental Marine Pollution / 1.15 The Mediterranean Sea / 1.17 Estimates of Seaborne Traffic / 1.19 Maritime Patterns in the Mediterranean / 1.20 Ports’ System in the Mediterranean / 1.21 Hazardous Cargo Flow and Trade / 1.22 Accidental Marine Pollution in the Mediterranean / 1.22 The Emergency Protocol to the Barcelona Convention / 1.23 Role of REMPEC in Preparedness, Response, and Cooperation for Accidental Marine Pollution / 1.26 The State of Preparedness in the Mediterranean Region / 1.28 The Role of REMPEC in the Field of Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships / 1.28 Conclusion / 1.30 References / 1.30
Chapter 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
xvii
Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level
2.1
What is APELL? / 2.1 The Objectives of the APELL Handbook / 2.2 The APELL Partners and their Responsibilities / 2.3 The APELL Process / 2.4 Community Awareness / 2.5 APELL Worldwide / 2.5 The APELL Handbook and Newsletter / 2.5 UNEP DTIE Technical Reports (Related to APELL and Technological Accidents) / 2.6
Chapter 3
Response Options for Accidents and Spills of Hazardous Materials in France
3.1
3.1 Introduction / 3.1 3.2 Transport of Hazardous Materials / 3.1
v
vi
CONTENTS
3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
Transport by Rail / 3.3 Water Pollution / 3.3 Statistical Analysis of the Accidents / 3.3 References / 3.4
Chapter 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7
5.1
SQAS: Safety and Quality Assessment Systems for the Transport / Storage / Handling of Chemicals 6.1
Background / 6.1 Objective / 6.1 Assessment Documents / 6.2 Assessment Process / 6.2 Benefits of SQAS / 6.3 Overview of SQAS Packages / 6.3 How to Use SQAS / 6.7 References / 6.10
Chapter 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4
CHEMTREC (The Chemical Transportation Emergency Center)
Introduction / 5.1 CHEMTREC’S Response to an Emergency Call / 5.2 Medical Emergencies / 5.4 New Hazards: Resources for Incidents Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) / 5.5 Product-Specific, Mutual-Aid Networks / 5.5 Emergency Services Specialists / 5.5 Training Resources / 5.6 Drills for Emergencies / 5.8 Typical CHEMTREC Incidents / 5.9
Chapter 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8
4.1
New Zealand—A Background / 4.1 The New Zealand Fire Service / 4.2 Early Chemical Fires / 4.3 Storage and Handling of Hazardous Materials in New Zealand / 4.8 Legislation Review / 4.9 Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act / 4.10 Conclusions / 4.10
Chapter 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9
Hazardous Materials Emergencies in New Zealand
Regulations for Transporting Hazardous Materials in France
7.1
Introduction / 7.1 Domestic Transport / 7.2 International Transport / 7.3 References / 7.4
Chapter 8
International Chemical Environment (ICE)—Emergency Response
8.1 General Concept / 8.1 8.2 Currently Operational National ICE Schemes and Centers / 8.3
8.1
CONTENTS
Part 2
NUCLEAR EMERGENCIES
Chapter 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10
Risk Assessment and Management with a Focus on Releases of Hazardous Materials
10.3
Risk Assessment and Management / 10.3 Risk Analysis Techniques / 10.10 Acknowledgments / 10.48 References / 10.49
Chapter 11
Liability in Emergency Management
11.1
Introduction / 11.1 The Threat / 11.2 Liability under State Law / 11.2 Negligence: Determine If Liability Exists / 11.3 How Could Liability Arise? / 11.6 Types of Immunity from Liability / 11.6 Defenses in Liability Claims / 11.10 Determining Liability / 11.11 Types of Damages and Relief / 11.12 Indemnification of Employees and Volunteers—Who Pays? / 11.15 Federal Planning Requirements / 11.16 Role of Legal Counsel / 11.17 Conclusions / 11.17 Key Terms / 11.18 References / 11.18
