OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10

FLIGHT CREW CHECKLISTS

USAF SERIES F-16C/D AIRCRAFT This publication is not intended to be used in real-life aircraft operations

OPEN FALCON

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 05/05/2010

REVISION 0.1

TABLE OF CONTENTS REV-TC DTC NP EP PF AD AV RM SOP-R

LIST OF REVISIONS - TABLE OF CONTENTS DATA TRANSFERT CARTRIDGE NORMAL PROCEDURES EMERGENCY PRODEDURES PERFORMANCED DATA ARMEMENT DATA AVIONICS RADIO MANAGEMENT STANDART OPERATING PROCEDURE - RANGE

REVISION –TABLE OF CONTENTS

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 TABLE OF CONTENTS DATA TRANSFERT CARTRIDGE 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

TARGET PROGRAMMING EWS PROGRAMMING MFD PROGRAMMING COMMUNICATIONS

DATA TRANSFERT CARTRIDGE - 1

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.1 TARGET PROGRAMMING ONE TARGET PROGRAMMING [ ] Verify the Target Steerpoint in your flightplan or in the map [ ] Do a target's Recon [ ] Select the target [ ] Select the verified Target Steerpoint using the left/right arrow [ ] Press the "ACCEPT" button [ ] Open the DTC, go the the Target Steerpoint and confirm the target is assigned [ ] Save by pressing the "SAVE" button

DATA TRANSFERT CARTRIDGE - 2

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.2 EWS PROGRAMMING Program #1 - Radar theat (SAM or AI) [ ] Chaff BI 0.5 BQ 3 SI 2 SQ 3 [ ] Flare BI 0 BQ 0 SI 0 SQ 0 Program #2 - IR Missile [ ] Chaff BI 0.5 SI 3 [ ] Flare BI 0.25 SI 1

BQ SQ BQ SQ

1 3 4 2

Program #3 - Pop-Up sequence - Chaff only [ ] Chaff BI 0.5 BQ 2 SI 3 SQ 4 [ ] Flare BI 0 BQ 0 SI 0 SQ 0 Program #4 - Pop-Up sequence - Chaff & Flare [ ] Chaff BI 0.5 BQ 2 SI 3 SQ 4 [ ] Flare BI 0.5 BQ 2 SI 3 SQ 3 Program #5 [ ] Chaff BI SI [ ] Flare BI SI

0 0 0 0

BQ SQ BQ SQ

0 0 0 0

Program #6 [ ] Chaff BI SI [ ] Flare BI SI

0 0 0 0

BQ SQ BQ SQ

0 0 0 0

When done, hit the "SAVE" button

DATA TRANSFERT CARTRIDGE - 3

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.3 MFD PROGRAMING You can program the pages you want to be displayed in the following mastermodes : [ [ [ [ [

] A-G MASTERMODE ] A-A MASTERMODE ] NAV MASTERMODE ] MRM MASTERMODE ] DGFT MASTERMODE

Each MFD can display 3 different pages. You can choose the pages between those : [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

] MFD OFF ] TFR ] FLIR ] TEST ] DTE ] FLCS ] WPN ] TGP ] HSD ] FCR ] SMS ] RWR ] HUD ] InputMode

DATA TRANSFERT CARTRIDGE - 4

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 Basic display (* indicates the Current page displayed) A-G Mastermode [ ] MFD1 TEST [ ] MFD2 WPN

HSD

*FCR *SMS

A-A Mastermode [ ] MFD1 TEST [ ] MFD2 WPN

HSD

*FCR *SMS

NAV Mastermode [ ] MFD1 TEST [ ] MFD2 FLCS

SMS

*FCR *HSD

MRM Mastermode [ ] MFD1 TEST [ ] MFD2 WPN

HSD

*FCR *SMS

DGFT Mastermode [ ] MFD1 TEST [ ] MFD2 WPN

HSD

*FCR *SMS

When done, hit the "SAVE" button

DATA TRANSFERT CARTRIDGE - 5

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.4 COMMUNICATIONS Select the band and the preset channel you want to use. UHF band The UHF band frequencies are from 225.000-399.975 MHz in 25 kHz stepping. [ ] Main airbase - CH 15 Hit the button "Set tower" [ ] Diverted airbase - CH 16 Enter manually the frequency of the airbase. VHF band The VHF band frequencies are from (AM mode) 116.000-151.975 MHz in 25 kHz stepping. [ ] Main airbase - CH 15 Hit the button "Set tower" [ ] Diverted airbase - CH 16 Enter manually the frequency of the airbase. Highlighting "Default” checkbox selects the current preset as the default one in the cockpit.“ Channel Presets [ ] 1 - Flight1 [ ] 2 - Flight2 [ ] 3 - Flight3 [ ] 4 - Flight4 [ ] 5 - Flight5 [ ] 6 - Package1 [ ] 7 - Package2 [ ] 8 - Package3 [ ] 9 - Package4 [ ] 10 - Package5 [ ] 11 - From Package [ ] 12 - Proximity [ ] 13 - Guard (but is actually Team) [ ] 14 - Broadcast [ ] 15 - open (program it for main airbase) [ ] 16 - open (program it for diverted airbase) [ ] 17 - open [ ] 18 - open [ ] 19 - open [ ] 20 - open DATA TRANSFERT CARTRIDGE - 6

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 TABLE OF CONTENTS NORMAL PROCEDURES 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24

COCKPIT INTERIOR CHECK LEFT CONSOLE LEFT AUXILIARY CONSOLE INSTRUMENT PANEL RIGHT AUXILIARY CONSOLE RIGHT CONSOLE VERIFY CHECK BEFORE ENGINE START STARTING ENGINE AFTER STARTING ENGINE BEFORE TAXI TAXI IF CHECKS BEFORE TAKEOFF NORMAL TAKEOFF AIRBORNE / CLIMB FENCE IN INITAIL POINT EGRESS FENCE OUT IF CHECKS MNEMONICS DESCENT APPROACH BEFORE LANDING FINAL APPROACH LANDING AFTER LANDING PRIOR TO ENGINE SHUTDOWN ENGINE SHUTDOWN SUPPLEMENTAL PROCEDURES

