Université Pierre et Marie Curie Travaux présentés par Lars STEMMANN
pour l’obtention de L’Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches Spécialité : Océanographie et environnement marin
The Biological Pump: size matters.
présentée et soutenue publiquement le Devant le jury composé de : Rapporteurs
Examinateurs :
___________________________________________________________________________ Laboratoire Océanographie Villefranche – UMR 7093 1
Introduction 1.1
Scientific context
Understanding the effect of food web dynamics on biogeochemical cycles is the key issue of the international Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research program (Imber 2005). The subjects developed in my research are central to this goal, dealing with the production and transfer of matter across oceanic interfaces. Our climate is changing at unprecedented rates (IPCC 2007), and there is an urgent need to improve the predictive capacity of global models to anticipate the effects of climate change on ecosystems and the possible feedbacks on atmospheric greenhouse gases. The oceans play a major role in the carbon cycle and climate, and the ocean carbon sink is estimated at 2.2 Gt C yr-1 (i.e. 25% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions). It is therefore a major objective of the oceanographic community to better understand the functioning of these cycles as a mean to improve the predictive capacity of global models. Ocean carbon sources and sinks are controlled by both physical (Sabine et al. 2004) and biological (Volk and Hoffert, 1985) processes that act at various temporal and spatial scales. Based on global modelling and on the use of paleoproxies from sedimentary archives, the biological carbon pump has been shown to contribute significantly to climate variability (Sarmiento et al., 1998; Archer et al., 2000). However, the uncertainties in our understanding of the biological pump’s workings in today’s oceans remain important. The most recent review about the export of biogenic particles to the deep ocean (Boyd & Trull 2007) showed that there is no consensus on the mechanisms controlling its spatial and temporal variability. One illustration of the challenge is the lack of understanding about the causality in the observed correlations between POC and mineral ballast fluxes: do these ballasts transport carbon (Armstrong et al. 2002, Klaas & Archer 2002) or is it the particulate carbon component that conveys these ballasts to the deep (Passow & De la Rocha 2006) ? Choosing between these two hypotheses has profound implications for the parameterization of global climate models. It is surprising that despite early warnings from ecologists, studies of the biological pump have remained biogeochemically-oriented, focusing on ecologically inappropriate temporal and spatial scales and overlooking the role(s) played by organisms and their interactions. Major international initiatives are now trying to link ecological and biogeochemical processes (e.g. IMBER) and calibrating paleoproxies (GEOTRACES), using a classical approach. In my project, I will discuss how to relate models to the observed biological complexity and will develop a new integrated approach, using original methodologies (including experiments, observations and modeling), to address the carbon biological pump in the oceans. Advances in acoustic and optical sensors and imaging analysis tools have significantly increased our capability to measure sizes and abundances of organisms and particles in aquatic ecosystems. Mathematical models have also been developed for individual physiological and population change rates, and biomass flow between trophic levels. As I am expecting broader spatial and longer temporal coverage of size spectra from current and future surveys and monitoring programs, there are urgent needs for integrating field surveys, laboratory experiments and models, in addition to developing methods for analyzing distributions and process rates of aquatic organisms. In the future, I will therefore focus on the acquisition and use of such data to constrain mechanistic models, initially and then ecosystem models. These models could be an alternative to the current biogeochemical models currently used for the forecast of global climate change.