Chapter 12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7
9.3
RISK ASSESSMENT
Chapter 10
11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15
Response to Nuclear or Radiological Emergencies
Introduction / 9.3 Background / 9.8 Exposure Pathways / 9.12 Preparedness Requirements / 9.16 Response Requirements / 9.42 Emergency Waste Managememt / 9.66 International Conventions / 9.68 National Requirements and Guidance—United States / 9.73 Sources of Additional Guidance / 9.79 References / 9.79
Part 3
10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4
vii
Risk-Based Concept for the Safety Assessment of Handling of Ammunition and Explosives by Swiss Forces and Administration 12.1
The Reasons / 12.1 The Course of Action / 12.2 The Methodological Concept / 12.3 The Regulations and Organization / 12.10 Illustrating Applications / 12.11 Benefit / 12.17 References / 12.17
viii
CONTENTS
Part 4
SPILL COUNTERMEASURES
Chapter 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6
Containment Confinement Confinement Containment Containment Conclusions
Chapter 14 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9
Cleanup of Chemical Spills Using Air Sparging
14.1
Sorbents for Chemical Spill Treatment
15.1
Analysis of Hazardous Materials Using Equipment in Vehicle-Portable (Level 3) Spill Response Vehicles
16.1
Introduction / 16.1 Methodology / 16.2 Recent Field Deployment of the Mobile Laboratory / 16.8 Conclusions / 16.10 References / 16.10
Part 5
SPILL MODELING
Chapter 17 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9
versus Confinement / 13.3 of Chemical Spills on Land / 13.4 of Chemical Spills on Water / 13.6 of Pressure Leaks / 13.11 of Nonpressure Leaks / 13.13 / 13.16
Sorbents and Sorption Mechanism / 15.1 Planning for Spills and Cleaning Up / 15.18 Design of Sorption Contacting Systems / 15.22 Acknowledgment / 15.41 Useful Websites / 15.41 References / 15.41
Chapter 16 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5
13.3
Introduction / 14.1 Technology Description / 14.1 Fundamental Processes / Phenomena / 14.4 System Design and Implementation / 14.13 Predictive Modeling / 14.17 Performance Assessment / 14.17 Modified / Related Technologies / 14.22 Summary / 14.24 References / 14.24
Chapter 15 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6
Containment and Confinement of Hazardous Chemical Spills
Practical Uses of Air Plume Modeling in Chemical Emergencies
Methods / 17.3 Concentration Levels of Concern for Toxic Chemicals / 17.4 Source Term / 17.5 Evacuate or Remain in Place / 17.7 Risk Management Plans / 17.7 North American Emergency Response Guidebook / 17.8 Hand-Held Computers with Dispersion Modeling Capability / 17.11 Example Modeling of Actual Releases / 17.13 References / 17.17
17.3
CONTENTS
Chapter 18 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6
Modeling Oil Spills on River Systems: Evaluation of Aqueous Concentrations
20.1
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions (BLEVEs): The Causes and Consequences—Recent Evidence
21.1
Preface / 21.1 Introduction / 21.2 Background / 21.2 Recent HSL Large-Scale Experiments / 21.4 Discussion and Conclusion / 21.12 Acknowledgments / 21.13 References / 21.13
Chapter 22 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8
19.1
Introduction / 20.1 The Dual-Phase Model / 20.2 A Sample Application / 20.5 Sensitivity Analysis / 20.9 Spatial Variations in Slick Composition / 20.17 Conclusions / 20.23 Acknowledgments / 20.24 References / 20.24
Chapter 21 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7
Evaluation Methodologies for Dense Gas Dispersion Models
