Introduction Underground mine systems Open pit systems Conclusion References
An introduction to Mine Communication D7001B Mine Automation
Pierre-Henri Koch
November 18, 2012
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Introduction Underground mine systems Open pit systems Conclusion References
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1 Introduction 2 Underground mine systems 3 Open pit systems 4 Conclusion
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Introduction Underground mine systems Open pit systems Conclusion References
Outline
1 Introduction 2 Underground mine systems 3 Open pit systems 4 Conclusion
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Introduction Underground mine systems Open pit systems Conclusion References
Outline
1 Introduction
Why ? How ? General approach Technical approach
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Why ?
The main motivations are Increase of the information flow Increase of confidence in decision Increase the likelihood of success Reduce confusion Results Better security and overall reduced costs Hurdles Cost Efficiency of a network in harsh environment Formation Inertia
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Outline
1 Introduction
Why ? How ? General approach Technical approach
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How : general approach
Four major categories : Person(s) to Person(s) (PtoP) : Phone systems, two-way radio Person to Machine (PtoM) : remote control, network maintenance Machine to Persons (MtoP) : sensors, monitoring sytems, imaging systems, alarms Machine to Machine (MtoM) : data exchange standards/protocols
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Technical approach
Physics Sound Electrical signal Electromagnetic wave : light, radio, infrared Characteristics Range Flow
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Outline
1 Introduction 2 Underground mine systems 3 Open pit systems 4 Conclusion
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Outline
2 Underground mine systems
Specific challenges PtoP Emergency systems
PtoM MtoP and MtoM
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Specific challenges
Figure 1: Typical underground mine environment (Serhan Yarkan & Murphy, 2009)
Underground equipment versus surface management Mine design : dynamic environment Ore properties : electromagnetic influence
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Outline
2 Underground mine systems
Specific challenges PtoP Emergency systems
PtoM MtoP and MtoM
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Person to Person
Wired Standard phone with good casing ? Magneto (Crank Ringer) Phones Voice powered phone Paging phones
Figure 2: A typical emergency voice-powered phone
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Person to Person
Wired Standard phone with good casing ? Magneto (Crank Ringer) Phones Voice powered phone Paging phones
Figure 2: A typical emergency voice-powered phone
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Person to Person
Wired Standard phone with good casing ? Magneto (Crank Ringer) Phones Voice powered phone Paging phones
Figure 2: A typical emergency voice-powered phone
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Person to Person
Wired Standard phone with good casing ? Magneto (Crank Ringer) Phones Voice powered phone Paging phones
Figure 2: A typical emergency voice-powered phone
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Person to Person
Wired Standard phone with good casing ? Magneto (Crank Ringer) Phones Voice powered phone Paging phones
Figure 2: A typical emergency voice-powered phone
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Person-to-Person Semi-Wireless or hybrid Leaky feeder Fiber backbone + wireless interface : VoIP
Figure 3: MP-70 : VoIP architecture (Mueller, 2008)
An introduction to Mine Communication
Figure 4: MP-70 : VoIP phone (MineSite, 2012)
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Person-to-Person Semi-Wireless or hybrid Leaky feeder Fiber backbone + wireless interface : VoIP
Figure 3: MP-70 : VoIP architecture (Mueller, 2008)
An introduction to Mine Communication
Figure 4: MP-70 : VoIP phone (MineSite, 2012)
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Person-to-Person Semi-Wireless or hybrid Leaky feeder Fiber backbone + wireless interface : VoIP
Figure 3: MP-70 : VoIP architecture (Mueller, 2008)
An introduction to Mine Communication
Figure 4: MP-70 : VoIP phone (MineSite, 2012)
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Personal Emergency Device
MineSite PED Based on TTE communication : Ultra-low frequency (ULF)
Figure 5: Schematic of the PED design (MineSite, 2012)
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Outline
2 Underground mine systems