2.1 2.2 2.3

AERIAL REFUELLING HOTPIT REFUEL INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM

NORMAL PROCEDURES - 1

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.1 COCKPIT INTERIOR CHECK 1.1.1 LEFT CONSOLE [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

] PROBE HEAT switch - OFF ] FLCS PWR test switch - NORM ] DIGITAL BACKUP switch - OFF ] ALT FLAPS switch - NORM ] MANUAL TF FLY UP switch - ENABLE ] LE FLAPS switch - AUTO ] BIT switch - OFF ] TRIM A/P DISC switch - NORM ] TRIMS knobs/displays - Center ] FUEL MASTER switch - ON (Guard Down) ] TANK INERTING switch - OFF ] ENG FEED knob - NORM ] AIR REFUEL switch - CLOSE ] IFF MASTER switch - STBY ] CNI switch - Backup ] TACAN (backup channel) - As desired ] EXT Lighting - As required ] MASTER LIGHT switch - OFF ] EPU switch - NORM ] MAIN POWER switch - NORM (Guard Down) ] ECM POWER - OFF ] COM1 Volume knob - Fully Counter Clockwise ] COM1 Mode knob - SQL ] COM2 Volume knob - Fully Counter Clockwise ] COM2 Mode knob - SQL ] MSL tone knob - Fully Counter Clockwise ] Threat tone knob - Fully Counter Clockwise ] ILS knob - Fully Counter Clockwise ] ENG CONT switch - PRI (Guard Down) ] UHF backup radio function - OFF ] UHF backup Channel - As briefed ] THROTTLE - Verify freedom of motion then OFF ] SPEEDBRAKE - FORWARD ] DOGFIGHT switch - CENTRE

1.1.2 LEFT AUXILIARY CONSOLE [ [ [ [ [ [ [

] ALT GEAR handle - IN ] CMDS switches - All OFF ] SYMBOLOGY Power knob - OFF ] STORE CONFIG switch - As required ] LANDING/TAXI light switch - OFF ] LG HANDLE - Down ] GD JETT ENABLE switch - OFF NORMAL PROCEDURES - 2

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 [ ] BRAKE CHANNEL switch - Chan 1 [ ] HOOK switch - UP [ ] Canopy switch - As desired 1.1.3 INSTRUMENT PANEL [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

] ROLL switch - ATT HOLD ] PITCH switch - A/P OFF ] MASTER ARM switch - OFF ] LASER ARM switch - OFF ] RF switch - NORM ] FUEL QTY SEL knob - NORM ] EXT FUEL TRANS switch - NORM ] INSTR MODE knob - As desired

1.1.4 RIGHT AUXILIARY CONSOLE [ ] Clock - SET 1.1.5 RIGHT CONSOLE [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

] SNSR PWR switches - All OFF ] HUD control panel - SET ] NUCLEAR CONSENT switch - OFF (Guard Down) ] Zeroize switch - OFF ] Interior LIGHTING knobs - As desired ] VOICE MESSAGE switch - VOICE MESSAGE ] TEMP knob - AUTO ] AIR SOURCE knob - NORM ] AVIONICS POWER switches - All OFF ] INS knob - OFF ] ANTI ICE switch - AUTO/ON ] IFF ANT SEL switch - NORM ] UHF ANT SEL - NORM ] Oxygen System - Check

1.2 VERIFY CHECK The following items are important switches that if not correctly positioned, could cause a safety hazard and/or improperly operated systems during engine start. Please refer to cockpit / interior checklist for a full cockpit check.

[ [ [ [

] FUEL MASTER switch - ON – Guard down ] ENGINE FEED knob - NORM ] EPU switch - NORM – Guard down ] ENG CONT switch - PRI – Guard down NORMAL PROCEDURES - 3

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 [ [ [ [ [

] THROTTLE - OFF ] LD GEAR handle - Confirm Down and locked ] HOOK switch - UP ] MASTER ARM switch - SAFE (OFF) ] AIR SOURCE knob- NORM

1.3 BEFORE ENGINE START MAIN PWR [ ] MAIN PWR switch - BATT Verify FLCS RLY light ON [ ] FLCS PWR TEST switch - TEST and hold Verify lights ON ACFT BATT TO FLCS FLCS PMG FLCS PWR (4) Verify FLCS RLY light OFF [ ] FLCS PWR TEST switch - Release [ ] MAIN PWR Switch - MAIN PWR Verify lights ON ELEC SYS HYD/OIL PRESS FLCS RLY SEC ENGINE [ ] EPU GEN & EPU PMG lights - Confirm OFF Communications [ ] CNI switch - Backup [ ] UHF switch - Both [ ] CHAN knob - Select desired channel [ ] Audio 1 - COMM 1 - As desired [ ] Audio 1 - COMM 2 - As desired [ ] COM1 Volume knob - As desired [ ] COM1 Mode knob - SQL [ ] COM2 Volume knob - As desired [ ] COM2 Mode knob - SQL [ ] MSL tone knob - As desired [ ] Threat tone knob - As desired [ ] Canopy - As desired To prevent possible depletion of battery power, do not allow MAIN PWR switch to remain in BATT or MAIN PWR for more than 5 minutes without engine running. NORMAL PROCEDURES - 4

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.4 STARTING ENGINE [ ] JFS - START 2 Check JFS light ON [ ] Idle Detent - Toggle [ ] THROTTLE - Advance to IDLE at 20% RPM minimum. [ ] SEC caution light - Check OFF around 20% RPM [ ] ENGINE warning light - OFF at 60% RPM [ ] JFS Switch - Confirm OFF (snaps OFF at 55% RPM) [ ] HYD/OIL PRESS light - OFF between 15 and 70% RPM ENGINE CHECK AT IDLE [ ] FUEL FLOW - 700 – 1700 PPH [ ] OIL pressure - MIN 15 PSI [ ] NOZ POS - Greater than 94% [ ] RPM - 62 – 80% [ ] FTIT - Below 650°C [ ] HYD PRESS A&B - 2850 - 3250psi - around 12 O’clock position [ ] Throttle cutoff release - Check – Attempt to retard the throttle to OFF without depressing the cutoff release. 1.5 AFTER STARTING ENGINE TEST switch panel check [ ] PROBE HEAT switch - CYCLE PROBE HEAT check caution light OFF TEST - check caution light flashes OFF [ ] Fire and Overheat Detect Button - TEST & HOLD Check ENG FIRE Warning light ON Check OVER HEAT caution light Check MASTER CAUTION light ON [ ] MAL&IND LTS button - DEPRESS and HOLD Proper VMS operation is verified by the presence of each word in priority sequence.

