BLACK AMERICA: A FEW LANDMARKS. 1861 The Civil War between North and South starts: eleven southern states want slavery to be established in the new ...
The Civil War between North and South starts: eleven southern states want slavery to be established in the new western territories.
1863
Emancipation Proclamation: “…on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all persons held as slaves within any State […] shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.”
1865
The 13th Amendment of the American Constitution is adopted : “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude […] shall exist within the United States”
The Ku Klux Klan is created in Tennessee by six Confederate veterans.
1868
The 14th Amendment is adopted: “All persons born or naturalized in the United States […] are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.”
1870s
The first Jim Crow laws are passed in some southern states, effectively enforcing segregation. Here are a few examples: ► Buses “All passenger stations in this state operated by any motor transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races.” Alabama ► Toilet Facilities, Male “Every employer of white or negro males shall provide for such white or negro males reasonably accessible and separate toilet facilities.” Alabama ► Intermarriage “All marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a white person and a person of negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited.” Florida ► Education “The schools for white children and the schools for negro children shall be conducted separately.” Florida ► Restaurants “All persons licensed to conduct a restaurant, shall serve either white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not sell to the two races within the same room or serve the two races anywhere under the same license.” Georgia
1896
“Plessy vs. Fergusson”: 30-year-old Homer Plessy was jailed for sitting in the "White" car of the East Louisiana Railroad. Plessy could easily pass for white but under Louisiana law, he was considered black despite his light complexion and therefore required to sit in the "Colored" car.
1954
“Brown vs. Board of Education”: the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution, Beginning of the Civil Rights movement.
1955 Rosa Park refuses to obey a bus driver's demand that she give up her seat to a white passenger in Alabama.
1963
About 250,000 people join the March on Washington, a massive public demonstration to promote Civil Rights. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.
1964
The Civil Rights Act abolishes segregation.
1965
Malcolm X is assassinated. He was a militant leader who advocated black pride, economic self-reliance, and identity politics.
1966
Birth of the Black Panther Party, a Black nationalist organization, calling for greater autonomy of black Americans and correction of the injustices of racism.
1967
Detroit (racial) Riots : 43 people die, of which 33 are black
1968
Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated.
1992
Violent racial riots in Los Angeles.
2008
Barack Obama is elected 44th President of the USA.
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