Specific challenges PtoP Emergency systems
PtoM MtoP and MtoM
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Person to machine Extension of PED Based on PED BlastPED : allow remote blasting ControlPED : on/off switch for pumps and fans
Figure 6: Additional devices to the PED system (MineSite, 2012)
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2 Underground mine systems
Specific challenges PtoP Emergency systems
PtoM MtoP and MtoM
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Machine-to-person and Machine-to-Machine Wireless WLAN IEEE 802.11 (b,c,g,n) Poor performance around the corners Power required for repeaters Limited range up to 100 m but roaming Robustness Remote configuration and maintenance
Figure 7: Roaming mechanisms in 802.11b
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Machine-to-person and Machine-to-Machine Wireless WLAN IEEE 802.11 (b,c,g,n) Poor performance around the corners Power required for repeaters Limited range up to 100 m but roaming Robustness Remote configuration and maintenance
Figure 7: Roaming mechanisms in 802.11b
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Machine-to-person and Machine-to-Machine Wireless WLAN IEEE 802.11 (b,c,g,n) Poor performance around the corners Power required for repeaters Limited range up to 100 m but roaming Robustness Remote configuration and maintenance
Figure 7: Roaming mechanisms in 802.11b
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Introduction Underground mine systems Open pit systems Conclusion References
Machine-to-person and Machine-to-Machine Wireless WLAN IEEE 802.11 (b,c,g,n) Poor performance around the corners Power required for repeaters Limited range up to 100 m but roaming Robustness Remote configuration and maintenance
Figure 7: Roaming mechanisms in 802.11b
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Introduction Underground mine systems Open pit systems Conclusion References
Machine-to-person and Machine-to-Machine Wireless WLAN IEEE 802.11 (b,c,g,n) Poor performance around the corners Power required for repeaters Limited range up to 100 m but roaming Robustness Remote configuration and maintenance
Figure 7: Roaming mechanisms in 802.11b
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Introduction Underground mine systems Open pit systems Conclusion References
Machine-to-person and Machine-to-Machine Wireless WLAN IEEE 802.11 (b,c,g,n) Poor performance around the corners Power required for repeaters Limited range up to 100 m but roaming Robustness Remote configuration and maintenance
Figure 7: Roaming mechanisms in 802.11b
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Deep into IEEE 802.11 802.11b : Direct-sequence spread spectrum Enhances S/N ratio and resistance to jamming. Emitter : multiplies the signal by binary pseudorandom noise (PN)
802.11 a,g,n,ac : Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing Uses DFT and subcarriers spaced by 1/T to reduce multipath interference and optimize spectral efficiency
Receiver : Despreading by multiplication of the same PN sequence
Figure 9: OFDM modulation (Proakis & Salehi, 2006) Figure 8: DSSS modulation (Takei, 2007)
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Deep into IEEE 802.11 802.11b : Direct-sequence spread spectrum Enhances S/N ratio and resistance to jamming. Emitter : multiplies the signal by binary pseudorandom noise (PN)
802.11 a,g,n,ac : Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing Uses DFT and subcarriers spaced by 1/T to reduce multipath interference and optimize spectral efficiency
Receiver : Despreading by multiplication of the same PN sequence
Figure 9: OFDM modulation (Proakis & Salehi, 2006) Figure 8: DSSS modulation (Takei, 2007)
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Introduction Underground mine systems Open pit systems Conclusion References
Deep into IEEE 802.11 802.11b : Direct-sequence spread spectrum Enhances S/N ratio and resistance to jamming. Emitter : multiplies the signal by binary pseudorandom noise (PN)
802.11 a,g,n,ac : Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing Uses DFT and subcarriers spaced by 1/T to reduce multipath interference and optimize spectral efficiency
Receiver : Despreading by multiplication of the same PN sequence
Figure 9: OFDM modulation (Proakis & Salehi, 2006) Figure 8: DSSS modulation (Takei, 2007)
An introduction to Mine Communication
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Introduction Underground mine systems Open pit systems Conclusion References
Deep into IEEE 802.11 802.11b : Direct-sequence spread spectrum Enhances S/N ratio and resistance to jamming. Emitter : multiplies the signal by binary pseudorandom noise (PN)
802.11 a,g,n,ac : Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing Uses DFT and subcarriers spaced by 1/T to reduce multipath interference and optimize spectral efficiency