AVIONICS POWER Panel [ ] INS - Select ALIGN NORM [ ] MMC (FCC) switch - ON [ ] ST STA (SMS) switch - ON [ ] MFD switch - ON [ ] UFC switch - ON [ ] DL (MAP) switch - ON [ ] GPS switch - ON

NORMAL PROCEDURES - 5

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 SNSR PWR panel [ ] LEFT HDPT switch - OFF unless required [ ] RIGHT HDPT switch - As required [ ] FCR switch - FCR [ ] RDR ALT switch - STBY [ ] HUD Panel - As desired Set HUD SYM WHEEL ON [ ] CNI knob - UFC on demand [ ] MFL - Reset (MFD TEST page) SEC Check May be delayed until the BEFORE TAKEOFF [ [ [ [ [ [

[ [ [ [

] THROTTLE - IDLE ] TOE BRAKE - ENGAGE, no PARKING BRAKES ] ENG CONT switch - SEC ] SEC Caution Light - ON Nozzle less than 5% ] RPM - Stabilized ] THROTTLE - Snap to MIL Then snap to IDLE when RPM reaches 85%. Check for normal indication and smooth operation. ] NOZ POS - 10% or less within 30 sec after selecting SEC ] ENG CONT switch - PRI ] SEC Caution Light - OFF ] NOZ POS - Greater than 94%

[ ] FLIGHT CONTROLS - CYCLE & CHECK Note To assist in warming up the hydraulic fluid and removing air from the hydraulic system, maximum stick and rudder pedal input should be made prior to running the FLCS BIT. [ ] FLCS BIT - Initiate and monitor Position BIT switch to BIT. The RUN light ON FLCP illuminates. At successful completion of BIT (approximately 45seconds) the RUN light goes OFF, the BIT switch returns to OFF and the FAIL light and FLCS warning light remain OFF. A BIT pass message appears on the FLCS MFD page.

NORMAL PROCEDURES - 6

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 Note If the FLCS BIT reports a failure through the FLCS warning light and the FAIL light on the FLCP, the failure cannot be reset. The BIT must be reinitiated. In this case, the RUN light and the FAIL light are simultaneously illuminated for the first steps of the BIT, after which the FAIL light goes OFF unless BIT detects a subsequent failure.

[ ] SPD BRK switch - Cycle [ ] WHEELS down lights - Three green FUEL QTY SEL knob Check The following Values are based on JP-4 or JP5/8 [ ] Totalizer qty - Check according to flight planning. [ ] TEST - FWD/AFT fuel low lights ON Tot = 6000 lbs A/L – F/R = 2000 lbs [ ] NORM - A/L = 2675/2810 lbs F/R = 3100/3250 lbs [ ] RSVR - both 460/480 lbs [ ] INT WING - both 525/550 lbs [ ] EXT WING - both 2300/2420 lbs (if 370-gallon carried) both 3750/3925 lbs (if 600-gallon carried) [ ] EXT CTR - F/R = 1800/1890 lbs A/L = 0 lbs [ ] FUEL QTY SEL - NORM [ ] EPU FUEL QTY - 95 – 102% AVIONICS (Program as required and verify (manual or DTC) [ ] Threat Warning Aux - ON - CMDS [ ] RWR switch - ON [ ] JMR switch - ON [ ] CHAFF cmds switch - ON [ ] FLARE cmds switch - ON [ ] MODE knob - Set as required [ ] ECM switch - Set as required (OPR) - MFD [ ] DTE - Load [ ] S-Jettison - Preset Jettison and exit S-J mode [ ] Flightplan - Check and Set [ ] Master Mode - Set as required - DED - UFC [ ] Communications - Check [ ] ALOW / MSL / BINGO - Check [ ] CRUS / TACAN - Check [ ] VIP / VRP / Bullseye - SET as required NORMAL PROCEDURES - 7

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 - AUDIO [ ] COM1&2 Volume - SET & check [ ] MSL /Threat Volume - SET & check [ ] ILS Volume knob - SET & check DBU CHECK (AFTER FLCS BIT completed) [ ] DIGITAL BACKUP switch - BACKUP [ ] DBU ON warning light - Verify ON [ ] Operate controls - All surfaces respond normally [ ] DIGITAL BACKUP switch - OFF [ ] DBU ON warning light - Verify OFF TRIM CHECKS [ ] TRIM AP DISC switch - DISC [ ] Stick TRIM buttons - Activate in ROLL and PITCH No control surface, no indicator motion [ ] TRIM AP DISC switch - NORM [ ] Stick TRIM buttons - Check and center Control surface & indicator motion [ ] Rudder trim check - YAW TRIM knob - Check and center AIR REFUEL CHECKS [ ] AIR REFUEL switch - OPEN CHECK RDY light ON, DSC light OFF [ ] A/R DISC button - Depress DSC light ON; RDY Light OFF then 3sec later, RDY light ON, DSC light OFF [ ] AIR REFUEL switch - CLOSE EPU CHECK [ ] EPU GEN and EPU PMG lights - Confirm OFF [ ] O²: 100% [ ] Toebrakes - Engage [ ] EPU switch - OFF [ ] EPU switch - NORM [ ] THROTTLE - IDLE + 10% [ ] EPU/GEN TEST switch - EPU/GEN and hold. Check lights - EPU AIR light ON EPU GEN and EPU PMG light OFF FLCS PWR lights ON EPU RUN light ON within 5 seconds [ ] EPU/GEN TEST switch - Release (OFF) [ ] THROTTLE - IDLE [ ] O² - NORMAL If no run light within 10 sec, reinitiate test with throttle at IDLE +15%