Introduction / 19.1 Evaluation / 19.2 Scientific Assessment / 19.3 Validation / 19.6 Evaluation Protocol / 19.12 Examples of Evaluation Exercises / 19.19 References / 19.22
Chapter 20 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8
18.1
Introduction / 18.1 Density Calculations / 18.1 Buoyancy Change by Surface Heat Flux / 18.5 Mixing of Cold Dense Gas Clouds / 18.10 Conclusions / 18.15 References / 18.15
Chapter 19 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7
Spreading of Cold Dense Clouds
ix
Modeling and Understanding BLEVEs
Introduction / 22.1 Description of the Phenomenon / 22.1 Conditions Required for a BLEVE to Occur / 22.6 Estimation of BLEVE Effects / 22.10 Prevention Measures / 22.20 Example Calculation of BLEVE Fireball Effects / 22.22 Nomenclature / 22.24 References / 22.26
22.1
x
CONTENTS
Chapter 23 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.8 23.9 23.10 23.11 23.12 23.13 23.14 23.15 23.16 23.17 23.18 23.19 23.20
Fugacity Modeling to Predict Long-Term Environmental Fate of Chemicals from Hazardous Spills
24.1
Introduction / 24.1 Fugacity, Z- and D-Values / 24.2 Environment as Compartments / 24.2 Models of Increasing Complexity / 24.3 Summary / 24.12 Acknowledgments / 24.12 References / 24.12
Chapter 25 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8
23.1
Introduction / 23.1 HAZMAT Spill Center Capabilities and Facilities / 23.2 The U.S. DOE’s HAZMAT Spill Center Database / 23.4 Database Organization / 23.4 Burro Series / 23.5 Coyote Series / 23.6 Desert Tortoise Series / 23.7 Eagle Series / 23.9 Falcon Series / 23.11 Goldfish Series / 23.12 Determination of Effectiveness of Spill Control Agents in Mitigating Vapors from Hazardous and Toxic Chemicals / 23.14 Determination of Effectiveness of Aqueous Foams in Extinguishing Chlorosilanes Fires and Vapor Suppression / 23.15 Chlorine Vapor Mitigation Tests / 23.15 Hydrogen Fluoride Suit Tests / 23.16 Chlorine and Ammonia Suit Tests / 23.16 DUPONT Mitigation Workshop—Determination of Effectiveness of Various Techniques in Mitigating Hazardous Material Spills and Training of Personnel to Mitigate Hazardous Material Spills / 23.17 DRI / WRI / EPA CO2-I Experiments / 23.18 Kit Fox Series / 23.20 References / 23.27 Additional References / 23.28
Chapter 24 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7
U.S. DOE HAZMAT Spill Center Database
Contaminant Concentration Fluctuations
25.1
Introduction / 25.1 The Probability Density Function and Moments / 25.3 The Role of Molecular Diffusivity / 25.5 Modeling and Experimental Validation / 25.9 Towards a Less Conservative Estimate / 25.11 Concluding Remarks / 25.13 Acknowledgments / 25.14 References / 25.14
Chapter 26
Debris Hazard from Accidental Explosions in Underground Storage Facilities: A Case Study on Modeling of Debris Throw
26.1 Introduction / 26.1 26.2 The Steingletscher Explosion and Its Evaluation / 26.2
26.1
xi
CONTENTS
26.3 The Development of a New Debris Throw Model / 26.20 26.4 References / 26.41
Chapter 27 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6
DISPOSAL
Chapter 28
Disposal of Small-Scale Spills
29.1
SAFETY
Chapter 30
Review of Personal Protective Equipment for Spill Situations
30.3
Introduction / 30.3 The Spill Situation / 30.4 Equipment Overview / 30.5 Selection of Respirators / 30.5 Protective Clothing / 30.8 Confined Spaces / 30.16 The Personal Protection Program / 30.17 References / 30.17
Chapter 31 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5
28.3
Introduction / 29.1 Spill Mix for the Absorption and Coverage of Small Spills / 29.2 Disposal of Residues from Spill Cleanup / 29.3 Conclusions / 29.9 References / 29.9
Part 7
30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.7 30.8
Disposal of Waste
