1649-1650 : Iris h campaign by Olive r Cromwe ll : Parliamentary invasion of Ireland => Cromwell's invasion/ reconquest of Ireland in1649 was large & harsh / brief and effective, though it did not end the war in Ireland. When he departed Ireland, Parlia mentary forces occupied most of the eastern and northern parts of the country.

_______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ "Catholicism is more than a religion, it is a political power. Therefore I'm led to believe there will be no peace in Ireland until the Catholic Church is crushed" - Oliver Cromwell "Our Clergy persecuted and our Protestant churches desecrated. Also our Protestant people slaughtered in their thousands" - Oliver Cromwell

1690 : Battle of the Boyne : The Battle of the Boyne was fought between two rival claimants of the English, Scottish and Irish thrones – the Catholic King James and the Protestant King William, who had deposed James in 1688. The battle, won by William, was a turning point in James' unsuccessful attempt to regain the crown and ultimately helped ensure the continuation of Protestant supremacy in Ireland.

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The Battle of the Boyne, Ireland by Jan Wyck, 1690 © National Army Museum

1845-1852- Iris h Great Famine = Iris h Potato Famine (emigration to the UK / the US / Canada) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

Antique engraving of 'Emigrants leaving Ireland' Illustration from 'Illustrated History of Ireland' by Frances Mary Cusack, 1868 Henry Doyle (1827-1892)

From a series of illustrations by Cork artist James Mahony (18101879), commissioned by Illustrated London News 1847.

Starvation during the famine-1849 Bridget O'Donnell and two children

Michael ("Mick") Collins (Irish: Mícheál Ó Coileáin; 16 October 1890 – 22 August 1922) was an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance and MP for Cork South in the First Dáil of 1919, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations. Subsequently he was both Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-chief of the National Army. Throughout this time, at least as of 1919, he was also President of the Irish Republican Brotherhood. He was shot and killed in August 1922, during the Irish Civil War.

Michael Collins (1996) Starring: Liam Neeson, Aidan Quinn Director: Neil Jordan

Michael Collins Statue in Emmet Square Clonakilty

1916: Easter Rising: an insurrection mounted by Irish republicans with the aims of ending British rule in Ireland and establishing the Irish Republic. They seized key locations in Dublin and proclaimed the Irish Republic independent of Britain. The Rising was suppressed after seven days of fighting, and its leaders were court-martialled and executed, but it succeeded in bringing physical force republicanism back to the forefront of Irish politics. (= the British overreacted and it was counterproductive). ________________________________________________________________________________

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Belfast murals Whiterock - a commemoration of the Easter rising in Dublin in 1916

1919-1921: Iris h War of Inde pe nde nce = Anglo-Iris h War: a guerrilla war mounted by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) against the British government and its forces in Ireland. It began in January 1919, fo llowing the Irish Republic's declaration of independence. Both sides agreed to a truce in July 1921, though vio lence continued in the northeast (mostly between republicans and loyalists). The post-ceasefire talks led to the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which ended British rule in most of Ireland and established the Irish Free State. However, six northern counties would remain within the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland. (Michael Collins & Eamon de Valera fought in the War of Independence) This war includes the massacre at Croke Park (1920 Nov 21st) by the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC). The Police, supported by the British Auxiliary Division entered the ground, shooting indiscriminately into the crowd killing or fatally wounding 12 during a Dublin-Tipperary Gaelic football match.

1921: Sinn Fein leader and Commander-In-Chief of the Irish Free State Army Michael Collins (1890 - 1922) throwing in the ball to start a hurling match at Croke Park, Dublin. Collins took part in the Easter Rising of 1916 and in 1921 he negotiated the peace treaty with Britain. Croke Park was the scene of the 'Bloody Sunday' massacre on Sunday 21st November 1920. (Photo by Hogan/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)

Croke Park 1920, Acrylic, 42 x 54cm by John Conway

1921: Anglo-Iris h Treaty : ended British rule in most of Ireland and established the Irish Free State, a dominion in the British Commonwealth. However, six northern counties would remain within the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland = partition of Ireland. Michael Collins & Arthur Griffith took part in the negotiations in London with PM David Lloyd George & Winston Churchill. Eamon de Valera, among others, opposed this Treaty because Ireland was to remain a dominion of the British Empire & me mbers of the new free state's parlia ment would be required to take an Oath of Allegiance to the British King. He wanted complete independence & a Republic as was proclaimed in 1921. 1922-1923: Iris h Civil War: conflict waged between two opposing groups of Irish nationalists who had fought together during the War of Independence): the forces of the "Provisional Government" that established the Free State in December 1922, who supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty (= accepted the compromise), and the Republican opposition, for whom the Treaty represented a betrayal of the Irish Republic (including Eamon de Valera who fina lly became Pdt of the Republic of Ireland in 1959). The war was won by the Free State forces. Michael Collins died. Eamon de Valera was sent to prison.

1968: Civil Rights demonstration (by Catholics who faced discrimination in housing…) in Derry banned & blocked by RUC, Royal Ulster Constabulary _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ This poster was printed as part of the mobilisation for Derry’s firstever Civil Rights demo on Oct. 5th 1968.

_______________________ Picture showing a mural of the Civil Right March of 5 October 1968. It is drawn by one of the 'The Bogside Artists' William Kelly in Derry, Northern Ireland.

1969: Battle of the Bogside = beginning of “the Troubles”: On 12 August 1969, the disaffected Catholic population of the Bogside district of Derry, took to the streets in the wake of a Protestant Apprentice Boys parade in the city. The riots continued for three days and ended when British troops were deployed.

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Mural in Derry showing a young boy with a gas mask and petrol bomb during the Battle of the Bogside

_______________________ The mural depicts scenes from the 'Battle of the Bogside' that took place during August 1969. The woman with the bullhorn is Bernadette Devlin.

1972: Bloody Sunday = Bogside Massacre: On Sunday January 30, 1972, 13 unarmed civilians were shot dead by British paratroopers during a civil rights march in the Bogside area. (rk: Bloody Sunday remains among the most significant events in the Troubles of Northern Ireland, chiefly because it was carried out by the army and not paramilitaries, and in full public and press view.

The mural depicts the events of Bloody Sunday on 30 January 1972.

The cover for U2's 1983 single, "Sunday Bloody Sunday (song).

The above mural contains portraits of the 14 people who were killed by the British Army on 'Bloody Sunday' in Derry on 30 January 1972. In addition to the portraits, there are also 14 oak leaves with each leaf symbolising one of the victims. Derry takes its name from the Irish word Doire meaning oakgrove.

1976-1981: Irish hunger strikes: began when the British government withdrew Special Category Status for convicted paramilitary prisoners: dirty protest + hunger strikes = ten prisoners starved themselves to death—including Bobby Sands

This is the Bobby Sands mural on the wall of the Sinn Féin Headquarters on the Falls Road. Bobby Sands was the first hunger striker to die in the 1981 prison hunger strikes. Ten political prisoners died in total in 1981 in pursuit of their demands to be recognised as Political prisoners.

The above photograph shows a mural painted by 'the Bogside Artists'. The painting is based on the events of the Hunger Strike. The mural was unveiled on Tuesday 25 July 2000 and is situated on Rossville Street in the Bogside area of Derry.