NORMAL PROCEDURES - 8

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 OBOGS CHECK (At least 2 minutes after engine start) [ ] OBOGS BIT switch - BIT [ ] VERIFY LIGHT - OXY LOW (right brow) ON for 10sec then OFF [ ] Pressure - CHECK 25-40 PSI [ ] Mode Lever - PBG/ON (as required) [ ] Diluter lever - NORM [ ] EMERGENCY lever - NORM [ ] FLOW indicator - Check 1.6 BEFORE TAXI [ ] Landing Lights - ON [ ] Drift Co Switch - Set Norm [ ] INS Check - Check Stage 8.3 Check ALIGN flashes in HUD [ ] INS switch - NAV position [ ] Canopy - Closed – locked - no light [ ] Aircraft Lights - Set Wing /Fus ON [ ] Radio Tower - Remove chocks - Request Taxi Note 1 Beware of spending excessive time checking the aircraft. Always refer to your next TOS. Note 2 Be sure the INS reaches stage 3 or higher before scrambling. Below stage 3 initial alignment, Gyros, Hud pitch ladder, compasses, HSI,will be inop Note 3 Excessive use of wheel brakes and/or differential braking is to be avoided Maximum safe taxi speed on ramps is 20Kts. Max 80% RPM - Think FOD! 1.7 TAXI [ [ [ [

] NoseWheel Steering - Engage ] Parking Brake - Release ] Seat - Armed – Caution light OFF ] Wheelbrakes - Test

1.8 IF CHECKS Pressure Instruments [ ] AIRSPEED - Zero [ ] ALTIMETER - Set (NI) [ ] VVI - Zero - Remember possible errors Gyroscopic Instruments [ ] TURNS - Needle/balls - HSI Following NORMAL PROCEDURES - 9

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 Navigation Instruments [ ] NAV - Check correct bearings for WAYPOINTS [ ] TACAN - Set TCN channel and Course for Departure Miscellaneous: [ ] HUD Compass tape - Track heading change [ ] HSD Compass tape - Track heading change [ ] HSI Compass tape - Track heading change [ ] STDBY Compass - Track heading change [ ] Clock and Chrono - Check and Reset [ ] Engine instruments - Check 1.9 BEFORE TAKE OFF [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

] PROBE HEAT switch - PROBE HEAT (NI) ] ALT FLAPS switch - NORM ] MANUAL TF FLY UP switch - ENABLE ] Trims - Check PITCH and YAW centred, ROLL as required ] ENG CONT switch - PRI ] Speedbrake - Check closed ] Departure Clearance - Received ] Radar Altimeter - Set ON ] Stores Config Switch - Cat1/Cat3 as required ] GND JET ENABLE switch - As required ] External Tanks - Check feeding then NORM ] Flight Controls - Cycle ] OIL pressure - Check & OFF ] All warning & caution lights - Check PSI ] Tacan - Verify reading if available ] Review Speeds - Commit to memory Rotation , T/O, Climb speeds

1.10 NORMAL TAKEOFF [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

] HSI - Check on Runway heading ] Toe brakes - HOLD ] RPM 90% - Check gauges & lights ] RPM 90% - Oil pressure increase – nozzle closing ] RPM 90% - Engine instruments in the green ] RPM 90% - NO CAUTION / NO WARNING ] Brakes - Release ] Throttle - Full MIL, AB as required ] NWS - Disengage at 70 kts ] Rotation - As computed ] Positive Climb - (VSI + Alt) Brakes, Gear Up

NORMAL PROCEDURES - 10

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 • Normal engine operation during MIL takeoff is indicated by an exhaust nozzle position of 15% or less after 5 seconds at MIL. • Normal engine operation during an AB takeoff is indicated by the nozzle preopening up to 10% more than MIL when AB is first selected. AB is indicated by an increasing fuel flow and nozzle position. • Apply Power smoothly, note computed speeds for 8-12 degrees pitch rotation as briefed. • Do not exceed 14 degrees pitch in rotation. • Insure LG is up and locked before exceeding 300 knots. • Since TEF and LG retract at the same time, do not rush LG retraction after takeoff, a significant loss of lift may occur. 1.11 AIRBORNE / CLIMB [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

] Landing Light - Off ] U/C - Check Retracted - handle light Off ] Engine - Gauges in the Green ] FUEL - Verify Tank feeding and set NORM ] Radio - Call airborne ] DED - STP mode, Select NXT ] MFD - Cycle – As Required ] DRIFT CO Switch - Set Drift ] Wingman - Set Formation and Route

1.12 FENCE IN [ ] Master Mode - As Required AG or AA [ ] Master ARM - Set ARM [ ] Radar - As Required [ ] Chaff/ Flares PGM mode - As Required [ ] ECM Jammer - As Required [ ] RWR - Check On [ ] RWR Mode - Diamond Float mode or as required [ ] PFD - Check no Faults [ ] Master A/C Lights - Check Off [ ] MFD - Cycle/ Req data [ ] A/G Weapons - Set release parameters [ ] LASER Switch - ON if required [ ] Volumes - Check all volumes [ ] TGP pod - Activate if required – double check [ ] AGM65 Missile power - Check ON if required – double check [ ] AIM-9 Cooling head - Check Cool [ ] CAT config - Check correct [ ] Radio Flight - Set Defensive Formation

NORMAL PROCEDURES - 11

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.13 INITIAL POINT [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

] Radio Flight - Split, Weapons Free, Engage ] Master ARM - Check ARM ] Weapons - Check SET ] Attitude - Check Speed and ALT ] DED A-LOW - SET on Weapon Min release ] Threat - Assume (A/A) - AWACS ] Master Mode / Radar - As Required ] CounterMeasures - Check As Required ] Radio - Call in HOT