Introduction / 28.3 Waste Characteristics / 28.3 Waste Transportation / 28.3 Off-Site Disposal in Landfills / 28.4 Off-Site Treatment / 28.5 Recycle / Reuse Options / 28.9 Other Treatment Options / 28.13 References / 28.13
Chapter 29 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5
27.1
Introduction / 27.1 Theory / 27.3 Numerical Results / 27.5 Homogeneous Approximation / 27.12 Conclusions / 27.14 References / 27.15
Part 6
28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.8
Modeling Atmospheric Dispersion of Heavier-than-Air Clouds Containing Aerosol
Risk Communication of Chemical Accidents
31.1
Introduction / 31.1 Communication of Risk / 31.2 Design and Implementation of Risk Communication / 31.4 Case Study: Risk Communication of Chemical Accidents in Baix Llobregat, Spain / 31.8 References / 31.15
xii
CONTENTS
Part 8
PERSPECTIVES ON SPECIFIC CHEMICALS
Chapter 32 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 32.8 32.9 32.10 32.11 32.12
33.1
Perspectives on Specific Substances: Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE)
34.1
Overview of Product and Industrial Uses / 34.1 Introduction / 34.2 Physical and Chemical Properties and Guidelines / 34.4 Industrial Aspects and Production in the United States, Canada, and Worldwide / 34.9 Chemistry / 34.12 Environmental Fate and Effects / 34.13 Behavior / 34.13 Human and Environmental Toxicity / 34.17 Survey of Past Spills, Lessons Learned, and Countermeasures Applied / 34.19 Conclusions / 34.22 References / 34.22
Chapter 35 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 35.8 35.9 35.10
Perspectives on Specific Substances: Chlorine
Overview of Product and Industrial Uses / 33.1 Introduction / 33.1 Physical and Chemical Properties and Summary of Guidelines / 33.3 Industrial Aspects and Production / 33.6 Chemistry / 33.13 Environmental Fate / 33.15 Behavior / 33.16 Human and Environmental Toxicity / 33.16 Survey of Past Spills, Lessons Learned, and Countermeasures Applied / 33.16 References / 33.19
Chapter 34 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.7 34.8 34.9 34.10 34.11
32.3
Overview of Product and Industrial Uses / 32.3 Introduction / 32.6 Physical and Chemical Properties and Guidelines / 32.6 Industiral Aspects and Production in the United States, Canada, and Worldwide / 32.9 Chemistry / 32.16 Environmental Fate / 32.18 Behavior / 32.20 Human and Environmental Toxicity / 32.20 Past Spills, Lessons Learned, and Countermeasures Applied / 32.22 Environmental Concentrations and Standards / 32.24 Conclusions / 32.25 References / 32.25
Chapter 33 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6 33.7 33.8 33.9 33.10
Perspectives on Specific Substances: Ammonia
Perspectives on Specific Substances: Sulfuric Acid
Overview of Product and Industrial Uses / 35.1 Introduction / 35.2 Physical and Chemical Properties and Guidelines Summary / 35.3 Industrial Aspects and Production in the United States, Canada, and Worldwide / 35.13 Chemistry / 35.15 Behavior / 35.17 Human and Environmental Toxicity / 35.18 Survey of Past Spills, Lessons Learned, and Countermeasures Applied / 35.20 Conclusions / 35.23 References / 35.23
35.1
Chapter 36 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 36.8 36.9 36.10 36.11
CONTENTS
xiii
Perspectives on Specific Substances: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
36.1
Overview of Product and Industrial Uses / 36.1 Introduction / 36.2 Physical and Chemical Properties and Guidelines / 36.2 Industrial Aspects and Production in the United States, Canada, and Worldwide / 36.8 Chemistry / 36.9 Environmental Fate and Effects / 36.10 Behavior / 36.12 Human and Environmental Toxicity / 36.14 Survey of Past Spills, Lessons Learned, and Countermeasures Applied / 36.16 Conclusions / 36.18 References / 36.19