2
Curriculum Vitae
2.1
Doctorat (1998)
1998 Thèse d’Ecologie marine à l’Université PARIS VI (28/10/1998) avec félicitations du jury. Titre: Analyse spatio-temporelle de la matière particulaire, déterminée par une nouvelle technique vidéo en Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale. Influence de la production biologique, des apports terrigènes et des contraintes hydrodynamiques. Directeur de Thèse: Monsieur Gabriel Gorsky, chargé de recherche au CNRS (CR1). Jury: Président: Rapporteurs:
- Professeur Paul Nival de l'Université Pierre et Marie Curie. - Rolf Peinert de l'Université de Kiel. - Louis Prieur du Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie Marine. - Professeur Aline Fiala, de l'Université Pierre et Marie Curie. - André Monaco de l'Université de Perpignan. - Scott Fowler, de l'Agence Internationale de l'Energie Atomique à Monaco. - Gabriel Gorsky, directeur de thèse
Examinateurs:
2.2
Master (1993)
- 1993 DEA en Océanologie Biologique à l’Université PARIS VI., Paramétrisation et Modélisation, mention Assez Bien. Etude quantitative et qualitative de la Neige Marine à l'aide du Profileur Vidéo Marin. Directeur : Gabriel Gorsky. - 1992 Maîtrise d’Ecologie mention Océanographie à l’Université PARIS VI. Mention : Assez Bien 2.3
Teaching duties at the University Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI)
Lectures Years
Number of lecture hours given at the master level 2004/2005
193 h
2005/2006
211 h
2006/2007
211 h
2007/2008
191 h
Member of the jury of the Master degree since June 2008 Responsible for the Marine Environnement Modelling course (12 European credits)
2.4
Administrative or organisational responsibilities
In the Administration board of the « ’Observatoire Océanographique de Villefranche sur Mer » (since mars 2008) In the board of the conseil du Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche (since Mars 2005) Local responsible for the organisation of « Journées des Doctorants à Villefranche sur Mer » (60 PhD participants on 6, 7 and 8 of February 2008)
2.5 2.5.1
Tutoring (16 Licence and Master Students, 3 PhDs and 1 Postdoc since 2004) PhD (3 students) and post doc (1)
List of Phd and post doc student co-advised by me POSTDOC Name
Year
Title
Institut and advisors
Grant source
BERLINE Léo
2008-2010
Adding appendicularian in biogeochemical models
Stemmann
SESAME project
Student name
Year
Title
Institut and advisors
Grant source
VANDROMME
2007-2010
Modeling zooplankton with size structured models
PhD program at the University
French ministry of
of Paris VI
research fellowship
PhD
Pieter
Stemmann, Guarini, Gorsky GUIDI Lionel
2004-2007
Transformation du flux particulaire dans la colonne
Joint PhD program between
French ministry of
d’eau mésopélagique ; analyse des processus et bilan
University of Paris VI and
research fellowship
globale
Texas A&M University Stemmann, Gorsky, Jackson
GARCIA
Impact of climate and anthropogenic forcing on
Open University of London
COMAS
diversity, size spectrum and abundance of functional
Stemmann , Mazzochi,
Carmen
groups of Mediterranean zooplankton
Beaugrand
2.5.2
2005-2008
EUROCEAN fellowship
MASTER 2 (5 months practice in winter spring, 7 students) List of Master student under my responsibility for their 6 months internship. Student Name Year Title
Institut
Name of advisors
DAHAN Océane 2007
University of Paris VI
Stemmann and Ibanez
Evolution temporelle du zooplancton au point B de 1974 à 2003
ROBERT Kevin
2007
Biogéographie du macrozooplancton.
University of Paris VI
Stemmann and Ibanez
ELOIRE
2006
Etude du spectre de taille des particules marines dans
University of Paris VI
Stemmann and Sciandra
University of Paris VI
Stemmann and Ibanez
University of Paris VI
Stemmann and Ibanez
University of Paris VI
Stemmann and Gorsky
University of Paris VI
Stemmann
Damien RAYBAUD
différentes provinces océaniques 2005
Virginie
Etude comparative de la distribution du spectre de taille du zooplancton en relation avec la diversité dans la baie de Naple et au point B.
DIAMOND
2005
Emilie
Etude de la distribution spatiale du zooplancton et de la matière particulaire dans l’Atlantique Nord lors de la mission MARECO.
GUIDI Lionel
2004
Etude de la distribution des particules dans l’océan atlantique.
AMBLARD Julia
2.5.3
2004
Etude de la distribution du spectre de taille du zooplancton au point B.
MASTER 1 (2 months practice in late spring, 5 students) List of Master student under my responsibility for their 2 months internship. Student Name Year Title
Institut
Name of advisors
F. CHENILLAT
2007
Intercalibration de deux filets utilisés au Point B
University of Paris VI
Stemmann
A. GOBET
2005
Etude des interactions ciliés et appendiculaires par
University of Paris VI
Stemmann, Lombard
University of Paris VI
Stemmann, Lombard
University of Paris VI
Stemmann
University of Paris VI
Stemmann
expérience D. ELOIRE
2005
Etude des interactions ciliés et appendiculaires par expérience
S. BOURY
2005
Etude de la distribution du spectre de taille du zooplancton au point B au cours de l’hiver 2005 (hiver le plus froid depuis 1963)
N. DUPOND
2004
Conditions hydrologiques au point B sur 4 cycles annuels.