1.14 EGRESS [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

] Heading - Check to friendly airspace ] Caution Panel - Check for damage ] Master Mode - As Required (A/A) ] Awacs - Check Nearest threat ] MFD - Cycle As Required ] Store config - Set Cat I (if possible) ] ECM Jammer - As Required ] EWMS mode+pgr - At pilot discretion ] Flight - Rejoin / Cover ] DED A-LOW - Set for Egress ] Flight - Check Status & Fuel - Rejoin

1.15 FENCE OUT [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

] Threat - Assume A/A Threat - AWACS ] Master ARM - Set SAFE (According to Threat) ] Laser switch - Set OFF ] Master Mode - Set Nav ] Radar - OFFAccording to Threat) ] ECM Jammer – OFF According to Threat) ] RWR Mode - As required ] Chaff/ Flares Auto disp - Set OFF ] PFD - Check no Faults ] Radio Flight - Fuel Check (Dest or Alt)

NORMAL PROCEDURES - 12

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.16 IF CHECKS MNEMONICS Holding/enroute W H O L D S

Weather Holding Obtain app clearance Letdown plate review Descent checks Speeds

Approach setup M A I L M A N

Minimas Altimeter Initial descent rate Letdown plate Missed Approach Approach speeds Navaids

1.17 DESCENT [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

] Master Mode - Set NAV ] Master ARM - Set Safe ] Altimeter - Set & Check (transition ALT) ] Altimeter - Check altimeter readings vs HUD altitude ] Approach plates - Reviewed ] Instr Mode Select switch - TCN/ILS or NAV/ILS ] TACAN channel - Set according to approach plate ] HSI course and bearings - Set according to approach plate ] GPS - Input coordinates of IAF ] Speeds - Compute final approach speeds

1.18 APPROACH [ ] Radio Tower - Call Inbound [ ] Fuel - Check Quantity/Transfer/Balance [ ] At IAF - Follow ATC procedures unless Visual Approach 1.19 BEFORE LANDING [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

] Radio Tower (5Nm out) - Request Landing ] A/C Weight - Verify/Update Vref ] A/C LDG/Taxi Lights - Set On ] Gear - Check 3green-handle light off ] Speed brake - Fully Deployed ] Drift Co switch - Set Norm ] Traffic - Announce traffic in sight if required ] Radar/EW - Check all STBY

1.20 FINAL APPROACH [ ] Speed brake - Extended [ ] Gear - Down 3 greens [ ] Speed - Vref as computed NORMAL PROCEDURES - 13

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 [ ] AoA - Green : 11° [ ] Touchdown - 11 to 13° AOA Note Final approach speed/13° AOA Cross Check: 136 kts + 4 kts per 1000 Pound of FUEL/STORE weight 1.21 LANDING [ ] Speed - Throttle Idle [ ] AOA - Maintain Max 13° for aerobraking [ ] Speed 100 kts - Ride the nosewheel on the ground Maintain Full AFT stick Engage NWS at taxi speed or when req. [ ] Wheel brakes - As required Note Smoothly apply moderate to heavy braking to decelerate to taxi speed. Using less than moderate braking increases the likelihood of a hot brake(s). 1.22 AFTER LANDING [ [ [ [ [

] Speedbrake - CLOSE ] PROBEHEAT switch - OFF ] ILS - OFF ] Landing/ Taxi Lights - As required ] Radar Alt - OFF

1.23 PRIOR TO ENGINE SHUTDOWN [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

] Radio (tower menu) - Request chocks in place ] Ejection Seat - Safe ] RWR PWR - OFF ] JMR&ECM PWR - OFF ] Chaff & Flares CMDs - OFF ] HUD - ICP SYM knob OFF ] L/R Hardpoints - Power OFF ] FCR - Power OFF ] MMC (FCC) - Power OFF * ] ST STA (SMS) - Power OFF ] MFD - Power OFF ] UFC/DED - Power OFF ] D/Link - Power OFF ] GPS - Power OFF ] INS - Power OFF NORMAL PROCEDURES - 14

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 [ ] EPU - OFF (No crew chief able to insert the EPU pin) [ ] CNI switch - BACKUP 1.24 ENGINE SHUTDOWN [ ] AIR Source - Set OFF [ ] Radios & Volume knobs - All OFF [ ] Throttle - Stabilize at 75-78% RPM for 5-10 sec Idle to allow nozzle to open (1 to 2 sec) [ ] Throttle (Idle Detent) - Cut OFF position [ ] JFS RUN light - Check After Main GEN drops offline [ ] EPU Light check - EPU GEN / EPU PMG lights OFF [ ] Engine FEED switch - Set OFF [ ] Master LIGHT switch - OFF [ ] Canopy - Open [ ] Main Power - OFF -2 clicks when RPM < 20% [ ] Oxygen regulator - OFF & 100%

NORMAL PROCEDURES - 15

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 2.1 AERIAL REFUELLING Tanker rejoin [ ] Radio - Request Refuelling [ ] TCN - Select TCN Channel (Texaco) [ ] TCN Mode - SET A/A TR [ ] Heading - Course to Intercept (HSI) [ ] Altitude - Tanker ALT – 1000 Ft Before Precontact [ ] Master ARM - Check Safe [ ] Sensors - Check Nose Cold [ ] EW Mode knob & ECM - STBY and OFF [ ] FCR - STBY [ ] RDR ALT - STBY [ ] EXT Lights - DIM (night) – STEADY [ ] ANTI COLLISION light - OFF at Night [ ] AIR REFUEL switch - Open [ ] AR status indicator - Check RDY Light On [ ] Seat - SAFE (As desired) Contact [ ] Boom Operator - Follow Instructions and Lights [ ] AR status indicator - Check AR/NWS Light On [ ] Fuel Transfer - Monitor Disconnect [ ] A/R DISC button - Depress [ ] Throttle - ARM Post Air refuelling [ ] Seat - Decrease power [ ] Air Refuel switch - CLOSE [ ] Fuel quantity - Check [ ] Master Arm / SMS - As required [ ] Tacan - As required [ ] EW Mode knob & ECM - As required [ ] FCR - As required [ ] RDR ALT - As required [ ] EXT Lights - As required Note Tanker overtake speed Over 1Nm : 100 Kts overtake 6000 Ft : 60Kts 5000 Ft : 50Kts Decrease overtake speed by 10 Kts for every 1000 Ft closure. When within 1000 Ft to Tanker: Do not exceed 10Kts overtake. NORMAL PROCEDURES - 16

