Chapter 15 Energy Efficiency of Electric Drives and Inverter-Motor

Drives and Inverter-Motor. Interactions. J Motor Losses. J Harmonic Losses. J PPU Losses. J Efficiency of Electric Drives drive motor ppu ç = ç x ç. 15-1 ...
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Chapter 15 Energy Efficiency of Electric Drives and Inverter-Motor Interactions

© 2000 http://www.ece.umn.edu/groups/electricdrives

Energy Efficiency of Electric Drives and Inverter-Motor Interactions q Motor Losses q Harmonic Losses q PPU Losses q Efficiency of Electric Drives

© 2000 http://www.ece.umn.edu/groups/electricdrives

çdrive = çmotor x çppu

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Motor Losses q Core Losses – frequency and flux density dependent (20% 25% of motor losses) •Hysteresis loss •Eddy-current loss – use laminations q Winding Power Losses – I2R loss (55% - 60% of motor losses) q Friction and Windage Losses (5% - 10% of motor losses) q Stray-Load Losses (10% - 15% of motor losses) – load dependent © 2000 http://www.ece.umn.edu/groups/electricdrives

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Motor Loss and Efficiency Curves 100 90 4 , 000

Efficiency

80 70

3, 000

Loss (W)

Power Factor

60

I 2 R loss

Total losses

2, 000

Current (A) Efficiency (%) 50 Power Factor (%) 40

Current 30 Load loss

1, 000

20

Core loss

10

Friction and windage 0

40

80

Load (%)

© 2000 http://www.ece.umn.edu/groups/electricdrives

120

0

25

50

75

Load (%)

100

125

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Premium – Efficiency Motors 100

Premium efficiency

95 90

Efficiency (%)

Standard efficiency 85

80 75 1

2

5

10

20

50

100

200

Rating (kW)

q Thinner, higher quality laminations q Lower flux densities q Larger conductors © 2000 http://www.ece.umn.edu/groups/electricdrives

Switching – Frequency Harmonics Effect on Motor Losses q Core losses increased q Stator and rotor I2R losses increased q Stray – load losses increased q Losses 10% - 20% higher q Efficiency 1% - 2% higher

© 2000 http://www.ece.umn.edu/groups/electricdrives

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PPU Efficiency q Rectifier losses: 1% - 2% q Losses in switching section: 3% - 4% q Total PPU losses: 4% - 6% \ hppu = 94% - 96%

© 2000 http://www.ece.umn.edu/groups/electricdrives

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Economics of Energy Savings

q Present Worth value q Payback period

© 2000 http://www.ece.umn.edu/groups/electricdrives

Deleterious Effects of PWM Inverter Voltage Waveform on Motor Life q Derate motor (10%) because of increased losses q Large dv/dt • Insulation stress • Shaft currents (currents through bearings)

© 2000 http://www.ece.umn.edu/groups/electricdrives

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Summary/Review q What is the definition of energy efficiency of electric drives? q What are the various mechanisms of losses in motors, assuming a sinusoidal excitation? q How do the losses and the efficiency depend on motor speed, assuming a constant torque loading? q What are premium-efficiency motors? How much more efficient are they, compared to standard motors? q What are the effects of switching-frequency harmonics on the motor? How much should the motor be de-rated? q What is the typical range associated with the energy efficiency of power-processing units and of overall drives?

© 2000 http://www.ece.umn.edu/groups/electricdrives

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Summary/Review q Discuss the economics and the payback period of using premium-efficiency motors. q Describe the various deleterious effects of PWM-inverter output voltage waveforms. Describe the techniques for mitigating these effects.

© 2000 http://www.ece.umn.edu/groups/electricdrives