2.6
OTHER tutoring (4 students)
Table 5: List of students from other schools under my responsibility for their internships. Student Name Year Title Institut
Name of advisors
Laura Antoine
Stemmann / Rossi
2008
Traitement des données de zooplancton de la
Bachelor degree .à l’Euro-
campagne MOUTON.
American Insitut of Technology
Charlotte Grange 2008
Traitement des données de zooplancton de la
Bachelor degree .à l’Euro-
campagne MOUTON.
American Insitut of
Stemmann / Rossi
Technology JAME Fabrice
2005
Distribution spatiale du zooplancton lors de la
Bachelor degree .à l’Euro-
campagne SUB2
American Insitut of
Stemmann
Technology Marina Gouzeo
2006
Traitement des données du Juday Bogorov de 1995 à
Bachelor degree .à l’Euro-
2003
American Insitut of Technology
Stemmann
2.7
Scientific programs (8 programs since 2004)
Scientific programs since 2004. Projects Time
Principal
period
Investigator
ZOOPNEC (PNEC, 2004-2006) ANR POTES
2005-2006
G. Gorsky (LOV) C. Tamburini (COM)
Programme Color :
2008-2009
ANR MAORY
2007-2011
European IP project SESAME (6th PCRD)
2007-2011
EUROCEAN PhD program
2005-2008
2005-2009
EUROCEAN 2007-2008 DATA RESCUE Accord CNRS/CNR 2006-2007
E. Benoît, L. Stemmann (INRIA) X Mari (IRD)
Title
Funds
New indicators of plankton dynamics. Methods and application.
10 K euros
Pressure effect On marine prokaryoTES. Acquire data on particle vertical distribution in the NW Mediterranean Sea. Collaboration with INRIA to develop size structured models of zooplankton.
10 K euros
Marine Organic Aggregates as a Regulatory factor of bacterial diversity and ecosystem export capacitY. Development of a numerical model describing interactions between microbes and particles Papathanassiou Southern European Seas: Assessing and Modelling Ecosystem changes. (HCMR) WP3: Data collection for model definition and validation in sub-regional seas: the NW Mediterranean Sea WP5: Develop ecosystem models to connect low and higher trophic levels G. Beaugrand, L. Impact of climate and anthropogenic forcing on diversity, size spectrum Stemmann, M.G and abundance of functional groups of Mediterranean zooplankton. Mazzocchi L. Stemmann Program to reprocess old samples of zooplankton using the ZOOSCAN (LOV) system. Bilateral cooperation program on zooplankton Time Series L. Stemmann, M.G Mazzocchi (LOV/SZN)
8Keuros
50 K euros
WorkPackage 3, 20 K euros WorkPackage 5, 60 K euros 80K euros
20K euros 5K euros
2.8
Invited conferences or workshops (9 invitations since 2002)
1) Analysis of marine ecosystems temporal changes and vertical patterns using imaging systems. Internal seminar at C-More, University of Hawai (August 2008) 2) Controls on organic carbon export and twilight zone mineralization. A EurOceans WP5 workshop organized by Frank Dehairs at Vrije Universiteit Brussel (May 27-29, 2008). 3) The Zooplankton as indicators of climate change: a bilateral cooperation between Korea and France organized by the National Fisheries Research & Development Institute (NFRDI) at BUSAN Korea (May 24 - 27, 2007). 4) Etat des lieux sur les connaissances du plancton .Invitation à la réunion de lancement de l’ANR FORCLIM (Foraminifères et Climat) à l’Institut Universitaire de France. 07/03/2006 : 5) EUR-OCEANS Mediterranean Marine Ecosystem Modelling workshop organised by Alessandro Crise (OGS, Trieste), and Maurizio Ribera d’Alcala’ (SZN, Napoli) at Stazione Zoologica ‘Anton Dohrn’, Napoli, (9–12 Novembre 2005) 6) Marine aggregates dynamics including biological and physical processes in the upper 1000 m depth water column. Model and data from a 10 years survey in different oceans. Kolloquium at l’Alfred Wegener Institut organized by Prof. Dr. Dieter Wolf-Gladrow at Bremerhaven- Germany (15/09/2005) 7) The Role of Marine Organic Carbon and Calcite Fluxes in Driving Global Climate Change, Past and Future, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union organized by Paul Loubere and David Archer, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, MA, USA (24 – 27/07/2005) 8) Transformation des particules dans la colonne d’eau océanique. Invitation au séminaire du LSCE (Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement) à Gif sur Yvette. 15/06/2005 9) U.S. JGOFS Synthesis and Modeling Program workshop on midwater processes organized by Adrian Burd, George Jackson, Richard Lampitt and Mick Follows, San Antonio, Texas, (25 – 27/03/2002)