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 2.2 HOTPIT REFUEL Prior to HOTPIT Entry [ ] AFTER LANDING CHECKS - Complete [ ] Radio Frequency - Check proper tower frequency tuned [ ] AIR REFUEL switch - Open - RDY light ON [ ] TACAN power knob - Power OFF [ ] GND JETT ENABLE switch - OFF Prior to Hot Refuelling [ ] EPU switch (safety pin in) - OFF [ ] Canopy - As desired [ ] Radio - request Hot Refuelling During Hot Refuelling [ ] Radio freq - Monitor Tower freq & guard [ ] Flight controls - Do not touch - Ensure hands are visible Hot Refuelling complete [ ] AIR REFUEL switch - CLOSE [ ] EPU GEN & EPU PMG lights - Confirm OFF [ ] EPU switch (safety pin out) - NORM [ ] Taxi - Taxi clear of the hotpit area and contact Tower 2.3 INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM [ [ [ [ [ [

] DED - Verify CNI display ] T-ILS button - Depress and Release ] ILS frequency - Key in and ENTR ] DCS - Position asterisks about selectable items. ] HSI - Set Inbound localizer course ] INSTR Mode knob - ILS/TCN or ILS/NAV

NORMAL PROCEDURES - 17

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 TABLE OF CONTENTS EP1.0 EP1.1 EP1.2 EP1.3 EP1.4 EP1.5 EP1.6 EP1.7

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES ENGINE FAILURE LOW ALTITUDE AIRCRAFT CAPABILITY FLAMEOUT LANDING DEEP STALL RECOVERY AIRCRAFT DAMAGE ASSESSMENT WARNING LIGHT ANALYSIS F-ACK/PFL

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES - 1

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.1 ENGINE FAILURE [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

] Speedbrake - Close ] 3g/30° Climb - @ 250 kts 0g push to arrive at 200kts ] External stores - Jettison ] Throttle - Idle ] JFS Start 2 - Airspeed (lock) > STT RWS Range settings Azimuth Bar scan Ant elevation

Detection probability 2/5 All contacts displayed without info 10 to 160 Nm 10° - 30° - 60° 1-2-4 All range

1.4.3 AN/APG-68 RADAR - Air to Air - SAM (bugged RWS) Situational Awareness Mode - Special RWS submode Suited when info is requested for one target SAM

Range settings Azimuth Bar scan Ant elevation DLZ

Detection probability 3/5 One contact displayed with relevant Info : Heading Airspeed Closure Aspect 10 to 160 Nm Reduce and mobile 1-2-4 All range Displayed if AA weapon selected

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OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.4.4 AN/APG-68 RADAR - Air to Air - STT (locked SAM) Single Target Track Suited for attacking a target STT Azimuth - Bar DLZ NCTR

Detection probability 5/5 Only one contact displayed with full info Fixed 2° - Fixed 1 Displayed if AA weapon selected Enabled

NCTR will try to classify target. Best results inside 25 Nm and in front of target. If NCTR fail to classify, UNKN will be displayed. 1.4.5 AN/APG-68 RADAR - Air to Air - TWS Track While Scan Suited for surveillance (CAP - Escort) TWS > (bug) > TWS > (lock) > STT TWS Range settings Azimuth Bar scan Ant elevation NCTR Expand

Detection probability 3/5 (no bugged target)

Max 16 targets all with relevant info Slower than RWS 10 to 80 Nm (effective) 10°, 30°, 60° 1-2-3 All range Enabled (70% capabilities from STT Possible to 4x scrollable EXP indication will flash when in EXP

EXP mode will allow to zoom in around a formation of target to allow better sorting.

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OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.4.6 AN/APG-68 RADAR - TWS (bugged target) TWS

Range settings Azimuth Bar scan Ant elevation NCTR Expand

Detection probability 4/5 (bugged tgt) One target with full info All other targets with same info as non bugged target 10 to 80 Nm (effective) Fixed 25° Max 3 All range Enabled (70% capabilities from STT Possible to 4x Fixed around bugged target

In TWS with a bugged target, you get more information but you increase the detection probability. When locking the target from TWS bugged target, radar is switched to STT mode. 1.4.7 AN/APG-68 RADAR - Air to Air - LRS Long Range Scan Suited for long range aircraft search during BARCAPS or DCA missions. Soonest detection allows to plan the correct intercept early. LRS

Best range

Detection probability 4/5 Same as RWS but more powerfull and slower Between 80 and 160 Nm

1.4.8 AN/APG-68 RADAR - Air to Air - VS Velocity Search Suited for dogfight or snad defense VS Target at top

Detection probability 2/5 No range info - Replaced by speed is target approaching at highest closure rate

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OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.4.9 AN/APG-68 RADAR - Air to Air - ACM Velocity Search Suited for fishing out high closure speed, high aspect bogeys. It can help you decide whether to fight or run ACM Range Lock Radar

Detection probability 5/5 (When locked) Max 10 Nm Auto lock OFF when selected

4 Submodes HUD VERTICAL BORE

SLEW

HUD area : 20° x 30° Merge Lift line : 10° x 60° Turning dogfight Boresight : 5° x 5° Pick target by pointing the boresight cross in the HUD Manual scan : 5° x 5° By slewing the cursor

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OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.4.10 AN/APG-68 RADAR - Air to Ground STP

STEERPOINT Preplanned target centre on cursor Radar ground stabilized Best suited for preplanned strike

SP

SNOWPLOW Radar scan ahead and is not ground stabilized Best suited for avoiding contact or attacking target of opportunity

FREEZE

Freeze the radar picture Best suited to attack a non moving target with radar OFF

CZ

CURSOR ZERO To replace the cursor in the centre of the display

1.4.11 AN/APG-68 RADAR - Air to Ground - GM Ground Map Display non moving target Preferred mode is STP NORM EXP DBS1 DBS2

Normal Field Of View 4x FOV - Same resolution 4x FOV - 8x resolution 8x FOV - 64 resolution

Use STP mode when inceasing the FOV to avoid making the radar screen unreliable. DBS modes used in conjuction with radar gain allows to pick target precisely. Use EXP from 20 Nm and DBS modes from 10 Nm for better results.