Receiver : Despreading by multiplication of the same PN sequence
Figure 9: OFDM modulation (Proakis & Salehi, 2006) Figure 8: DSSS modulation (Takei, 2007)
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Introduction Underground mine systems Open pit systems Conclusion References
Deep into IEEE 802.11 802.11b : Direct-sequence spread spectrum Enhances S/N ratio and resistance to jamming. Emitter : multiplies the signal by binary pseudorandom noise (PN)
802.11 a,g,n,ac : Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing Uses DFT and subcarriers spaced by 1/T to reduce multipath interference and optimize spectral efficiency
Receiver : Despreading by multiplication of the same PN sequence
Figure 9: OFDM modulation (Proakis & Salehi, 2006) Figure 8: DSSS modulation (Takei, 2007)
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Machine-to-person and Machine-to-Machine Wireless RFID over WLAN
Figure 10: SmartTag system (SmartTag, 2012)
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Machine-to-person and Machine-to-Machine Wireless RFID over WLAN
Figure 10: SmartTag system (SmartTag, 2012)
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Machine-to-person and Machine-to-Machine
Ultra Wide Band Systems Very narrow pulses with low power : short range Poorly explored so far but already used
Figure 11: UWB protocol (Abdellah Chehri, 2008)
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Machine-to-person and Machine-to-Machine
Ultra Wide Band Systems Very narrow pulses with low power : short range Poorly explored so far but already used
Figure 11: UWB protocol (Abdellah Chehri, 2008)
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Machine-to-person and Machine-to-Machine
Ultra Wide Band Systems Very narrow pulses with low power : short range Poorly explored so far but already used
Figure 11: UWB protocol (Abdellah Chehri, 2008)
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Figure 12: Comparison of wireless systems (Mishra, 2010)
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Outline
1 Introduction 2 Underground mine systems 3 Open pit systems 4 Conclusion
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3 Open pit systems
Specific challenges
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Specific challenges Dynamic, highly mobile environment : importance of visual data Prompt to full or heavy automation needs Open air : fly rocks, EMI, structure stability So ? Mostly the same systems but integration differs : MineStar, Alvarion Wireless Broadband.
Figure 13: Open pit communication units (NetronicsNetworks, 2012)
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Wireless problems
Received signal power attenuation λ 2 Pr = ( 2πd ) Gp Gr Pt
Pr : received power [W] λ : wavelength [m] d : distance [m] Gp : gain of transmissing antenna [] (dB) Gp : gain of receiving antenna [] (dB) Pt : transmitter power [W] Radio horizon distance p d = 4.124 ∗ 2h[m] d : range [km] h : height of the antenna [m]
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1 Introduction 2 Underground mine systems 3 Open pit systems 4 Conclusion
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Towards an All-IP communication system ? Reliability Low latency (10 - 150 ms) KISS principle in many ways Solution among others Wireless TCP/IP + RFID + PED/Emergency systems could do the job ?
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Abdellah Chehri, P.-M. T., Paul Fortier (2008). An investigation of uwb-based wireless networks in industrial automation. IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security , 8 , 179 – 188. MineSite (2012). URL http://minesite.net/product/mp- 70/ Mishra, L. B. S. C. P. (2010). Wireless Communication in Undergound Mines : RFID-Based Sensor Networking . Springer. Mueller, C. (2008). Adding mining specific value to underground network communications. Lule˚ a, Sweden: 5th International Conference and exhibition on Mass Mining. NetronicsNetworks (2012). URL http://www.netronics- networks.com/mining_application.html Proakis, J. G., & Salehi, M. (2006). Communication Systems Engineering, Multicarrier Modulation and OFDM. Prentice Hall. Serhan Yarkan, H. A., Sabih G¨ uzelg¨ oz, & Murphy, R. R. (2009). Underground mine communications: A survey. IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, 11 , 125–142. SmartTag (2012). URL http://www.varismine.com/products/smarttag/smarttag.php Takei, J. (2007). Advanced internet technology -iii: Wireless network and mobile systems : ”wireless environment and wireless lans”. URL http://www.soi.wide.ad.jp/class/20060035/slides/01/index_22.html
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Thank you for your attention ! Any questions ?
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