2.9
In the committee of review (12 reviews since 2004) Aquatic Marine Microbial Ecology (1 revue en 2004) Deep Sea Research I (2 revues en 2004, 1 revue en 2006, 1 revue en 2008) Limnology and Oceanography (1 revue en 2004, 1 revue en 2006, 1 revue en 2008) Journal of Geophysical Research (2 revues en 2005, 1 revue en 2007) Journal of Plankton Research (1 revue en 2008)
2.10 Participation to oceanographic cruises (~350 days since 1992) 1) 2008 POTES, 10 days on board RV Europe (IFREMER) in Western Mediterranean sea. Cruise leader: Christian Tamburini (COM) 2) 2007 POTES, 10 days on board RV Tethys (INSU) in Western Mediterranean sea. Cruise leader: Christian Tamburini (COM) 3) 2004 MARECO, 30 days on board RV Saars in the North Atlantic ocean. Cruise leader: Odd Acksel Bergstad (IMR Bergen)
4) 2002 InterReg 15 days on board RV URANIA en Méditerranée Occidentale. Cruise leader: Mario Astraldi CNR La Spezia. 5) 1998 ALMOFRONT 2 (JGOFS/France), 32 days days on board RV Atalante (IFREMER) in Western Mediterranean sea. Cruise leader: Louis Prieur (Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche sur Mer). 6) 1995-96 Mission ANTARCTICA, 6 months on board RV Antarctica (Océan Polaire) in the Arctic Ocean. Cruise leader: Jean Louis Etienne. 7) 1995 DYNAPROC (JGOFS/France), 15 days on board RV Suroit (IFREMER) in Western Mediterranean sea. Cruise leader: Valérie Andersen (Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche sur Mer). 8) 1994 Mission ANTARCTICA, 3 months on board RV Antarctica (Océan Polaire) Pacific and north Atlantic. Cruise leader: Jean Louis Etienne 9) 1992-1996 Program DYFAMED (JGOFS/France), 46 cruises of 1 to 10 days in the NW Mediteranean sea on board RVsTéthys, Georges Petit, Korotneff, Catherine Laurence.
4 4.1
List of publications In peer scientific journals (2 currently submitted and 17 publications published since 2000 as first author 8 and as second 2) 1) Lionel Guidi, Lars Stemmann, George A. Jackson, Frédéric Ibanez , Hervé Claustre, Louis Legendre, Marc Picheral, Gabriel Gorsky (submitted) Primary producer community effect on production and export of large aggregates: A global analysis. Limnology and Oceanography 2) Lama Aldmana, Lars Stemmann, Stéphane Gasparini, Paul Nival, Carmen Garcia Comas, Marc Picheral, Gabriel Gorsky. (submitted) Seasonal dynamic of copepods abundance and mass distributions in the NW Mediterranean waters analysed using the ZOOSCAN imaging system. Journal of Plankton Research 3) L. Guidi, G. Gorsky, H. Claustre, M. Picheral and L. Stemmann (accepted) Contrasting distribution of aggregates > 100 µm in the upper kilometre of the South-Eastern Pacific. Biogeosciences. 4) Guidi, L., G. A. Jackson, L. Stemmann, J. C. Miquel, M. Picheral, G. Gorsky (accepted). Particle size distribution and flux in the mesopelagic: a close relationship. Deep-Sea Res. I. 5) Stemmann, L., D. Eloire, A. Sciandra, G. A. Jackson, L. Guidi, M. Picheral, and G. Gorsky (2008). Volume distribution for particles between 3.5 to 2000 µm in the upper 200 m region of the South Pacific Gyre. Biogeosciences. 6) Stemmann, L., K. Robert, M. Picheral, H. Paterson, A. Hosia, M. J. Youngbluth, F. Ibanez, L. Guidi, F. Lombard, G. Gorsky (2008) Global biogeography of fragile macrozooplankton in the upper 100-1000 m depth inferred from the Underwater Video Profiler. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 7) Stemmann, L., Picheral, M., Gorsky, G., Youngbluth, M.J., Sørnes, T., Hosia, A., Søiland H., (2008) Gelatinous plankton vertical distribution (0-1000 m) in different water masses along the Mid Atlantic ridge in the North Atlantic. Potential impact on the midwater ecosystem. Deep Sea Research Part II