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OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.4.12 AN/APG-68 RADAR - Air to Ground - GMT Ground Map Target Display moving units Preferred mode is SP NORM EXP DBS

Normal Field Of View 4x FOV - Same resolution Non available

GMT can be used for navigating at low level by avoiding radar contacts. Usefull to stay out of SHORAD and MANPAD range. When used with radar gain, GMT can display roads along which units move. To ensure maximum weapon efficiency, try aligning with the vehicules. 1.1.13 AN/APG-68 RADAR - Air to Ground - SEA Sea Mode Suited for anti-ship missions Preferred mode is STP or SP SEA is the same as GMT mde but optimized for water overflight (minimize ground clutter).

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OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.5 IMPROVED DATA MODEM Datalink is independent od aircraft mastermode - in Falcon, it will be mostly used in a multi player environment. Air to Air datalink is implemented in three different modes of operation Demand (DMD), Assign (ASGN) and Continuous (CONT) • DMD : Ask a one shot Situational Awareness (wingmen position, • altitude, speed and heading and TOI if present) update • ASGN: Assign a TOI to another flight member. • CONT: Establish a Continuous Situational Awareness update • (wingmen • position, altitude, speed and heading and TOI if present). Update • received in DMD or ASGN are displayed for 8 seconds, and • refreshed every 8 seconds in CONT mode. Air to Air datalink is possible with 7 others aircraft #2 to #8 addresses inputed in the Air to Air Dlink page (LIST ENTER SEQ)of the DED. Your flight members are inputed by default. If you need to add other aircraft in your package, use the remaining empty slot address (ie. #21, #31 to communicate with the leader of flight #2 and #3. Air to Ground datalink allows sending Air to Ground radar cursor position, currently selected steerpoint (markpoint, steerpoint of interest) to other aircraft in your package. Dlink steerpoints are stored in waypoints #71 to 80 if FILL option is set to ALL. Adresses receiving the dlink information is set in the Air to Ground Dlink page (LIST ENTER) XMIT. To send data to all members of a flight, input the general flight address (#20, #30, …) To send data to a specific aircraft, input it’s own address in XMIT (#21, #22, #13,…) Dataling requests are done with the Radioswitch left and Right as illustrated below: Air to Air datalink is on the LEFT side, Air to Ground datalink is on the RIGHT side.

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OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.6 AIR TO AIR DATALINK AA Datalink sends and receives ownship position, flight member position, altitude, airspeed and heading as well as the target of interest if there is a bugged contact on the AA FCR and the AA FCR is displayed. COMM switch LEFT for less than 0.5sec Declutters the FCR of DLINK symbols. [ [ [ [ [

] DL Switch - Check ON ] DL addresses - Check ownship and intraflight address in ] DL addresses - DED AA page ] DL addresses - LIST ENTER SEQ ] MFD Control page - Check ADLINK selected

DMD mode [ ] Verify DL Mode - Check A-A FCR OSB #6 for DMD mode [ ] Depress COMM switch - LEFT for >0.5sec [ ] Verify DMD mnemonic highlighted for 2 seconds [ ] Verify data received in HSD or AA FCR DMD mode request current positions, altitude and heading to all datalink adresses (usually your flight) ASGN mode You can assign a target regardless of the datalink mode (DMD, CONT) You have to select a specific datalink address to ASSIGN the TOI. [ ] Select radar contact to assign (TOI) in AA FCR radar [ ] Select recipient with AA FCR OSB #7 to #10 [ ] Check Assigned Slot (AA FCR OSB #7 to #10) XMIT status [ ] Check ASSIGN in HUD for 8 seconds [ ] Check recipient radar cursor position on HSD and/or FCR [ ] Repeat steps to assign another TOI to another flight member No need to depress COMM switch left to assign. Selecting the recipient through the MFD FCR OSB is sufficient. The recipient MFD OSB will show XMIT Note that you can assign a target to yourself (#1) the same way. CONT mode [ ] Verify DL Mode - Check A-A FCR OSB #6 for CONT mode [ ] Depress COMM switch LEFT for >0.5sec to initiate the CONT [ ] loop. [ ] Unselect CONT mode with OSB #6 to stop the loop CONT mode initiates continuous datalink for all flight members. During CONT mode, ASGN remains of course possible to any specific datalink addresses. Only 1 member use CONT mode (flight lead)…Refer to prebriefed procedures. AVIONICS - 15

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.7 AIR TO GROUND DATALINK [ ] DL Switch - Check ON [ ] DL addresses - Input recipient address (general or specific) in [ ] DL addresses - DED AG [ ] DL addresses - Dlink page (LIST ENTER) in the XMIT field Input “20” for all members of flight #2 for instance. Specific address can also be Inputted if you want to send AG data to only one aircraft. [ ] FILL - Check ALL in UFC DL page When FILL is set to ALL, the DLINK steerpoints are stored in STPT #7180. [ ] MFD Control page - Check GDLINK selected 1.5.1 Sending the selected steerpoint [ ] Set the HSD as SOI with DMS aft [ ] Select the steerpoint on the HSD with TMS forward or select the [ ] steerpoint of interest through the UFC. [ ] Depress COMM switch RIGHT to send data. [ ] Verify HSD OSB #6 highlighted XMIT and call Steerpoint on Victor [ ] (VHF) Data link steerpoints and markpoint appear as a small yellow X. Ownship markpoints as a larger yellow X. 1.5.2 Sending the AG cursor position [ ] Set the FCR in GM/GMT or SEA [ ] Set FCR as SOI [ ] Position the radar cursor at desired location [ ] Depress COMM switch RIGHT to send data. [ ] Verify HSD OSB #6 highlighted XMIT and call Radar cursor on Victor [ ] (VHF) Data link AG radar cursors appear as a yellow asterisk. 1.5.3 Sending a markpoint [ ] Set the FCR in GM/GMT or SEA [ ] Set FCR as SOI [ ] Position the radar cursor at desired location [ ] Hit UFC #7 (markpoint) and select FCR in the DED with SEQ then [ ] ENTER [ ] Note markpoint steerpoint number (eg #26) in DED [ ] Select UFC #4 (Steerpoint) page and punch in the same steerpoint [ ] as steerpoint of interest (eg #26) [ ] Set the HSD as SOI [ ] Depress COMM switch RIGHT to send data. [ ] Verify HSD OSB #6 highlighted XMIT and call Markpoint on Victor [ ] (VHF)