Chapter 37
Sulfur Trioxide and Oleum
37.1
37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6
Introduction / 37.1 Effects on Humans and the Environment / 37.2 Behavior on Release / 37.5 Spill Tests, Mitigation Techniques, Accidents, Lessons Learned / 37.6 Review of Previous Approaches to the Modeling of Spills / 37.10 ASTO: A New Model for Accidental Spills of Sulfur Trioxide and Oleum— Brief Description / 37.11 37.7 Discussion, Conclusions, and Recommendations for Further Investigation / 37.18 37.8 References / 37.19
Chapter 38 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.7 38.8 38.9 38.10 38.11
38.1
Overview of Product and Industrial Uses / 38.1 Introduction / 38.2 Physical and Chemical Properties and Guidelines Summary / 38.3 Industrial Aspects and Production in the United States, Canada, and Worldwide / 38.9 Chemistry / 38.10 Environmental Fate and Effects / 38.10 Behavior / 38.13 Human and Environmental Toxicity / 38.17 Survey of Past Spills, Lessons Learned, and Countermeasures Applied / 38.18 Conclusions / 38.18 References / 38.18
Chapter 39 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.7 39.8 39.9 39.10 39.11 39.12
Perspectives on Specific Substances: Pentachlorophenol
Sodium Cyanide: Properties, Toxicity, Uses and Environmental Impacts
Properties / 39.1 Toxicity / 39.2 Categorizations and Guidelines / 39.5 Industrial Uses / 39.5 Imports and Costs / 39.11 Spill Data / 39.12 Potential Complexes of Sodium Cyanide in a Spill / 39.13 Spills of Sodium Cyanide / 39.13 Neutralization of Cyanide Spills / 39.18 Conclusions / 39.20 Acknowledgments / 39.20 References / 39.20
39.1
xiv
CONTENTS
Part 9
CASE HISTORIES
Chapter 40 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.8
41.1
Flixborough: The Disaster and Its Aftermath
42.1
Background / 42.1 The Court of Inquiry / 42.5 Introduction / 42.7 Finite-Element Analyses / 42.10 Conclusion / 42.28 Dedication / 42.28 Acknowledgments / 42.28 References / 42.29
Chapter 43 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.5 43.6
Historical Analysis of Natural Gas Accidents
Introduction / 41.1 Material Involved / 41.2 Origin of the Accidents / 41.2 Distribution of Accidents According to Date / 41.3 Accident Type / 41.4 Human Damage / 41.5 General Cause of Accidents / 41.8 Economic Losses / 41.11 Ignition Source / 41.12 References / 41.12
Chapter 42 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 42.6 42.7 42.8
40.3
Introduction / 40.3 Release Scenarios / 40.4 Computational Methods / 40.4 Results / 40.6 Comparison of Numerical Results and Observations / 40.8 Conclusions / 40.10 Acknowledgments / 40.10 References / 40.11
Chapter 41 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 41.5 41.6 41.7 41.8 41.9 41.10
Long-Range Consequences of a Major Ammonia Accident at Ionava, Lithuania, in 1989
Chemical Spills at Sea: Case Studies
43.1
Maritime Transport of Chemical Products / 43.1 Methodology / 43.2 Statistical Approach / 43.3 Events and Risks / 43.3 Response Actions and Conclusions / 43.6 References / 43.13
Part 10
CHEMICAL SPILL DATA
Chapter 44
Development of a Chemical Spill Priority List for Environment Canada
44.1 Introduction / 44.3 44.2 Development of a New Priority List / 44.4 44.3 References / 44.5
44.3
Chapter 45 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 45.5 45.6 45.7 45.8
CONTENTS
xv
Searching for Information on Chemical Products on the Internet
45.1
Introduction / 45.1 Searching on the Web / 45.2 Emergency Guides / 45.2 Safety and Information Data Cards / 45.2 Searching by Specific Topic / 45.5 Specific Searching by Product / Manufacturer / 45.5 Conclusion / 45.5 References / 45.9
Index
I.1