8) Youngbluth, M., Sørnes, T., Hosia, A., Stemmann, L., (2008). Vertical distribution and relative abundance of gelatinous zooplankton near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Deep Sea Research Part II 9) Hosia, A., Stemmann, L., Youngbluth, M.J., (2008). Distribution of net-collected planktonic cnidarians at the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Deep-Sea Research Part II 10) Stemmann L, Picheral M., Taupier-Letage I., Legendre L., Prieur L.,Guidi L., Gorsky G. (2008) Effects of frontal processes on marine aggregate dynamics and fluxes : an inter annual study in a permanent geostrophic front (NW Mediterranean). Journal of Marine Systems 11) Guidi L., Stemmann L., Legendre L., Picheral M., Prieur L., Gorsky G.(2007) Vertical distribution of aggregates (>110 µm) and mesoscale activity in the Northeastern Atlantic: effects on the deep vertical export of surface carbon. Limnology and Oceanography 12) Stemmann L., G., Jackson, G. Gorsky (2004). A vertical model of particle size distributions and fluxes in the midwater column that includes biological and physical processes. II. Application to a three year survey in the NW Mediterranean Sea .Deep Sea Research I 51 (7): 865-884 13) Stemmann L., G., Jackson, D. Ianson (2004). A vertical model of particle size distributions and fluxes in the midwater column that includes biological and physical processes. I Model formulation. Deep Sea Research I 51 (7): 885-908 14) Gorsky G, Le Borgne R, Picheral M, Stemmann L (2003) Marine snow latitudinal distribution in the equatorial Pacific along 180 degrees JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCHOCEANS 108 (C12): Art. No. 8146 15) Denis M., Martin V., Momzikoff A., Gondry G., Stemmann L., Demers S., Gorsky G. and Andersen V. (2003) Pulsed remineralisation in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea: a hypothesis, Journal of Marine Systems, 39 :19-41 16) Stemmann L., G. Gorsky, J-C. Marty, M. Picheral, J-C. Miquel (2002) Four years survey of Large Particles (>0.15 mm) vertical distribution (0-1000 m) in the NW Mediterranean. Deep Sea Research II, 49 (11) 2143-2162. 17) G. Gorsky, L. Prieur, I. Taupier-Letage, L. Stemmann, M. Picheral (2002) Large Particulate Matter (LPM) in the Western Mediterranean. I - LPM distribution related to mesoscale hydrodynamics. Journal of Marine Research. 33-34: 289-311. 18) Stemmann, L., Picheral, M., and Gorsky, G. (2000) Diel variation in the vertical distribution of particulate matter (>0.15 mm) in the nw mediterranean sea investigated with the underwater video profiler, Deep-Sea Research Part I, 47, 505-531,. 19) Gorsky, G., Picheral, M., and Stemmann, L. (2000): Use of the underwater video profiler for the study of aggregate dynamics in the north mediterranean, Estuarine Coastal & Shelf Science, 50, 121-128.
4.2 1)
Other publications (7 publications since 1994) Mission NIANGA : L’irrigation, solution au développement agricole du Sahel ? (1998)
Magazine Bleu Blanc Vert, N°=19, 8 pages. 2)
Phosphore (1997), Numéro 194 , Rubrique On se bouge, p54
3)
Nianga : sustainable irrigated agriculture in developing countries. (1997) Magazine Bleu Blanc
Vert, special issue June, 1 page. 4)
Mission ANTARCTICA : The Arctic, a strange place to save the world. (1996) Magazine Bleu
Blanc Vert, N°=1 , 1 page. 5)
Mission DYFAMED : Climate Change, the rôle of the Mediterranean Sea. (1995) Magazine
Bleu Blanc Vert, 2 pages 6)
Gorsky, G., Stemmann, L., Thérond, S., and Picheral, M. (1994) Influence de la circulation
frontale sur la distribution de la matière particulaire et du zooplancton dans la colonne d'eau, Océanis, 20, 139-151. 7)
Stemmann, L., Picheral, M., Garcia, Y., Therond, S., and Gorsky, G. (1994) Seasonal
fluctuation of suspended particle distribution in the coastal zone of the Ligurian sea, Journal de Recherche Océanographique, 19, 192-195.