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OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.8 RECEIVING DATA THROUGH THE IDM Pilots receiving data through the IDM are warned visually by a HUD warning message and aurally by the VMS DATA message. 1.8.1 Receiving Data in AA CONT mode No specific steps required as the CONT mode is automatic as long as the host sends data 1.8.2 Receiving position updates from flight (ASGN/DMD) and/or AA target Check ASSIGN in HUD and VMS DATA sound Check flight member positions and data on HSD and FCR if applicable Data remains displayed for 8 seconds 4 AA targets can be stored. 1.8.3 Receiving a steerpoint/Markpoint Check MKRT DATA in HUD and VMS DATA sound Check data linked steerpoint (small yellow X) in HSD Data linked points are stored in steerpoints # 71 to 80 on an incremental basis Select Steerpoint (71-80) through the UFC to set as active waypoint. Datalinked steerpoints remain memorized unless a 11 th datalinked steerpoint overwrite position # 71 1.8.4 Receiving AG radar cursor Check CURSOR DATA in HUD and VMS DATA sound Check data linked cursor (yellow asterisk with member id) in HSD and AG FCR. Check FCR in GM/GMT or SEA mode Data remains displayed for 13 seconds

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OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.9 ADVANCED TARGETING POD OPERATION Note • The TGP needs cooling before use. Cooling starts when the • TGP is powered with the RIGHT HDPT switch. TGP will display • NOT TIMED OUT while cooling. It requires 8 to 10 min before • being operational. • Recommended MFD slots are FCR/WPN/- (LEFT) and • HSD/TGP/SMS (RIGHT)– See DTC settings • There are three track modes available for the TGP • Point track : Suitable for automatic tracking of vehicule or • aircraft • Area track : Suitable for large structure targetting (building, • bridge,…) • Computed Rate : Degraded automatic tracking when a mask • condition exists. • The TGP mode is master mode dependant TGP AG mode is • not available in AA/MRM/DGFT master mode – TGP AA mode • is not availalable in AG mastermode. 1.9.1 Air to Air mode TGP can be used in A-A to identify and track target without the radar. AA TGP is salved to FCR if a target is tracked – if no target is tracked, the AA TGP is boresighted at 0° azimuth and -3° elevation. Once TGP is POINT tracking a target, it becomes independent of FCR. The A-A TGP is perfectly suited to identify target at medium range [ ] Hardpoint power - Check RIGHT HDPT ON [ ] Master ARM - ARM (or SIM) [ ] TGP Ops mode - Select A-A (TGP OSB #1) [ ] Bug target on A-A FCR [ ] Switch SOI to TGP with DMS down [ ] Commands a POINT track with TMS forward Change FOV and Display polarity (WHOT – BHOT) as required [ ] If POINT track is lost, TMS aft to re-slave the TGP to the FCR. 1.9.2 Air to Ground mode TGP is used in Air to Ground mode to identify and track target for general purpose bombing or Air to ground missile firing. [ [ [ [ [

] Hardpoint power - Check RIGHT HDPT ON ] Master ARM - ARM (or SIM) ] LASER switch - ON (if required for LGB) ] TGP Ops mode - Select A-G (TGP OSB #1) ] Designate target on GM FCR AVIONICS - 18

OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 [ ] Switch SOI to TGP with DMS down [ ] Ground stabilize the TGP in AREA TRACK with TMS forward [ ] Refine the TGP cursor on the desired target. Change FOV and Display polarity (WHOT – BHOT) as required [ ] Command POINT track with TMS forward if required (for [ ] [ ] vehicules) Remain in AREA track for larger structure [ ] Follow weapon release cue for CCRP LGB bombing or Fire [ ] AGM-65 (Refer to weapon checklist volume) Post release for LGB [ ] Command a gentle turn away from the target if possible. [ ] Monitor Time to IMPACT countdown [ ] Check Laser firing (flashing L) prior to impact according to UFC [ ] settings. After impact [ ] Break AREA track with TMS AFT to return TGP to FCR LOS [ ] Laser switch - OFF

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OF-F16-C-REV1.0-05/10 1.10 AN/AAQ-13 TFR OPERATION The TFR system emits radio waves that are detectable by opposing forces. According to the tactical situation, use the NORM mode (OSB #20) or the LPI (Low Probability of Intercept mode - OSB #19). LPI emits forward only and less often. [ [ [ [ [ [ [

] RF Switch - Check NORM position ] RALT switch - Check ON ] MFD - Access TFR page ] Ground clearance - Set as required ] Ride type - Set as required ] TFR mode - Select NORM/LPI ] TFR master - Enable

Let Down [ ] AP Light - Check AP enabled [ ] Flight controls - Keep hands on flight controls Taking control [ ] When TFR is enabled, the pilot can override the AP to [ ] execute small headings corrections by depressing the AP [ ] override switch (paddle) Monitoring TFR [ ] In bad weather or at night, monitor closely the TFR MFD in [ ] case of a TFR failure. Disconnecting TFR [ ] TFR master - Disable [ ] (or) RF Switch – Silent SOFT/MED/HARD settings determine how many G the AP is allowed to pull. VLC is Very Low Clearance (100 feet). Activate only over extremely flat terrain or over sea.

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