4.3 1)
Conference proceedings (11 communications since 2002) Maria Grazia Mazzocchi, Lars Stemmann, Carmen Garcia Comas, Maurizio Ribera d'Alcala,
Gregory Beaugrand, Stéphane Gasparini, Frederic Ibanez, Stéphane Pesant, Marc Picheral, Gabriel Gorsky, Retrospective analysis of zooplankton decadal time series in the Western Mediterranean Sea using an automated imaging system, International Symposium Effects of Climate Change on the World's Oceans, May 19-23, 2008, Gijón, Spain 2)
Lama Aldamman, Carmen Garcia Comas, Lars Stemmann, Stéphane Gasparini, Paul Nival,
Leo Berline, Marc Picheral, Gabriel Gorsky. Seasonal dynamic of copepods abundance and mass distributions in the NW Mediterranean waters analyzed using the ZOOSCAN imaging system. International Symposium Effects of Climate Change on the World's Oceans, May 19-23, 2008, Gijón, Spain 3)
Stemmann, L., Jean Baptiste Romagnan, Maria Grazia Mazzocchi, Carmen Garcia Comas,
Elvire Antajan, Marc Picheral, Néjib Daly Yahia, Gabriel Gorsky (2007) Zooplankton community structure and size distribution in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea during the 2005 CIESM SUB1 and SUB2 cruises 38th CIESM Congress (Istanbul, Turkey, 9-13 April 2007) 4)
Guidi, L., G. Jackson, L. Stemmann, M. Picheral, L. Legendre, G. Gorsky. 2007.
Characterization of particulate matter (PM> 100 µm) distribution in the oceans. ASLO 2007 Aquatic Sciences Meeting in Santa Fe, New Mexico, United State.
5)
Stemmann, L.,Marc Picheral, Harriet Paterson, Robert Kevin , Lionel Guidia and Gabriel
Gorsky (2007) Biogeography of gelatinous macroplankton in the upper 1000 m depth inferred from the Underwater Video Profiler. 4th International Zooplankton Production Symposium on Human and climate forcing of zooplankton populations Hiroshima Japan (May 28-June1, 2007) 6)
Carmen Garcìa-Comas, L. Stemmann, O.Dahan, M. G. Mazzocchi, E. Antajan, G. Beaugrand,
F. Ibanez, M. Picheral, M. Ribera d’Alcalà and G. Gorsky Long term copepod variability in the coastal Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas (Mediterranean) 2007 ,4th International Zooplankton Production Symposium on Human and climate forcing of zooplankton populations Hiroshima Japan (May 28-June1, 2007) 7)
Stemmann, L.,Picheral, M., Gorsky, G., Diamond, E., Youngbluth, M.J., Sørnes, T., Hosia,
A., Søiland Henrik, (2005) Bassin and mesoscale distribution of gelatinous macroplankton in the upper 1000 m depth along the Mid-Atlantic ridge (Mareco Project), Ocean Sciences Meeting, Saint Jacques de Compostelle, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography. 8)
Warembourg, C., Stemmann, L., Gasparini, S., Mousseau, L., Ibanez, F. and Gorsky, G.
(2004) Zooplankton community structure and distribution in the bay of Villefranche-sur-Mer using the ZOOSCAN digital imaging system. 37th CIESM Congress, 7-11 June 2004, Barcelone 9)
Stemmann, L., Tintoré, J; Moneris, S (2003) Satellite based Ocean Forecasting, the SOFT
project. European Geophysical Society, Nice, France, April 2003. 10)
Stemmann, L., Jackson, G., Iansson, D. and G. Gorsky (2002) A 1 D Size-resolved Model of
Particle Dynamics below the Mixed Layer. Ocean Sciences Meeting, Hawaii, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography. 11)
Gorsky, G., Prieur, L., Taupier-Letage, Stemmann, L. and Picheral, M., (2002) Does
Mesoscale Hydrodynamics Affect the Spatial Distribution of Large Particulate Matter? Ocean Sciences Meeting, Hawaii, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography.
